Download - February 14, 2008RAFCAP meeting in Pune1 ITU Structure and Radio Astronomy Masatoshi Ohishi NAOJ
February 14, 2008 RAFCAP meeting in Pune 1
ITU Structure and
Radio Astronomy
Masatoshi Ohishi
NAOJ
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http://www.itu.int/
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Members of the ITU
Member States (190)Administrations Sector Members such as private
companies (more than 650) Regional Groups International Organizations such as
IUCAF
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Regional Groups
CEPT – Europe CITEL – North and South America APT – Asia-Pacific region Arab group African group
They prepare common proposals for
WRC agenda items.
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Structure of the ITU-R
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RA frequency groups
IUCAF : IAU + URSI + COSPAR Europe -- CRAF
Committee for Radio Astronomy Frequencies US -- CORF
Committee on Radio Frequencies AP region -- RAFCAP
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Convention & RR
ITU Convention international treaty
Radio Regulations associated with the ITU convention treaty status used for international coordinations
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Regions 1, 2 & 3
5-01
75°
60°
40°30°20°
0°
20°30°
40°
60°
75°
60°
40°
30°20°
0°
20°30°
40°
60°
170° 140°160° 100°120° 60°80° 20°40° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180°
170°
170°
140°160° 100°120° 60°80° 20°40° 0° 20° 40° 60° 80° 100° 120° 140° 160° 180° 170°
ABC
ABC
The shaded part represents the Tropical Zones as defined in Nos. 5.16 to 5.20 and 5.21.
REGION 1
REGION 2
REGION 3 REGION 3
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Radio Astronomy Service
1.58 radio astronomy service: A service involving the use of radio astronomy.
Historically RAS was restricted to ground-
based one. Now RAS includes space-based observations.
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Radio Astronomy in ITU
1.13 radio astronomy: Astronomy based on the reception of radio waves of cosmic origin.
1.5 radio waves or hertzian waves: Electromagnetic waves of frequencies arbitrarily lower than 3 000 GHz, propagated in space without artificial guide.
Footnote # of Radio Regulation
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RAS ≠ radiocommunication1.3 telecommunication: Any transmission, emission
or reception of signs, signals, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems (CS).
1.138 emission: Radiation produced, or the production of radiation, by a radio transmitting station.
1.137 radiation: The outward flow of energy from any source in the form of radio waves.
1.6 radiocommunication: Telecommunication by means of radio waves (CS) (CV).
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RAS ≠ radiocommunication
1.7 terrestrial radiocommunication: Any radiocommunication other than space radiocommunication or radio astronomy.
1.8 space radiocommunication: Any radiocommunication involving the use of one or more space stations or the use of one or more reflecting satellites or other objects in space.
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RAS as radiocommunication
4.6 For the purpose of resolving cases of harmful interference, the radio astronomy service shall be treated as a radiocommunication service. However, protection from services in other bands shall be afforded the radio astronomy service only to the extent that such services are afforded protection from each other.
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World Radiocommunication Conference
New allocations, new regulations, etc., are discussed and adopted based on national and regional proposals.
Study Groups, Working Parties consider technical aspects of agenda items for WRCs.
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Study Cycle (~4 years)WRC;Admins.
CPM;Experts Study Groups
WPs, TGs
Agenda Items
Assign AIs
DraftCPMreport
CPM report
Adopt RadioRegulations
Exchange info
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Study Groups
drafting Technical bases for Radiocommunication Conferences
developing Draft Recommendations
compiling Handbooks
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Study GroupsSG 1:Spectrum ManagementSG 3:Radio Wave PropagationSG 4:Satellite ServicesSG 5:Terrestrial ServicesSG 6:Broadcasting ServiceSG 7:Science ServicesSC: Special Committee
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Working Parties
Study Groups are organized into Working Parties and Task Groups
Deal with specific aspects of Study Group work
Issues related with multiple SGs Joint WPs, Joint TGs
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SG 1WP 1A : Spectrum engineering
techniques
WP 1B : Spectrum management methodologies
WP 1C : Spectrum monitoring
(TG 1/9 : Compatibility between different passive and active services)
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SG 3
WP 3J Propagation fundamentals
WP 3K Point-to-area propagation
WP 3L Ionospheric propagation
WP 3M Point-to-point and Earth-space propagation
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SG 4 WP 4A : Efficient orbit / spectrum
utilization WP 4B : Systems, air interfaces,
performance and availability objectives for FSS, BSS and MSS, including IP-based applications and satellite news gathering
WP 4C : All mobile-satellite services and radiodetermination-satellite service
SG5 (WPs)WP 5A: Land mobile service excluding IMT,
amateur and amateur-satellite service
WP 5B: Maritime mobile service including Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS), aeronautical mobile service and radiodetermination service
WP 5C: Fixed wireless systems, HF systems in the Fixed and Land Mobile Services
WP 5D: IMT Systems
JTG 5-6: Studies on the use of the band 790-862 MHz by mobile applications and by other services
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SG 6 (WPs)WP 6D: Broadcasting delivery, excluding the RF
system and spectrum aspects of the BSSWP 6G: Generation of broadcasting services,
including technologies for content signal creation, production and quality control
WP 6X: Access to broadcasting services, including converged services, multimedia, interactivity and service requirements
JTG 5-6: - Studies on the use of the band 790-862 MHz by mobile applications and by other services
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SG 7
WP 7A : Time signals and frequency standard emissions
WP 7B : Space radio systems
WP 7C : Earth-exploration satellite
systems and meteorological elements
WP 7D: Radio Astronomy
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Documents
Input Documents from Member States, Sector Members and International Organizations, etc. (White)
Liaison Statements from other WPs, TGs, etc. (White)
Output Documents (Yellow) Administrative Documents (Green/Blue)
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WPs, TGs, SGs, etc.Consider inputDocuments
Contributions fromMember States, etc.
Liaison StatementsFrom other Groups
Chairman’s Report
Liaison StatementsTo other Groups
ContributionsTo Parent SGSuch as DNRs
Documents carried onChairman’s report
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ITU Web page
http://www.itu.int/ top page http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/
Submitted documents appear on the Web.
You need a TIES account to download
files.
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Recommendations
The ITU-R Recommendations provide a body of technical, operational and regulatory / procedural information that has been agreed upon by the participating administrations.
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Production of Recs.Question
PDNR
DNR
Agenda Item
New Rec
Study Group
Working PartyTask Group
Administration
Study based oncontributions
APPROVE
ADOPT
VOTE
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How to Name Recs
Recommendation ITU-R RA.769-2
RA:Radio Astronomy
769: sequential number
-2 : Revision number
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ITU-R RecommendationsBO Satellite delivery
BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television
BS Broadcasting service (sound)
BT Broadcasting service (television)
F Fixed service
M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services
P Radiowave propagation
RA Radio astronomy
RS Remote sensing systems
S Fixed-satellite service
SA Space applications and meteorology
SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems
SM Spectrum management
SNG Satellite news gathering
TF Time signals and frequency standards emissions
V Vocabulary and related subjects
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RA series Recs
RA.1750 Mutual planning between the Earth exploration-satellite service (active) and the radio astronomy service in the 94 GHz and 130 GHz bands
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Current Frequency Allocations
9 kHz – 275 GHz
< 9 kHz : 5.53 Administrations authorizing the use of frequencies
below 9 kHz shall ensure that no harmful interference is caused thereby to the services to which the bands above 9 kHz are allocated.
5.54 Administrations conducting scientific research using frequencies below 9 kHz are urged to advise other administrations that may be concerned in order that such research may be afforded all practicable protection from harmful interference.
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footnotes RAS
Primary alloc.
Secondary
direction
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Primary & Secondary Servicesa) services the names of which are printed in “capitals” (example: FIXED); these are called “primary” services;
b) services the names of which are printed in “normal characters” (example: Mobile); these are called “secondary” services.
Stations of a secondary service:
a) shall not cause harmful interference to stations of primary services to which frequencies are already assigned or to which frequencies may be assigned at a later date;
b) cannot claim protection from harmful interference from stations of a primary service to which frequencies are already assigned or may be assigned at a later date;
c) can claim protection, however, from harmful interference from stations of the same or other secondary service(s) to which frequencies may be assigned at a later date.
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Allocation > 275 GHz
No allocation at present
(only footnote 5.565)
Revision of FN 5.565 – agenda for WRC-2011 (up to 3000 GHz)
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5.565 The frequency band 275-1000 GHz may be used by administrations for experimentation with, and development of, various active and passive services. In this band a need has been identified for the following spectral line measurements for passive services:
– radio astronomy service: 275‑323 GHz, 327‑371 GHz, 388‑424 GHz, 426‑442 GHz, 453‑510 GHz, 623‑711 GHz, 795‑909 GHz and 926-945 GHz;
– Earth exploration-satellite service (passive) and space research service (passive): 275-277 GHz, 294‑306 GHz, 316‑334 GHz, 342‑349 GHz, 363‑365 GHz, 371‑389 GHz, 416‑434 GHz, 442‑444 GHz, 496‑506 GHz, 546‑568 GHz, 624‑629 GHz, 634‑654 GHz, 659‑661 GHz, 684‑692 GHz, 730‑732 GHz, 851‑853 GHz and 951‑956 GHz.
Future research in this largely unexplored spectral region may yield additional spectral lines and continuum bands of interest to the passive services. Administrations are urged to take all practicable steps to protect these passive services from harmful interference until the date when the allocation Table is established in the above-mentioned frequency band. (WRC‑2000)
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RA bands defined in ITU
Frequency usages are regulated in ITU
RA bands rights to be protected
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Where are RA bands ?Frequency Bands(MHz) Frequency Bands(GHz)
13.360 - 13.410
25.550 - 25.670
37.5 - 38.25
73 - 74.6
150.05 - 153
322 - 328.6
406.1 - 410
608 - 614
1 400 - 1 427 (HI)
1 610.6 - 1 613.8 (OH)
1 660 - 1 670 (OH)
2 655 - 2 700
4 800 - 5 000 (H2CO)
10.6 - 10.7
14.47 – 14.50 (H2CO)0
15.35 - 15.40
22.21- 22.50 (H2O)
23.6 - 24.0 (NH3)
31.3 - 31.80
42.5 - 43.5 (SiO)
76 - 116
123 - 158.5
164 - 16700
200 - 231.500
241 - 275
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Shared RA bands
In many RA bands, other services are
also allocated.
INTERFERENCE !?
It is necessary to coordinate between
RAS and other services.
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Adjacent to RA bands
In many cases, there are satellite services
(FSS, MSS, BSS, etc) in downlink !!
RA can not avoid interference
by choosing sites.
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Iridium Satellites
Max hold
1 min
IF output
5dB/div
1450-1950
MHz
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Observed Interference at CRL
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Interference by GSOs
GSOs
21cm obs. at Bonn
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Radio Frequency Interference
Radio contaminations by artificial
transmission (Telecomm., Radar, etc.)
Serious Problem for low-frequency
RA observations RFI will occur in higher frequencies
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Necessary bandwidth
1.152 necessary bandwidth: For a given class of emission, the width of the frequency band which is just sufficient to ensure the transmission of information at the rate and with the quality required under specified conditions.
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Unwanted emissions1.144 out-of-band emission: Emission on a frequency or
frequencies immediately outside the necessary bandwidth which results from the modulation process, but excluding spurious emissions.
1.145 spurious emission: Emission on a frequency or frequencies which are outside the necessary bandwidth and the level of which may be reduced without affecting the corresponding transmission of information. Spurious emissions include harmonic emissions, parasitic emissions, intermodulation products and frequency conversion products, but exclude out-of-band emissions.
1.146 unwanted emissions: Consist of spurious emissions and out-of-band emissions.
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Appendix to Article 3 (before WRC-03)
For the purpose of setting limits, all emissions, including harmonic emissions, intermodulation products, frequency conversion products and parasitic emissions, which fall at frequencies separated from the centre frequency of the emission by 250%, or more, of the necessary bandwidth of the emission will generally be considered as spurious emissions.
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frequency
Necessary bandwidth
OOB emission OOB emission
Δf
2.0 x Δf
Spuriousemission
2.0 x Δf
Spuriousemission
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Decision by WRC-03
1.146A out-of-band domain (of an emission): The frequency range, immediately outside the necessary bandwidth but excluding the spurious domain, in which out-of-band emissions generally predominate. Out-of-band emissions, defined based on their source, occur in the out-of-band domain and, to a lesser extent, in the spurious domain. Spurious emissions likewise may occur in the out-of-band domain as well as in the spurious domain. (WRC-03)
1.146B spurious domain (of an emission): The frequency range beyond the out-of-band domain in which spurious emissions generally predominate. (WRC-03)
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New definition
AP3-01
FIGURE 1 (WRC-03)
Out-of-band and spurious domains
Unwanted emissions Unwanted emissions
Spurious domainSpurious domain Out-of-banddomain
Out-of-banddomain
Necessarybandwidth
Frequency of the emission
Boundary of the spurious domain
Limits of the necessary bandwidth
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