FYP_Nov 2013_v5_Harvard
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN
PROJECT REPORT GUIDE
2
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL REQUIREMENT OF PROJECT REPORT
1.1 Introduction
The aim of this guide is to help students of Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman in
the preparation of their project report. Students are advised to acquaint
themselves with the recommendations of this guide in the early stages of
preparation, even though some of the recommendations apply only to the final
stages. The Guide also provides information for supervisors whose
responsibilities include ensuring that the students follow its recommendations.
� A project report which does not follow the approved format will not
be accepted and the degree will not be conferred until an acceptable
standard has been met.
1.2 Project Report Preparation
The project report may be written in British or American English. However,
for consistency, the candidate must use only one spelling system and not a
mixture of both. The project report must form a distinct contribution to the
knowledge of the subject and afford evidence of originality. It must be of a
satisfactory literary standard and must be suitable for publication as a project
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report of Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.
The project report must consist of the candidate’s account of his/her own
research. A candidate will not be permitted to submit a project report
consisting wholly of work for which a degree has been conferred on him/her
in this or any other university.
A project report must be submitted in a form that can be reproduced in a clear
and usable format.
Close attention should be paid to the following criteria:
i. The text and all illustrative materials should be clear and error free;
ii. Good quality paper should be used;
iii. Margins on each page should be as specified in this Guide.
Two soft bound copies must be submitted to the Department for
examination. The report, including tables and figures, must not exceed
100 pages (inclusive of Appendices) and both copies should be bound with
soft covers. Upon examination both the soft bound copies will be returned to
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the candidate. After making the necessary corrections, the candidate is
required to submit ONE softcopy of the project report in a CD (in PDF
format) and a hardcopy of the Declaration form (Appendix D) and
Approval (Appendix E) and Permission sheets (Appendix F) to the
university; and a CD and/or hardcopy to the respective supervisor(s). An
abbreviated version of the degree, your name and the year should be printed
on the stem of the hard bound copy of your project report.
1.3 Technical specifications
1.3.1 Collation
It is the candidate’s responsibility to prepare and assemble all materials for the
project report, and to have the pages of the project report in correct order.
1.3.2 Paper
The project report must be written on one side only of good quality white
bond paper (usually of 80g weight) of A4 size (210mm x 297mm). The same
grade of paper must be used throughout the project report.
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1.3.3 Pagination
All pages should be numbered right flushed at the bottom margin. Page
numbers should appear by themselves and should not be placed in brackets,
hyphenated or accompanied by other decorative devices. Print text or figures
on only one side of each sheet. Only original word-processed copy or good
and clean photocopies are acceptable.
Pages should be numbered consecutively throughout the project report,
including pages for tables, figures and appendices. Each appendix should be
identified separately using an uppercase letter beginning with A. The pages of
the appendices should also be numbered accordingly.
The Preliminary pages preceding Chapter 1 must be numbered in Roman
numerals (i, ii, iii,…). The Title Page should not be numbered though it is
counted as page i. Page 1 begins with the first page of the Introduction (or
Chapter 1) but not numbered. Subsequent pages should be numbered
beginning with page 2. Each chapter should begin on a new page.
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1.3.4 Production of Manuscript
Project reports must be produced on a word processor with printing done on a
high quality printer.
1.3.5 Spacing
Double line spacing must be used in between lines. However, four line
spacing must be used between paragraphs and sections. Single spacing is
permitted within:
i. Explanatory footnotes
ii. Quotations longer than three lines set in a block
iii. References (except between entries)
iv. Multi-line captions (tables, figures)
v. Appendices
vi. Headings or subheadings for Tables and Figures
A new paragraph should be at least two lines at the bottom of the page.
Otherwise, the new paragraph should start in a new page.
1.3.6 Margins
The top, bottom and right margins should be not less than 1" or 2.5 cm in
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width, and the left-hand margin should be 2" or 5 cm in width to allow for loss
in binding. Right margin of the text should be justified.
1.3.7 Typeface and Font Size
The font size should be 12 point, and the same typeface must be used
throughout the text, including heading and page numbers. Font should not be
scripted or italicized except for scientific names and terms in a different
language. Bold print may be used for headings. Footnotes and text in tables
should not be less than 8 point. Equations and formulae must be typed.
Some appropriate fonts for project report are:
i. Arial
ii. Times New Roman
1.3.8 Correction of Errors
The project report must be free of typographical errors. Corrections made in
ink or with opaque fluid are not acceptable. If a neat erasure cannot be made
the page must be re-typed. Deletions must not be made by crossing out or
striking out letters or words. The typed line must be continuous. If the word or
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words cannot be erased clearly and neatly with proper spacing, the whole line,
the paragraph, or the whole page must be re-typed.
Additions of words or phrases must not be typed between lines or inserted by
hand. The whole page must be re-typed to incorporate the additions.
Pages which are obviously insert pages are not acceptable. The surrounding
pages should be re-typed to incorporate the material.
1.3.9 Binding
For candidates who wish to present a hardcopy of the project report to their
supervisor(s), the report should be bound in hard cover [unless otherwise
requested by the supervisor(s)]. The binding should be as for a book in
which pages are permanently secured.
The following should be lettered in Gold with 18 point font size from the head
to the foot of the project report spine (Refer to Appendix A)
i. Name of candidate
ii. Abbreviated degree (e.g., BSc. (Hons) Biotech.)
iii. Year of submission
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The following particulars should be provided on the project report cover using
Gold block font with font size 18 point. Refer to Appendix A:
i. Title of project report
ii. Name of candidate
iii. Degree
iv. Name of University
v. Year of submission
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CHAPTER 2
FORMAT OF PROJECT REPORT
Generally, the project report consists of three major parts: preliminary pages,
text or main body and ending pages.
A) Preliminary Pages
Include the title page, dedication (optional), abstract, acknowledgement,
declaration sheet, approval sheet, permission sheet, table of contents, list of
tables, figures, and abbreviations.
B) Text or Main Body
Divided into chapters and sections.
C) Ending Pages
Consist of references and appendices.
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Below is the arrangement of various pages in a project report:
Items Remarks
Title Page Not to be paginated but counted as i.
Subsequent pages are paginated and
are numbered consecutively.
Appendix B
Dedication (if any)
Abstract Appendix C
Acknowledgement
Declaration Appendix D
Approval Sheet Appendix E
Permission Sheet Appendix F
Table of Contents Appendix G
List of Table(s) Appendix H
List of Figure(s) Appendix H
List of Abbreviations Appendix K
Main Body (Chapters)
References Appendix L
Appendices
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2.1 Title Page
Title should describe the content of the project report accurately and concisely.
The title page should include:
i. The title page should look exactly like the sample on Appendix B.
ii. Full title of project report (uppercase)
iii. Full name of author (uppercase)
iv. Name of institution to which the project report is submitted
v. Name of faculty
vi. Degree of which the project report is submitted
vii. Month and year of submission
viii. This page is counted but not numbered (it counts as page i but
should not have a page number).
2.2 Abstract
An abstract is a concise summary of the project report, intended to inform
prospective readers about its content. It usually includes a brief description of
the research, the procedures or methods, and the results and conclusions. An
abstract should not include internal headings, parenthetical citations of items
listed in the reference section, diagrams, or other illustrations. The abstract
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should be in one paragraph and less than 300 words. In short, an abstract
actually points out what has been done, what was found and what can be
concluded.
Remember: an effective abstract gives information about the quality of
the research as well as the investigator.
An example of abstract is shown in Appendix C.
2.3 Acknowledgement
Acknowledgement is used to express the author’s appreciation for guidance
and assistance from individual(s) and institutions.
2.4 Table of Contents
Contains the list of all the chapter titles in upper case, preceded by their
numbers in Arabic numerals. Subheadings should be in title case (Refer to
Appendix G).
Not more than three levels of subheadings are allowed in the Table of
Contents (chapter names are level 1 headings, subheadings of a chapter are
level 2 headings, subheadings of subheadings are level 3). Subsections of
chapters may be numbered with Arabic numerals.
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i. The Table of Contents should follow closely the sample in
Appendix G.
ii. The heading Table of Contents must appear at the top of the first
page. The heading must be bold, centered, and without punctuation.
iii. List chapter titles and at least the first or second order subdivisions.
Make sure that chapter and section titles are worded exactly as they
appear in the body of the project report.
iv. Single space each entry, but double space between entries.
v. Separate titles from page numbers with right-justified tabs and dot
leaders. Do not use periods to separate titles and page numbers.
vi. These pages are counted and numbered in lowercase Roman
numerals.
2.5 List of Tables
Project reports that contain tables should provide a List of Tables (Appendix
H). The list should show the exact title of captions of all tables in the text,
together with the beginning page number of each table. Tables should be
numbered consecutively within each chapter.
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The following guidelines apply:
i. The table number and accompanying title is placed above the body
of the table and left justified (Appendix I).
ii. Table titles should be focused, descriptive, and short.
iii. Use a solid line above and below the body of the table, thus
delimiting the table.
iv. Use horizontal lines within the heading sections to encompass
several common elements.
v. Excessively large and complex tables that require multiple pages
are discouraged, but if necessary, secondary pages should state
“Table X continued” and repeat the headings.
vi. Table footers are used to explain symbols, give notes on a statistical
analysis, define abbreviations, amplify certain aspects of the table,
or recognize sources.
2.6 List of Figures
Project reports that contain figures should include a List of Figures (Appendix
H). The list of figures includes graphs, photographs, charts and printed images.
Figures should be numbered consecutively within each chapter.
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The following guidelines apply:
i. Figure captions should be placed immediately below the figure.
This includes the figure number (e.g., Figure 1.1) followed by a
concise, descriptive statement. The explanatory text should always
precede the figure (Appendix J).
ii. Colour can be used in graphs, maps, photos, etc.
iii. Glossy prints, photomicrographs, or other figures not produced on
the regular project report paper should be mounted.
Figures, tables, and illustrations must be self explanatory. Generally, a figure,
table, or illustration will occupy a separate page of the project report. However,
if it is integrated within a page of text, there must be sufficient space before
and after to clearly set it apart from the text. The text should cite a figure or
table when those data are noted. For example: “Graduate enrolment at
Missouri State University has increased during each of the last five years
(Figure 1.1).”
2.7 List of Abbreviations
When many abbreviations and/or symbols are used, a List of Abbreviations
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with appropriate definitions should be included for the sake of clarity. Such
lists should be included following the List of Tables and List of Figures. When
abbreviations or other symbols are used, they should be uniform and
consistent throughout the project report. This list serves as ready reference to
readers not familiar with the abbreviation. The list should be sorted in
alphabetical order. Universally recognized scientific symbols (cm, mm, kg,
etc.) need not be listed. Appendix K shows the example.
2.8 Text of Project Report
The major parts of a project report may contain such subjects as introduction,
general argument, description of experimental procedures, research methods,
discussion, summary, conclusions, recommendations, and other pertinent
topics that are necessary for a complete understanding on the part of a
sophisticated or professional reader.
i. The chapter and section titles should be the same as the headings
listed in the Table of Contents. The pages are counted and
numbered in Arabic numerals. The text begins four lines below
this heading.
ii. The text must be double spaced. (Note that the heading lines are
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single spaced.)
iii. The pages are counted and numbered in Arabic numerals.
iv. First line of each paragraph should not be indented.
2.9 Headings in Text
Chapter headings must be bold and centered.
The chapter number and title must be separated and double-spaced as shown
in the example below:
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Headings must not be larger than 12 points.
Headings and subheadings must be double spaced.
2.10 Introduction
Introduction is the introductory chapter (background information) that
indicates the problem to be addressed and its importance and validity. It sets
forth the context, the hypotheses to be tested and the research objectives to be
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attained.
2.11 Literature Review
A literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources (e.g.,
dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of
research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation
of each work. The purpose is to offer an overview of significant literature
published on a topic. However, a literature review is not a summary of works
of different authors. Justification is given in this section for the use of specific
solution techniques or problem solving procedures in your work.
2.12 Materials and Methods
Descriptions of materials, equipment, procedures, techniques, calculations and
calibration plots employed through out the study. Limitations, assumptions
and range of validity of the methods are also included in this section. This
information is required to allow the reader to assess the believability of your
results, and also is needed by another researcher to replicate your experiment.
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2.13 Results
The results are actual statements of observations, whether positive or negative.
It can be reported in the form of figures, tables, statistics or text. Sufficient
details should be presented so that others can draw their own inferences and
construct their own explanations. You can break up your results into logical
segments by using subheadings.
2.14 Discussion
A discussion is based on the results obtained from the study in relation to the
hypotheses and is not simply a restatement of the results. It highlights the main
finding, their significance and implications. The discussion section should be a
brief essay in itself, answering the following questions:
• What are the major patterns in the observations?
• What are the relationships, trends and generalizations among the
results?
• What are the likely causes (mechanisms) underlying these patterns?
• Is there agreement or disagreement with previous work?
• How do the obtained results relate to your hypothesis/problem
statement in the introduction?
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• Include possible explanations related to your results (must be
supported by references).
• What are the contributions of your findings to your field of study?
Outline and discuss also the future research work as a separate subsection in
the Discussion. The future work can arise from the results that you generated
or work that you would like to undertake to confirm your hypothesis.
2.15 Conclusions
A summary which highlights the most important observations and outcomes of
the study upon which a conclusion is drawn in line with the objective set. It
also outlines the significance and contribution of your work to the area your of
study.
2.16 Chapter Layout
Text in a chapter can be written into major sections and subsections. Major
section is numbered as first level (e.g., 1, 2, 3,….) and subsection is numbered
second level, and etc (e.g., 1.1, 1.1.1, 1.2.3,…..). Candidates should ensure
that it is consistent throughout the project report and should be limited to a
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maximum of 4 levels.
2.17 References
The project report should contain appropriate documentation, i.e., references
to original literature relevant to the research presented in the project report.
The format used by UTAR for in-text literature citations and the list of
references is based on the Harvard Referencing System. Students must
adhere to the in-text citation and referencing styles of the Harvard
Referencing System prepared by the Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Library
(Appendix L).
The List of References should follow closely the sample in Appendix L.
i. The heading References must appear at the top of the first page.
The heading must be bold, centered, and without punctuation.
ii. Begin the list of sources four spaces below the heading.
iii. Single space within each entry and double space between entries.
iv. Do not split entries over two pages. If an entire entry does not fit
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on one page, place the entire entry on the next page.
v. Entries are arranged according to alphabetical order.
vi. These pages are counted and numbered in Arabic numerals.
Every reference cited in the text (with the exception of personal
communications) should be listed in the List of References section that
follows the main body of the project report. Likewise, citation which is not
mentioned in the text should not be listed in the reference section. This
one-to-one correspondence between citations and listing of references is
essential.
Citations. The citations in the text are done using the Harvard Referencing
System. Candidates should adhere closely to the examples in Appendix L.
2.18 Appendices
If supplementary original data, illustrative material, a detailed derivation of
equations, an extensive proof of a theorem, or a quotation too extensive for the
body of the project report are included, they may be presented in appendices.
Similar material should be gathered in a single appendix.
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i. Number the appendices consecutively in alphabetical order
(Appendix A, Appendix B...).
ii. The heading Appendix A (or B, C) and the title of the material
must be bold, centered, and without punctuation.
iii. The appendix material should begin four spaces below the
heading.
iv. The pages are counted and numbered in Arabic numerals.
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CHAPTER 3
WRITING CONVENTION
3.1 Units of measure
Arabic numeral should be used before measurement units and should not be
spelt out, e.g., 5 kg, not five kg. Exemption is given to the first word of the
sentence.
3.2 Numbers
All numbers should be spelt out unless they are followed by units of measure.
Arabic numeral should be used for number 10 or more than 10. If a sentence
begins with a number, the number should be spelt out. e.g., “Three replicates
were done for the following experiment’.
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Appendix A
Example of Spine and Cover of the Project Report
CADMIUM BIOSORPTION USING FREE AND
IMMOBILIZED BIOASS OF ASPERGILLUS AWAMORI
YVONNE CAROLINE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS)
AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE / BIOTECHNOLOGY /
CHEMISTRY / BIOCHEMISTRY / BIOMEDICAL
SCIENCE / MICROBIOLOGY / STATISTICAL
COMPUTING AND OPERATIONS RESEARCH /
LOGISTICS AND INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN
MAY / OCTOBER 20xx
YV
ON
NE
CA
RO
LIN
E
B
.Sc. (H
on
s) Bio
techn
olo
gy
20xx
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Appendix B
Example of Title page
CADMIUM BIOSORPTION USING FREE AND IMMOBILIZED
BIOMASS OF Aspergillus awamori
By
YVONNE CAROLINE
A project report submitted to the Department of XXXXX
Faculty of Science
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science (Hons) Agricultural Science / Biotechnology /
Chemistry / Biochemistry / Biomedical Science / Microbiology /
Statistical Computing and Operations Research /
Logistics and International Shipping
May / October 20xx
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Appendix C
Format of Abstract
ABSTRACT
CADMIUM BIOSORPTION USING FREE AND IMMOBILIZED
BIOMASS OF Aspergillus awamori
Yvonne Caroline
The ability of free and immobilized cells of Aspergillus awamori to act
as an effective cadmium biosorbent was investigated using………From
the study, ……………… However, …………….
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Appendix D
Declaration
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project report is based on my original work except for
quotations and citations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare
that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree
at UTAR or other institutions.
Name
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Appendix E
Example of Approval sheet
APPROVAL SHEET
This project report entitled “CADMIUM BIOSORPTION USING FREE
AND IMMOBILIZED BIOMASS OF Aspergillus awamori” was prepared by
YVONNE CAROLINE and submitted as partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of Bachelor of Science (Hons) Agricultural Science /
Biotechnology / Chemistry / Biochemistry / Biomedical Science / Microbiology
/ Statistical Computing and Operations Research / Logistics and International
Shipping at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.
Approved by:
___________________________
(Prof./Assoc. Prof./Dr./Mr./Ms. ABCDEF) Date:…………………..
Supervisor
Department of XXXXX
Faculty of Science
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman
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Appendix F
Example of Permission Sheet
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN
Date: __________________
PERMISSION SHEET
It is hereby certified that YVONNE CAROLINE (ID No: 04UEB12345)
has completed this final year project/ dissertation/ thesis* entitled “THE
EFFECTS OF MOODS IN ATTITUDE JUDGMENTS” under the
supervision of ____________________ (Supervisor) from the Department
of ____________________, Faculty of Science, and
____________________ (Co-Supervisor)* from the Department of
________________________, Faculty of Science.
(2 spaces)
I hereby give permission to the University to upload the softcopy of my final
year project / dissertation/ thesis* in pdf format into the UTAR Institutional
Repository, which may be made accessible to the UTAR community and
public.
Yours truly,
____________________
(YVONNE CAROLINE)
*Delete whichever not applicable
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Appendix G
Example of Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
DECLARATION vi
APPROVAL SHEET vii
PERMISSION SHEET viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvi
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Cadmium: Occurrences in Nature 6
2.2 Major Uses and Production of Cadmium 12
2.3 Conventional (Non-Biological) Treatment Methods 14
2.4 Biological Treatment 44
2.4.1 History 44
2.4.2 Biosorption Phenomenon and Mechanism 48
2.4.3 Fungal Biomass as an Effective Biosorbent 56
2.5 Type of Heavy Metal Removal System 62
2.5.1 Free Cell System 62
2.5.2 Immobilized Cell System 65
2.6 Concluding Remarks 66
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3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 68
3.1 Materials 68
3.1.1 Chemicals and Solutions 68
3.1.2 Microorganisms and Maintenance 69
3.1.3 Inoculum Preparation and Medium Composition 70
3.2 General Plan of the Experimental Work 71
3.3 Analytical Procedures 76
3.3.1 Dry Cell Weight Determination 77
3.3.2 Viable Cell Counts 78
3.3.3 Statistical Analysis 81
4 RESULTS 82
4.1 Effect of Different Initial Cadmium Concentrations 82
4.1.1 Langmuir Linear Adsorption Model 85
4.1.2 Comparison with Other Microbial Sorbents 87
4.2 Effect of Different Biomass Concentration on Biosorption
of Cadmium 90
4.3 Cadmium Removal in Stirred Tank Reactor 95
4.3.1 Batch Phase 95
4.3.2 Continuous Phase 97
5 DISCUSSION
5.1 Effect of Different Initial Cadmium Concentrations 82
5.1.1 Langmuir Linear Adsorption Model 85
5.1.2 Comparison with Other Microbial Sorbents 87
5.2 Effect of Different Biomass Concentration on Biosorption
of Cadmium 90
5.3 Cadmium Removal in Stirred Tank Reactor 95
5.3.1 Batch Phase 95
5.3.2 Continuous Phase 97
6 CONCLUSIONS 101
REFERENCES 107
APPENDICES 125
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Appendix H
Example of List of Tables / List of Figures
LIST OF TABLES / LIST OF FIGURES
Table / Figure
Page
2.1 A Haworth projection representation of the structure of
glucose (α-D-glucopyranose)
8
2.2 Section of the amylose molecule showing the repeating
anhydroglucose unit
10
3.1
The effect of substrate concentration on maximum D-glucose
concentration
11
4.2
The effect of enzyme dosage on reaction time 32
4.10
Production of CGTase enzyme during the batch culture of
(A) Thermococcus hydrothermalis and (B) Klebsiella sp.
74
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Appendix I
Example of Table Layout
Table 1.1: Graduate school enrolment at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.
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Appendix J
Example of Figure Layout
Figure 1.1: Graduate school enrolment at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.
Female Male Total
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Appendix K
Example of List of Abbreviations
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
g Acceleration of gravity (∼9.8 m/s2)
α-D-glucopyranose Alpha-D-glucopyranose
BSA Bovine serum albumin
Ca2+
Calcium ion
C Carbon
C/N ratio Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
Co2+
Cobalt ion
CFU Colony forming units
CD
Cyclodextrin
DP Degree of polymerization
DEAE-cellulose Diethylaminoathyl-cellulose
DOT Dissolved oxygen tension
EC Enzyme commission number
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Appendix L
Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Library
Harvard Referencing System
For the latest version of the Guide & Examples, please refer to:
http://www.utar.edu.my/lib/index.jsp?fcatid=339&fcontentid=1728
and select “Harvard Referencing System” from among the Library Guides
to download a copy in PDF format.
Harvard Referencing System -
Guide and Examples
When presenting your research paper, it is important that you provide references to the sources of information you have used in your research. Referencing is a method of acknowledging the contributions and work of others in your writing. You will have to provide brief information in the text and full bibliographic details of all SOURCES consulted in your Reference List at the end of your piece of work.
The “Harvard Referencing System” is an author-date system for citing and referencing sources of information.
This guide provides examples of In-text citation and referencing according to the Harvard Referencing System for various information sources.
BOOKS
Reference List In-Text Citation
One Author Format Author, Initial(s)., Year. Title of book (italicized). Edition (if any). Place: Publisher.
1st Edition Baldick, R., 2006. Applied optimization: formulation and algorithms for engineering systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
(Baldick, 2006) …
OR Baldick (2006) …
2nd Edition, 3rd Edition, 4th edition, etc. Burns, T., 2010. Applied statics and strength of materials. 2nd ed. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar/Cengage Learning.
(Burns, 2010) … OR Burns (2010) …
UniversitiTunku Abdul Rahman
Library
Two Authors
Format Author, Initial(s). and Author, Initial(s)., Year. Title of book (italicized). Edition (if any). Place: Publisher. Smith, C. and Meyer, J., 2005. 3G wireless with WiMAX and Wi-Fi: 802.16 and 802.11. New York: McGraw-Hill.
(Smith and Meyer, 2005) … OR Smith and Meyer (2005) …
Three Authors Format Author, Initial(s)., Author, Initial(s). and Author, Initial(s)., Year. Title of book (italicized). Edition (if any). Place: Publisher. Jamroz, W.R., Kruzelecky, R.V. and Haddad, E.I., 2006. Applied microphotonics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis.
(Jamroz, Kruzelecky and Haddad, 2006) … OR Jamroz, Kruzelecky and Haddad (2006) …
Four Authors Or More Format Author, Initial(s)., Author, Initial(s)., Author, Initial(s)., Author, Initial(s)., Author, Initial(s). and Author, Initial(s)., Year. Title of book (italicized). Edition (if any). Place: Publisher.
Miller, P., Smith, M., Roberts, J.C., Peters, B., Howard, K. and Curtis, L., 2000. Mobile phone use in teenagers. Collins: Melbourne.
(Miller, et al., 2000) … OR Miller, et al. (2000) … Note: Where there are four authors or more, only the first author should be used, followed by et al. meaning and others.
Corporate Authors
If the item is produced by an organization, treat the organization as a "corporate author". This could include government departments, universities, associations, societies, companies, etc. Format
Corporate author, Year. Title of book (italicized). Place: Publisher.
Reference List
In-Text Citation
Malaysia Airline System Berhad, 2011. Annual report. Kuala Lumpur: MAS.
First citation: …according to the report in 2011 by Malaysia Airline System Berhad (MAS) …
Subsequent citations: … MAS (2011) had published another …
Multiple Works Published By The Same Author In The Same Year Where there are multiple works published by the same author and published in the same year, use a lower case letter after the date to differentiate them. Format
Author, Initial(s)., Year followed by letter. Title of book (italicized). Place: Publisher.
Reference List
In-Text Citation
Hac, A., 2003a. Mobile telecommunications protocols for data networks. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
Hac, A., 2003b. Wireless sensor network designs. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.
(Hac, 2003a; 2003b) … OR Hac (2003a; 2003b) …
Multiple Works Published By One Author In The Different Year
If more than one publication from an author explains the same point and the works are published in different years, the references should be cited in chronological order (i.e. earliest first): Reference List
In-Text Citation
Capron, H.L., 2000. Capron's pocket Internet: 4001 sites. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Capron, H.L., 2002. Computers: tools for an information age. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
(Capron, 2000; 2002) … OR Capron (2000; 2002)…
TRANSLATED BOOKS
Format
Author, Initial(s)., Year. Title of book (italicized). Translated from (language) by (name of translator, initial(s) first, then surname). Edition (if any). Place: Publisher.
Reference List
In-Text Citation
Dupuy, J.P., 2009. On the origins of cognitive science: the mechanization of the mind. Translated from French by M.B. DeBevoise. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
(Dupuy, 2009) … OR Dupuy (2009)…
EDITED BOOKS
For books which are edited, give the editor(s) surname(s) and initials, then followed by ed. or eds.if more than one editor.
Format
Author, Initial(s). ed(s)., Year. Title of book (italicized). Edition (if any). Place: Publisher.
Reference List
In-Text Citation
Sjostrand, S. ed., 1993. Institutional change: theory and empirical findings. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
(Sjostrand, 1993) … OR Sjostrand (1993) …
Pike, E. R. and Sarkar, S. eds., 1986. Frontiers in quantum optics. Bristol: Adam Hilger. Note: More than one editor, use eds.
(Pike and Sarkar, 1986) … OR Pike and Sarkar (1986) …
CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Format
Chapter author, Initial(s)., Year of Chapter. Chapter title. In: Book editor(s) initial(s) first followed by surname, ed. Year of book. Title of book (italicized). Place: Publisher. Page numbers followed by full stop.
Reference List
In-Text Citation
Connell, D., 2012. Flailing about in the Murray‐Darling basin. In: K. Crowley and K.J. Walker, eds. Environmental policy failure: the Australian story. Prahran: Tilde University Press. pp. 74‐87. Note: Use eds. if more than one editor.
(Connell, 2012) … OR Connell (2012) …
E-BOOKS
Format
Author, Initial(s)., Year. Title of book (italicized). [type of medium] Place: Publisher. Available through: UniversitiTunku Abdul Rahman Library website <http://library.utar.edu.my> [Accessed date].
Reference List
In-Text Citation
For e-books accessed through a password protected databases from the UTAR database Wolf, M.J., 2012. Before the crash. [e-book] Detroit: Wayne State University Press. Available through: UniversitiTunku Abdul Rahman Library website <http://library.utar.edu.my> [Accessed 4 December 2012].
(Wolf, 2012) … OR Wolf (2012) …
Note: E-book through UTAR database, e.g. Morgan & Claypool Synthesis.
For an open access e-book freely available over the internet such as through Google books.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A., 2009. Research methods for business students. [e-book] Harlow: FT Prentice Hall. Available at: Google Books <books.google.com> [Accessed 19 November 2013].
(Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009) …
OR Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2009) …
JOURNAL / MAGAZINE ARTICLES (PRINTED)
Reference List
In-Text Citation
One Author
Format Author, Initial(s)., Year. Title of journal article. Title of journal (italicized), Volume (Issue or number), Page number(s).
Huffman, L.M., 1996. Processing whey protein for use as a food ingredient. Food Technology, 50(2), pp. 49-52.
(Huffman, 1996) … OR Huffman (1996) …
Two Authors Format Author, Initial(s). and Author, Initial(s)., Year. Title of journal article. Title of journal (italicized), Volume (Issue or number), Page number(s).
Lamb, R. and Kling, R., 2003. Reconceptualizing users as social actors in information systems research. MIS Quarterly, 27(2), pp. 197-198.
(Lamb and Kling, 2003) … OR Lamb and Kling (2003) …
Three Authors Format Author, Initial(s)., Author, Initial(s). and Author, Initial(s)., Year. Year. Title of journal article. Title of journal (italicized), Volume (Issue or number), Page number(s).
Bent, M., Campbell, J. and Spencer, C., 2007. Academic practice in computing and engineering. Journal of Citation and Referencing, 19(4), pp. 45-56.
(Bent, Campbell and Spencer, 2007) … OR
Bent, Campbell and Spencer (2007) …
Reference List
In-Text Citation
Four Authors Or More
Format Author, Initial(s)., Author, Initial(s)., Author, Initial(s)., Author, Initial(s)., Author, Initial(s)., Author, Initial(s). and Author, Initial(s)., Year. Title of journal article. Title of journal (italicized), Volume (Issue or number), Page number(s).
Gillespie, N.C., Lewis, R.J., Pearn, J.H., Bourke, A.T., Holmes, M.J., Bourke, J.B. and Shields, W.J. 1986, Ciguatera in Australia: occurrence, clinical features, pathophysiology and management. Medical Journal of Australia, 145(11-12), pp. 584-590.
(Gillespie, et al.,1986) … OR Gillespie, et al. (1986) …
JOURNAL / MAGAZINE ARTICLES / (ONLINE)
Reference List
In-Text Citation
Journal / Magazine Through UTAR Databases, e.g. ScienceDirect, IEEE, etc.
Format Author, Initial(s)., Year. Title of journal article. Title of journal / magazine (italicized), [type of medium] Volume number (issue number), Page number(s), if available. Available through: Source <url> [Accessed date].
Simon, M.D. and Geim, A.K., 2009. Diamagnetic levitation: flying frogs and floating magnets (invited). Journal of Applied Physics, [e-journal] 87(9), pp. 6200-6204. Available through: Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Library website <http://library. utar.edu.my> [Accessed 25 May 2013].
(Simon and Geim, 2009) …
OR Simon and Geim (2009) …
Reference List
In-Text Citation
Journal / Magazine Articles Through Internet Format Author, Initial(s)., Year. Title of journal article. Title of journal / magazine (italicized), [type of medium] Available at: <url> [Accessed date].
Emanuel, M., Jarus, T. and Bart, O., 2008. Effect of focus of attention and age on motor acquisition, retention, and transfer: a randomized trial. Physical Therapy. [online] Available at: <http://
ptjournal.apta.org/content/88/2/251.full> [Accessed 15 July 2013]. Notes: 1. Follow the examples for JOURNAL ARTICLES (PRINTED)
above for One Author, Two Authors, Three Authors and Four Authors Or More.
2. For web address: quote the exact URL for the article.
(Emanuel, Jarus and Bart, 2008) …
OR Emanuel, Jarus and Bart (2008) …
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES (PRINTED)
Format
Author, Initial(s)., Year. Title of article. Title of Newspaper (italicized), Day and month before page numbers and column line.
Reference List
In-Text Citation
Prakash, M., 2012. Get ready for touch screen revolution. New Straits Times, 1 Dec. p. B6.
(Prakash, 2012) … OR Prakash (2012) …
NEWSPAPER ARTICLES (ONLINE) Format
Author, Initial(s)., Year. Title of article or column header. Title of newspaper (italicized), [type of medium] Date of newspaper. Available at: <url> [Accessed date].
Reference List
In-Text Citation
Chow, B. H., 2012. Building an innovative society. The Star Online, [online] 5 Dec. Available at: <http://thestar.com.my/cus/12389549 &sec= focus> [Accessed 23 December 2012].
(Chow, 2012) … OR
Chow (2012) …
OTHER TYPES OF INFORMATION SOURCES
CONFERENCE PAPERS (PRINTED) Format Author, Initial(s)., Year. Full title of conference paper. In: followed by editor or name of organization, Full title of conference (italicized). Location, Date. Place of publication: Publisher.
Reference List
In-Text Citation
O'Connor, P.J., 2008. The role of geotourism in supporting regeneration in disadvantaged rural communities in Ireland. In: Pineda, F.D. and Brebbia, C.A., eds. 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Tourism. Malta, 3-5 September 2008. Southampton: WIT Press.
(O'Connor, 2008) … OR O'Connor (2008) …
CONFERENCE PAPERS (ONLINE) Format Author, Initial(s)., Year. Full title of conference paper. In: followed by editor or name of organization, Full title of conference (italicized). Location, Date. Place of publication: Publisher. Available at: Source <url> [Accessed date].
Reference List
In-Text Citation
Poon, S. and Swatman, P.M.C., 1997. Emerging issues on small business use of the internet: 23 Australian case studies. In: 5th European Conference on Information Systems. Ireland, 19-21 June 1997. Cork, Ireland: Cork Publishing. Available at: <http://www. uni-koblenz.de/~swatmanp/pdfs/poon.ecis97.pdf> [Accessed 27 August 2012].
(Poon and Swatman, 1997) … OR Poon and Swatman (1997) …
THESES AND DISSERTATIONS
Reference List
In-Text Citation
Theses and Dissertations (Printed) Format Author, Initial(s)., Year. Title of dissertation (italicized). Level. Official name of University.
Yeap, K.H., 2011. Boundary matching techniques for terahertz lossy guiding structures. PhD. Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.
(Yeap, 2011) … OR
Yeap (2011) …
Theses and Dissertations Through UTAR Institutional Respository
Format Author, Initial(s)., Year. Title of dissertation (italicized). Level. Official name of University. Available at <url> [Accessed date].
Ng, S.C., 2012. Potential use of aerated lightweight concrete for energy efficient construction. PhD. Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman. Available at: <http://eprints.utar.edu.my/443/> [Accessed 27 November 2013].
(Ng, 2012) … OR
Ng (2012) …
Theses and Dissertations Through UTAR Databases, e.g. ProQuest–Dissertations and Theses
Format Author, Initial(s)., Year. Title of dissertation (italicized). Level. Official name of University. Available at <url> [Accessed date].
Zhou, Y.G., 2012. Construction knowledge mining and application of generalized fuzzy network in construction decision management. PhD. Hong Kong Polytechnic University. Available at: <http://search. proquest.com.libezp.utar.edu.my/ pqdtft/docview/1365224407 /previewPDF/142839A2CF453B66F00 /22?accountid=50207#> [Accessed 22 November 2013].
(Zhou, 2012) … OR
Zhou (2012) …
REPORTS (PRINTED) Format Author, Initials(s) or Corporate Author, Year. Title of report (italicized). Place: Publisher.
Reference List
In-Text Citation
Mortimer, M., & Cox, M., 1999. Contaminants in mud crabs and sediments from the Maroochy River. Brisbane: Department of Environment.
(Mortimer and Cox, 1999) … OR Mortimer and Cox (1999) …
REPORTS (ONLINE) Format
Author, Initial(s) or Corporate Author, Year. Title of report (italicized). [type of medium] Place: Publisher. Available at: <url> [Accessed date]. Reference List
In-Text Citation
PDF World Health Organization, 2010. The world health report: health systems financing: the path to universal coverage. [pdf] Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: <http://www.who.int/health_ financing/Health_Systems_Financing_Plan_Action.pdf> [Accessed 2 November 2011]. Internet Road Safety Vision, 2011. Road safety in Canada. [online] Ottawa: Transport Canada. Available at: <http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/ motor vehiclesafety/tp-tp15145-1201.htm> [Accessed 30 November 2012]
(World Health Organization, 2010) …
OR World Health Organization (2010) …
(Road Safety Vision, 2011) … OR Road Safety Vision (2011) …
PATENTS Format Author, Initial(s)., Year. Title of patent (italicized). Number of patent including country of issue. Reference List
In-Text Citation
Cookson, A.H., 1985. Particle trap for compressed gas insulated transmission systems. US Patent 4554399.
(Cookson, 1985) … OR Cookson (1985) …
STANDARDS
Format Corporate author, Year. Identifying letters and numbers and full title of standard (italicized). Place: Publisher. Reference List
In-Text Citation
British Standards Institution, 2002. BS11623:2001 Transportable gas cylinders. Milton Keynes: BSI.
(British Standards Institute, 2002 p.5) …
OR British Standards Institute (2002 p.5) …
DVD, VIDEO OR FILM Format Full title of DVD or Video (italicized). Year. [type of medium] Directed by Director. Country: Filmstudio or maker. Other relevant details. Reference List
In-Text Citation
DVD Unleashing creativity. 2005. [dvd] Directed by Phyllis Lane. Stanford, CA: Bigger Picture Productions.
(Unleashing creativity, 2005) … OR Unleashing creativity (2005) …
VIDEO Homeopathy mystery of healing. 2007. [video] Directed by Timothy Dooley. Harrington Park, NJ: Janson Media.
(Homeopathy mystery of healing, 2007) …
OR Homeopathy mystery of healing (2007) …
FILM Days and clouds. 2010. [film] Directed by Lionello Cerri. USA: Film Movement.
(Days and clouds, 2010) … OR Days and clouds (2010) …
UNPUBLISHED WORKS Occasionally you may have access to a document before it is published, therefore full details may not be able to obtain. Use the below examples for unpublished works.
Reference List
In-Text Citation
Unpublished Conference Papers (Printed) Matsummoto, H., 2005. Impact of Japanese traditional culture on global IS management. Paper presented at Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS). Bangkok, Thailand, July 2005.
(Matsummoto, 2005) … OR Matsummoto (2005) …
Unpublished Conference Papers (Online) Fan, W., Gordon, M.D. and Pathak, R., 2000. Personalization of search engine services for effective retrieval and knowledge management. Paper presented at the 21st international conference on information systems. Brisbane, Australia, 10-13, December. Available at: <http://dl.acm.org.libezp.utar.edu.my/citation. cfm?id=359640.359720&coll=DL&dl=ACM&CFID =391488351&CFTOKEN=68936622> [Accessed 24 June 2012].
(Fan, Gordon and Pathak, 2000) … OR Fan, Gordon and Pathak, (2000) …
Unpublished Journal Article Rose, L. and Ramagnano, S., (in press) Emergency nurse responsibilities for mechanical ventilation: a national survey. Journal of Emergency Nursing. (Accepted for publication January 2013).
(Rose and Ramagnano, 2013) … OR Rose and Ramagnano (2013) …
Unpublished Lecture Notes Arokiasamy, L., 2008. Workforce diversity: a human resource development perspective towards organizational performance. [lecture note] Kampar: Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.
(Arokiasamy, 2008) … OR Arokiasamy (2008) …
WEBSITES Website With Author(s) Format Author, Initial(s)., Year. Title of web page or web document (italicized). [type of medium] Available at: <url> [Accessed date].
Reference List
In-Text Citation
Bryant, C., 2005. Preventing falls in bridge construction. [online] Available at: <http://ohsonline.com/Articles/2005/03/Preventing-Falls-in-Bridge-Construction.aspx> [Accessed 24 October 2013].
(Bryant, 2005) … OR Bryant (2005) …
Website With Institutional Or Organizational Author
Format Name of organization, Year. Title of web page or web document (italicized). [type of medium]. Available at: <url> [Accessed date].
Reference List
In-Text Citation
Queensland Health, 2009. Sun safety and physical activity. [online] Available at: <http://access.health.qld.gov.au/hid/SkinHealth/Sun Safety /SunSafetyAndPhysicalActivity_ap.asp> [Accessed 21 April 2012].
(Queensland Health, 2009) … OR Queensland Health (2009) …
BLOGS
Format Author, Initial(s)., Year. Title of individual blog entry. Blog title (italicized). [medium] Blog posting date. Available at: <url> [Accessed date].
Reference List
In-Text Citation
Lynn, K., 2009. Accelerating permafrost melt poses significant environmental risks. [blog] 28 January 2009. Available at: <http://big think.com/ideafeed> [Accessed 23 June 2009].
(Lynn, 2009) … OR Lynn (2009) …
PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
If the information you are referencing was obtained by a personal communication such as telephone call, interview, email or blog, provide as much detail as possible and note the nature of the communication. EMAILS
Format Name of sender, email address, Year. Message or subject title (italicized). [type of medium] Recipient’s name and (email address). Date sent: including time. Available at: <url> (e.g. details of where message is archived) [Accessed date].
Reference List
In-Text Citation
Janna, H., [email protected], 2012. Discussion on influenza A virus transmission directly from birds to humans. [email] Message to J. Murrey ([email protected]). Sent Tuesday 24 April 2012: 10:15. Available at: <http://mail.utar.edu/2012_04_24_ archive. html> [Accessed 21 September 2013]
(Janna, 2012) … OR Janna (2012) …
PICTURES, IMAGES AND PHOTOGRAPHS Format Artist/Photographer's name, Year of production. Title of image (italicized). [type of medium] Collection Details (Place, url, etc.) Reference List
In-Text Citation
Picasso, P., 1914. Still life with compote and glass. [photograph] New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
(Picasso, 1914) … OR Picasso (1914) …
Tang, C.S., 2011. A Cambodian man rows a boat near a collapsed house in Takeo province. [electronic print] Available at: <http://www. channelnewsasia.com/stories/afpasiapacific/view/1155114/1/.html> [Accessed 26 December 2012].
(Tang, 2011) … OR Tang (2011) …
TABLES OR DIAGRAMS
If the table is reproduced entirely, place the citation below the table. Full details should be included in the reference list. Format Author, Initial(s)., Year of production. Title (italicized). Edition (if any). Place: Publisher.
Reference List
In-Text Citation
Masters, J.R. W., 2000. Animal cell culture: a practical approach. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
(Masters, 2000. p. 83)
QUOTATIONS
Format
For a direct quotation from an author, enclose this in quotation marks, and give the author, initial(s), date and page number(s) that the quotation was taken from, in brackets.
Reference List
In-Text Citation
Mark, B.T., 2011. Agriculture in world history. London: Routledge. Aitchison, J., 2001. Language change: progress ordecay? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Short Quotation Mark (2011, p.135.) have stated that …
Long Quotation (> 50 words) “Language, then, like everything else, gradually transforms itself over the centuries. There is nothing surprising in this. In a world where humans grow old, tadpoles change into frogs, and milk turns into cheese, it would be strange if language alone remained unaltered. In spite of this, large numbers of intelligent people condemn and resent language change, regarding alterations as due to unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance” (Aitchison, 2001, p.18).
SECONDARY SOURCES
Format If you have not read a particular source but it was referred to in another work, cite both the original source and the secondary source where you have referred to. Reference List
In-Text Citation
Bowden, J and Marton, F., 1998. The university of learning. London: Kogan Page.
(Gibbs, 1981 cited in Bowden and Marton, 1998, p.35).
Note: The reference list at the end of your document should only contain works that you have read.
OR …by Gibbs (1981 cited in Bowden and Marton, 1998, p.35) found that …
For more information on the Harvard Referencing System, please see our Reference Librarian
January 2014 2nd edition