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Farm level tree planting in Pakistan: the moderating role of past behaviour in
predicting intentions
University College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, PAKISTAN
MUHAMMAD ZUBAIRAssistant Professor of [email protected]
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Rationale
• Low forest cover (4.8%)• Mainstay of rural livelihoods/ increased reliance• Excessive illicit stock removal (commercial/
govt. predicaments)• Problems of erosion, land sliding etc.
(Desertification)• 75% of forest cover will diminish by 2025 in
NWFP (PFRI)
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Govt to uncover strategies, feasible
solution
Farm Forestry
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Government launched many projects
Efforts rather doubtful
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Outcome
Lower uptake
Mixed response Low local participation
Reluctance of land tree growing
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Reasons for Failure
Focus (biological/ technical)
Wrong anticipation of local acceptance
long gestation/ lack of immediate gains
Little emphasis on beneficiaries acceptance
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The major constraint in the cultivation of trees on state lands are well understood; less understood is what the farmers themselves believe to be the major constraints to tree cultivation on their lands
(Dove, 1995)
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Farm Forestry is not a simple activity to undertake
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Farm Forestry Decision Making
Factors for volitional control (ease/difficulty)
Follow cognitive process
Approval/ Disapproval of the closed ones
Frequency of past practice
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“Human beings are creatures of habit in that they tend to persist in doing what they have become accustomed to”
(Ajzen, 2002)
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Theoretical Framework
ATTITUDE
SUBJECTIVENORMS
PERCEIVEDBEHAVIOURAL
CONTROL
INTENTION BEHAVIOUR
+/ -Evaluation
Salient Referents
Ease/Difficulty Actual
Control
Theory of Planned Behaviour (Ajzen, 1988)
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4(2+2)
4(2+2)
4(2+2)
4(2+2)
16/16 16/16 16/16 16/16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 753 4
16
128
1st StageCircle Selection
2nd STAGEVillage Selection
3rd STAGEFarmers’Selection
4(2+2)
4(2+2)
4(2+2)
4(2+2)
16/16 16/16 16/16 16/16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 753 4
16
128
1st StageCircle Selection
2nd STAGEVillage Selection
3rd STAGEFarmers’Selection
Respondents – FF (64) & NFF (64)
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Results
Past Behaviour Categories
FF NFF Total Chi-square
test
Often 52% 13% 37% 36.89 (.000)a
Moderately 27% 22% 24%
Rarely 17% 23% 20%
Not et al 4% 41% 18%
Association of past behaviour and performance of farm forestry
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2 3 4 5
1. Intention ** ** ns **2. Attitude ** ns **3. Subjective Norm ns **4. Perceived Behavioural
Controlns
5. Past Behaviour
Spearman's rho between TPB components and past behaviour
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Predictor Interactions F-value Sig.
Attitude x past behaviour 2.947 **
Subjective norm x past behaviour 7.975 ***
PBC x past behaviour 2.490 *
Moderating role of past behaviour to predict TPB variables-
intention relationship for FF (GLM regression analysis)
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Predictor Interactions F-value Sig.
Attitude x past behaviour 0.608 ns
Subjective norm x past behaviour 1.950 ns
PBC x past behaviour 1.776 ns
Moderating role of past behaviour to predict TPB variables-
intention relationship for NFF (GLM regression analysis)
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Findings
Intention to plant trees on farmlands is influenced by the constructs of TPB
Past behaviour has strengthened the relationship between attitude, SN & PBC.
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Conclusions
Wider social role of forestry officials Cognitive and normative elements of society-a prerequisiteIncreased source-recipient sharing expectationsPolicies to be flexible and accommodate changing environments
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Thanks
2nd World Congress of Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya, 2009