Opening95-475GHztoCommercialUse:TechnicalandPolicyChallenges
MichaelJ.Marcus,Sc.D.,F-IEEE
AdjunctProfessorofECE,VirginiaTechPastChair,IEEE-USACommitteeonCommunicationsPolicy
AssociateChief,FCCOfficeofEngineeringandTechnology(Retired)Director,MarcusSpectrumSolutionsLLC
[email protected]/7J1AKO1
450GHz275GHz95GHz
WRC-19AgendaItem1.15
FCCDocket14-177
Mybackground:
CreationofregulationsthatenabledWi-Fi&Bluetooth5/85
2
Why>95GHzLet’slearnfromWillieSutton:
>95GHzis“wherethespectrumis”!(Ifyouneedlargebandwidth) 3
ThisTechnologyHasBeenUsedOutsideofLaboratoryAlready
• NTT125GHzsystemusedat2008BeijingOlympics
4https://www.ntt-review.jp/archive/ntttechnical.php?contents=ntr200903sf3.html
PublishedDataonmmW/THzSystemExperiments
• R&D,oftenwithnationalgovernmentsupport,isunderwayaroundtheworldashighas600GHz!
5
Yu,Asif,etal.,“400-GHzWirelessTransmissionof 60-Gb/sNyquist-QPSKSignalsUsing UTC-PDandHeterodyne Mixer,”IEEETransactionsonTerahertzScienceandTechnology,IssueNo.99,p.1-6(August2016)(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7556985/)
Europe,Inc.isTargetingThisTechnology
• “Withrespecttotheaforementioned,themissionofETSIISGmWT istopromotetheuseofmillimetre wavespectrumfrom50GHzupto300GHzforpresentandfuturecriticaltransmissionapplicationsandusecases.Moreover,ETSIISGmWT willfocusonenhancingtheconfidenceofallstakeholdersandthegeneralpublicintheuseofmillimetre wavetechnologies”
6http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/mWT/001_099/002/01.01.01_60/gs_mWT002v010101p.pdf
PossibleCommunicationsUsesof95-450GHz
• Point-to-pointterrestrialcommunications– Iflargebandwidthchannelsareavailablecouldachieveratescomparabletoopticalfiber
–Whilefiberhardwareisalwayslessexpensive,insomecasesinstallationcostscanbehuge
–Whilefibercanberepairedquicklyincaseofcutsfromconstructionaccidents,quickrepairmaynotbepossibleaftersome typesofdisasters• e.g.earthquakewithgroundrupture
– Lowertimelatencythanfiber
7
Possible/ActualPracticalUsesof95-450GHz
• THzSpectroscopy– Usefulforbothscientificresearchandsomeindustrialoperations
– Twoversions(analogoustoUWB):• “timedomain”
• “frequencydomain”– Steppedfrequency
– cmranges,generallyindoor,verylowpower 8
UseofTHzSpectroscopyinNASASpaceShuttleProgram
9
ApplicationsofTHzSpectroscopy
• Studyof– Polymers– Semiconductors– Ceramicsandglasses– Organicmolecules– Gasspectroscopy– Conductivefilms– Liquidcrystals– Composites– Oils– Nondestructivetesting
• AircraftNon-destructiveTesting
• ExaminationofPackagedGoods
• SpacecraftNon-destructiveTesting
• Radome Inspection• PipelineRepairInspection• Monitoringproduction
linesofplywood
10
CurrentTHzSpectroscopyProducts
• TAS7500SeriesTerahertzSpectroscopic/ImagingSystem
– “TheTAS7500seriesisafamilyofcompactandmultipurposeterahertzspectroscopic/imagingsystems.Utilizingtheuniquepropertiesoftheterahertzregion(0.1– 10.0THz)oftheelectromagneticspectrum,thesesystemsperformnon-destructiveanalysisofpharmaceuticals,chemicals,communicationsmaterials,etc.,withoutrequiringaspeciallyconstructedanalysisenvironment.SpeedandeaseofoperationarethehallmarksofAdvantest’sterahertzanalysissystems.Inadditiontoindustrialapplications,theTAS7500seriesisalsoanoptimalchoiceforterahertz– relatedresearch,leveragingAdvantest’shigh-precisiondetectiontechnologytoprovidebest-in-classsamplingperformance”.
• LunaInnovations/AdvancedPhotonix T-Gauge®
• “T-Gauge®Picometrix sensoristhefirstwebscanningTimeDomainTerahertzsolutionforplantfloordeploymenttomeasurebasisweight,caliper,density,moistureonlaminatedandmulti-layercomposites.Terahertztechnologypreviouslylimitedtoresearchfacilities,military,aerospaceandhomelandsecurityisnowavailabletotheindustrialwebprocessingmarket.”
11https://www.advantest.com/products/terahertz-spectroscopic-imaging-systems/tas7500-series-terahertz-spectroscopic-/-imaging-system http://lunainc.com/thz/products/t-ray5000
QuotefromaFormerChief,OET
• “Ifyouarelookingforinterestingideasinspectrumpolicy,takethingsthatpeoplearedoingillegallywithoutcausingproblemsandmakethemlegal!”– IsTHzspectroscopyagoodexample?
12
>95GHzIssues
• ExistingITUandUSallocationsgoto275GHzbutUS“servicerules”endat95GHz– MinorexceptionsforamateursandISM– Technology>95GHzfacesuncertaindelaysbeforemarketaccess
• ITUrulesforpassivespectrumaremoreburdensome>95GHthaninUHF!– Highdensityofpassiveallocations– RR5.149&5.340impactterrestrialtransmitters
13
RR5.149
5.149 Inmaking assignments tostations ofother services towhich thebands* 94.1-100GHz,102-109.5GHz,111.8-114.25GHz,128.33-128.59GHz,129.23-129.49GHz,130-134GHz,136-148.5GHz,151.5-158.5GHz,168.59-168.93GHz,171.11-171.45GHz,172.31-172.65GHz,173.52-173.85GHz,195.75-196.15GHzare allocated,administrations are urged totake all practicablesteps toprotect theradioastronomy service from harmfulinterference.Emissions from spaceborne or airborne stationscan be particularly serious sources ofinterference totheradioastronomy service (see Nos.4.5and4.6andArticle29).(WRC-07)
*Onlybandsin95-200GHzlistedhere)14
RR5.340/US246
5.340 Allemissionsareprohibited inthefollowingbands*:100-102GHz,109.5-111.8GHz,114.25-116GHz,148.5-151.5GHz,164-167GHz,182-185GHz,190-191.8GHz,
*Onlybandsin95-200GHzlistedhere)
15
IsSharingPossible?
• 2010ITU-Rreportindicatesthatsharingabove275GHzispossibleforradioastronomyandterrestrialusers.– Doesnotaddressenvironmentalsensing
• Is275GHzaphysicallimitorbureaucraticone?
16http://www.itu.int/pub/R-REP-RA.2189-2010
Isn’tSharingat>95GHzDifferentthanUHFSharing?
• AtwhatfrequencylimitisphysicssodifferentthatapproachesofRR5.149&5.340haveaverydifferentcost/effectivenessratiothanatUHF?
• ITU-Rhasalreadyaddressedspecialcaseofradioastronomy>275GHzandfoundterrestrialsharingpossible– 275GHzlimitofstudychosenforbureaucraticreasonsnotphysicalones!
– Environmentalsensingsharingismuchmoredifficult
17
PossibleSharingwithEnvironmentalSensing
• 2cases:GSOandNGSO• GSOcase– FS/FSSsharinghasbeeninoperationsince1970s– BasicapproachistokeepFSpowerbeamsawayfromGSOarc
– Coordinationrequiredandeffectiveinsharing
18
PossibleSharingwithEnvironmentalSensing
• 2cases:GSOandNGSO• NGSOcase– UnlikeGSOcase,NGSOpassivereceiverscanbeanywhereinsky
– SimilartoGSO/NGSOsharingwhichhasbeenimplementedinpastdecade
– Alignmenteventscanbepredictedmonthsinadvanceandterrestrialtransmittersthenmodifyspectrumusebeforealignmentevent
19
CumulativeImpactofPassiveBands
20
95-200GHzinUS
21Spectrumavailablenowwithout passivesharing
VerticalandHorizontalPropagationDiffers!
22
WRC-19AgendaItem1.15• ResultedfromapparentJapaneseinitiativeinAPTconferencepreparation
• ParallelCEPTinitiative• WRC-15tooktextfromoneandthefrequencyrangefromtheother– atypicalITUcompromise!
23
.
.
.
APT CEPT
WRC-19AgendaItem1.15
24
.
.
.
>275GHzSpectrumandRR5.5655.565 Thefollowingfrequencybands* intherange275-1000GHzareidentified forusebyadministrationsforpassiveserviceapplications:–radioastronomyservice:
275-323GHz,327-371GHz,388-424GHz,426-442GHz,453-510GHz,–Earthexploration-satelliteservice(passive)andspaceresearchservice(passive):
275-286GHz,296-306GHz,313-356GHz,361-365GHz,369-392GHz,397-399GHz,409-411GHz,416-434GHz,439-467GHz,
Theuseoftherange275-1000GHzbythepassiveservicesdoesnotprecludeuseofthisrangebyactiveservices.Administrationswishingtomakefrequenciesinthe275-1000GHzrangeavailableforactiveserviceapplicationsareurgedtotakeallpracticablestepstoprotectthesepassiveservicesfromharmfulinterference untilthedatewhentheTableofFrequencyAllocationsisestablishedintheabove-mentioned275-1000GHzfrequencyrange.
25*Frequencies>475GHzhavebeenomittedhere
>275GHzSpectrumandRR5.565
• Allspectrumin275-450islistedforprotectioninRR5.565
• Unlike5.340,only“allpracticablesteps”arerequired
• IfweacceptITU-RRA.2189,weonlyneedfocusonenvironmentalsensingbands
26*Frequencies>475GHzhavebeenomittedhere
ESRA
>275GHzSpectrumandRR5.565
• Environmentsensingidentifiedbandsare141GHzoutof175GHztotalin275-450GHz
• Ifsharingwithenvironmentsensingisnotpossible,largestclearblocksareonly10GHzBW(286-296GHzand399-409GHz)
Sharingisessentialforanypracticaluseofthisspectrum!
27
ESRA
Item1.15Status
• UStotallysilenttodate!
• InNovemberinSG5– Germansproposeduseof275-321.8 GHz and380-445GHz
– Japanese proposeduse of275-316 GHz
28
KeyIssues
• Importanceofinternationalharmonization– MoreconsistentlyimportantinJapanthaninUS– FCCactedwithoutITUinoriginalunlicensed2.4GHzband(Wi-Fi&Bluetooth)and60GHzunlicensed
– Since1987FCChasnot standardizedmobiletechnologies• ThisiswhyQualcommisaUScompany• NewFCCstandardizationisunlikelyin5GinUS
29
KeyIssues
• Importanceofinternationalharmonization– AreworldwideeconomiesofscaleessentialformmW/THzimplementation?
– Ismoretimelyimplementationbeforeworldwideconsensusdesirable?
30
KeyIssues
• RFSafety– FCChasnoRFsafetynumericlimits>100GHzandnoneproposed
• CapitalFormationforR&D/USCompetitiveness– ForeigncompetitorshaveaccesstogovernmentcostsharingforthisR&D
– USfirmsdependonprivatecapitalformation– FCCtrackrecordonRM-11713andDocket13-259woulddiscouragemostVC’swithotheroptionsforinvestingintechnology
31
32www.marcus-spectrum.com