Life Cycle Assessmentof PVC and of principal
competing materials
Commissioned by
Final Report – Annex A
PVCResource extraction
Production
Use
Disposal / Recycling
A 1
A 2
Annex A to Final Report
Life Cycle Assessment of PVC
and of principal competing materials
Commissioned by the European Commission
Februray 2004
Authors:
Project Coordination Dr. Martin Baitz Mr. Johannes Kreißig Ms. Eloise Bryne
PE Europe GmbH Hauptstr. 111 - 113 70771 Leinfelden-Echterdingen Germany Phone: +49 (7 11) 34 18 17 0 Fax: +49 (7 11) 34 18 17 25 E-mail : [email protected] Internet: http://www.pe-europe.com
Ms. Cecillia Makishi Mr. Thilo Kupfer
Institut für Kunststoffkunde und Kunststoffprüfung (IKP) Hauptstr. 113 70771 Leinfelden-Echterdingen Germany Phone: +49 (711) 48 99 99 0 Fax: +49 (711) 48 99 99 11 E-mail : [email protected] Internet: http://www.ikpgabi.uni-stuttgart.de
Dr. Niels Frees Dr. Niki Bey Mr. Morten Söes Hansen Ms. Annegrethe Hansen
Instituttet for Produktudvikling (IPU), DTU Bygning 424 2800 Lyngby Denmark Phone: +45 (45) 25 46 69 Fax: +45 (45) 93 55 56 E-mail : [email protected] Internet: http://www.dtu.dk/ipu
Dr. Teresa Bosch Dr. Veronica Borghi Ms. Jenna Watson Ms. Mar Miranda
RANDA GROUP C.Cardenal Vives i Tutó 41 entl. 12 08034 Barcelona Spain Phone: +34 (93) 280 02 58 Fax: +34 (93) 205 37 44 E-mail : [email protected] Internet: http://www.randagroup.es
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Content
Content .....................................................................................................................3 Annex A .....................................................................................................................4 Annex A1 Contacted parties and organisations.................................................................4 Annex A2 Documentation and systematic characterisation of LCAs...............................18 A2.1 Sector independent LCA studies.....................................................................18 A2.2 Building/Construction ......................................................................................88 A2.3 Consumer goods...........................................................................................132 A2.4 Packaging .....................................................................................................141 A2.5 Transport.......................................................................................................164 A2.6 Electric and electronics .................................................................................165 A2.7 Medical..........................................................................................................166 Annex A3 Documentation sheets of non-LCA studies...................................................167 A3.1 Sector independent information ....................................................................167 A3.2 Building/Construction ....................................................................................227 A3.3 Consumer goods...........................................................................................244 A3.4 Packaging .....................................................................................................246 A3.5 Electric and electronics .................................................................................258 A3.6 Medical..........................................................................................................261
A 4
Annex A
Annex A1 Contacted parties and organisations
This chapter provides an overview of the contacted parties and organisations that were invited to provide information.
An integral part of the project was the research, identification, procurement and collection of available studies. To enable a comprehensive overview of the available information, it was important to contact as many organisations as possible.
Main target groups were universities and private scientific institutions, non-governmental organisations, national authorities, federations, associations and companies.
Over 260 organisations were contacted and informed about the project and invited to pro-vide information.
Associations were the key player for information regarding companies and branches. The consortium first contacted the associations which themselves informed their member companies (multiplier effect). Therefore a broad coverage of available information in in-dustry could be reached. A high proportion of the available information was studies done in cooperation with research institutes and universities. LCA studies are also used in industry for internal decision support (e.g. in research and development). Those studies are not disclosed to public (to keep the competitive advantage) and are thus not publicly available.
Governmental organisations were the second key contact for the consortium. All avail-able information within the "Community Research and Development Information Service - CORDIS" was gathered. The Steering Committee informed further interested groups in-side the Commission about the project. Furthermore national environmental protection agencies were informed and asked to participate.
Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) were another key contact for the consortium as well as research institutes and organisations which are active in the LCA field..
Publicly available studies may not be listed in catalogues and databases of the national libraries. The identification and access to these studies required a substantial amount of support and workload by the respective partners of the consortium. The members of the consortium used their contacts in various industries and associations. Hence with respect to the given timeframe a large number of studies could be identified, obtained, screened and judged.
The organisations were primarily contacted by letter, whereas companies, consultants and universities were contacted by e-mail to ease the process. When e-mail was used, a reply receipt was requested. Only a few recipients denied reading the e-mail. If the recipients did not answer, even when reminded, it was interpreted that no public information was available.
A 5
In Figure A 1 an overview is given of the contacted organisations by country.
Contacted Organisation by Country
UNITED KINGDOM5,0%
NORWAY3,8%
SPAIN18,7%
ITALY16,0%
FRANCE13,0%
GERMANY11,5%
DENMARK5,3%
EU-COMMISSIONED STUDIES
3,4%
PORTUGAL3,1%
FINLAND2,7%
BELGIUM1,9%
AUSTRIA2,7%
OTHERS0,4%
SWITZERLAND1,5%
EUROPE (overall)1,9%
GREECE1,5%
THE NETHERLANDS1,5%
IRLAND0,4%
SWEDEN5,7%
Figure A-1: Share by country of the 262 contacted organisations
Comparably less studies or contacts were found in the UK, Ireland or Greece. There seems to be still less activity on LCA in these regions. For example, a main contact in the UK, Norsk Hydro, referred to studies conducted by the Dutch company, TNO, for Norsk Hydro in Sweden.
The following figures give an overview of the response of the contacted organisations.
A 6
10
262
189
63
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
262
Total contacted
No Information available
Information available
not answered/others
Response of contaced organisations
Figure A-2: Contacted organisations and respective responses (absolute values)
Information provided71%
Information available, but not given
15%
not answered/others14%
Response of organisations with (potentially) available information
Figure A-3: Response of organisations with information available
The following table shows the individual response of the contacted parties and organisa-tions.
A 7
Organisation Info avail. (Y/N)
Info given (Y/N)
Comment
GERMANY GKV - Gesamtverband kunststoffverarbeitende Industrie e. V. N N Referred to AGPU
VCI - Verband der Chemischen Industrie e. V. Y N No reply as of 2003-08-22
AGPU - Arbeitsgemeischaft PVC und Umwelt e. V. Y Y
VKE - Verband Kunststoff-erzeugende Industrie e. V. Y Y
EVC Y Y
AGPR - Arbeitsgemeinschaft PVC-Bodenbelag Recycling N N
DPR - Deutschen PVC Recycling GmbH N N Referred to AGPU
KRV - Kunststoffrohrverband N N Referred to AGPU
RBV - Rohrleitungsbauverband N N
SKZ - Süddeutsches Kunststoff Zentrum N N Refered to the book: PVC und Nachhaltigkeit
IKV - Institut für Kunststoffverarbeitung an der RWTH Aachen N N Nothing to do with PVC for 10 years
Greenpeace Germany Y Y
AGOEF - Arbeitsgemeinschaft Ökologischer Forschungsinsti-tute im Energie- und Umweltzentrum. Memebers: ALAB, WARTIG, Bremer Umweltinstitut GmbH, Umweltberatung Fulda, eco-Umweltinstitut GmbH, ARGUK Umweltlabor GmbH, Gesellschaft für Umweltchemie mbH, PMA Sindelfingen
N No Information about PVC, link to members:
UBA – Umweltbundesamt Y N Nothing received.
ifeu - Institut für Energie und Umweltforschung Heidelberg N N
Öko-Institut e. V. - Institut für angewandte Ökologie Y Y
Wuppertal Institut N Nothing received.
Vinnolit GmbH & Co. KG Y Y
IVV - Fraunhofer Institut für Verfahrenstechnik und Ver-packung IVV
N N No studies available
PROGNOS AG Y Y
BUND - Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland Y Y
BASF Y Y
Bayer N N
Solvay Deutschland GmbH Y Y
PVCplus Kommunikations GmbH N N
GERMANY R-plus Recycling GmbH N N
Be Ha Rec N N
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Organisation Info avail. (Y/N)
Info given (Y/N)
Comment
VDA - Verband der Automobilindustrie e. V. N N No studies about PVC
Volkswagen AG Y Y
Der Grüne Punkt N N No studies available
AUSTRIA IK - Industrieverband Kunststoffverpackungen e. V. N N Referred to AGPU
API PVC- und Umweltberatung Y Y
KV - Österreichischer Kunststoffhersteller-Verband N Nothing received
Österreichisches Ökologie-Institut N N Nothing about PVC
Österreichisches Forschungsinstitut für Chemie und Technik N N
Greenpeace Austria Y Y
Österreichisches Kunststoffinstitut, ÖKI Y Y
BELGIUM ARA Altstoff Recycling Austria AG N N
Vereniging van kunststofverwerkers (Fechiplast) Y Y
PVC Information Council Y Y
Agoria – Multisector federation for the technology industry N N Referred to APME
Exxonmobil Y Y
THE NETHERLANDS Netherland Assiciation PVC+Environment Y Y
Vereniging van Kunststof Leveranciers (VvKL) N Referred to APME
PVC Sterring Committee Netherlands Y Y
The NETHERLANDS Federatie NRK Y Y
GREECE Association Hellenic Plastics Industrie N Nothing received
Hellenic PVC Forum Y Y
E. Beligiannis S.A. N Nothing received.
PETZETAKIS A.G. S.A N Nothing received.
SWITZERLAND Kunststoff-Verband Schweiz N N Nothing to do with PVC
SWITZERLAND BUWAL - Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft N Nothing received.
PVCH - Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Schweizerischen PVC-Industrie
N N Referred to AGPU
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Organisation Info avail. (Y/N)
Info given (Y/N)
Comment
Greenpeace Switzerland
EUROPE (overall) ECVM – The European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers Y Y
APME - Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe Y Y
CEFIC - the European Chemical Industry Council Y Y
TEPPFA - The European Plastics Pipe and Fitting Association N N
Health Care Without Harm Y Y
DENMARK DTU, Plastcentret N
Energi E2 N Will ask co-operators
COWI A/S n.a.
NIRAS n.a.
By & byg Y Y
Rambøll n.a.
dk-Teknik n.a.
Miljöbyrån Ecoplan AB n.a.
Dansk Byggeri n.a.
EBA Entreprenørforeningen - Bygg og Anlegg
n.a.
Greenpeace Nordic Y Y Co-ordinates Greenpeace
PVC Information Council Denmark Y Y Will check further
Plastindustrien i Danmark n.a. Refered to PVC Info Council
Danish EPA (miljøstyrelsen) n.a. References on web page
NORWAY Statsbygg n.a.
Sintef, civil & environmental engn n.a.
Stiftelsen Østfold n.a.
NTNU Industriel økologi N Refered to Norsk Hydro
Det Norske Veritas n.a.
GRIP N. Refered to Hydro.com
NORWAY PVC Forum Norway n.a.
Norwegian Plastics Industries Association (PIF) n.a.
Norsk Hydro (UK) Y Y
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Organisation Info avail. (Y/N)
Info given (Y/N)
Comment
Norges Naturvernforbund Y Y
SWEDEN ECPI Sweden N N
Linköping Universitet Y Y Received
SIS Eco-labelling Y Y Received by e-mail
Swedish EPA n.a. References on web page
Chalmers University Y Y
Fms, FOA (The Environmental Strategies Research Group) Y Y
KTH, afd. F. Industriel Miljöskydd Y N Refers to FMS
Stockholm University n.a. References found on web page
Plast- och Kemibrancherna (PoK) n.a. Same as PVC Forum, Plast & kemiföretagen, Sweden
PVC Forum, Plast- & Kemiföretagen Y Y
Sveriges Byggindustrier N
Swedish PVC forum n.a.
CIT, Chalmers n.a. Refers to Chalmers Univ.
IVL n.a.
Swedish Ministry of Environment n.a.
FINLAND Finnish EPA n.a.
VTT Environment n.a. Will check VTT
ECPI Finland N N Nothing to add to ECVM/ APME
VTT Materials n.a.
Finish Plastics Industries Federation n.a.
VTT Energy n.a.
RT, Confederation of Finnish Construction Industries n.a.
IRLAND Irish EPA n.a.
UNITED KINGDOM UK EPA n.a.
Bournemouth University Y Y Refers to DEFRA, PIRA, WRAP and their publications
Greenpeace UK n.a. See Greenpeace Nordic
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Organisation Info avail. (Y/N)
Info given (Y/N)
Comment
ECPI UK n.a.
British Plastics Federation (BPF) n.a.
INCPEN n.a.
Plastics Industries Association n.a.
PIFA, Packaging and Industrial Films Association n.a.
Construction Confederation n.a.
CIF, Construction Industry Federation n.a.
Norsk Hydro (UK) Y Y
PIRA, consultancy of packaging, paper, printing and publish-ing industries
(Y) N Not answered yet
WRAP - the Waste & Resources Action Programme Y Y
EU-COMMISSIONED STUDIES University of Technology of Vienna Institue of Water Quality and Waste Management (Austria)
Y Y
BRE Building Research Stablishment Ltd (United Kingdom)
N N
IMG Innovations-Management GmbH (Kaiserslautern, Rhein-land-Pfalz, Germany)
N N Contacted, but no feedback
Kema Nederland BV (Utrechtseweg, Netherlands) N N Contacted, but no feedback
Trada Technology (High Wycombe, United Kingdom) N N Contacted, but no feedback
AIJU – Asociación de Investigación de la Industria del Juguete (Alicante, Spain)
N N Contacted, but no feedback
National Centre for Hospital Hygiene (Kopenghagen, DK) N N Contacted, but no feedback
TRIU – Tecnicas de Residuos Industriais e Urbanos, LDA (Prior Velho, Portugal)
N N Contacted, but no feedback
GAIKER-Dep. Packaging Zamudio (Bisckaia, Spain) N N Contacted, but no feedback
ITALY CNR-ITC Y Y
CNR –IPCF N N Contacted, but no feedback
CNR- ISOF N N Contacted, but no feedback
CNR –ICTP N N Contacted, but no feedback
ITALY CNR-SM N N Contact established, but no
feedback received
CNR-Centro RIcerche Sistemi Elettrici di Potenza N N Contact established, but no feedback received
EVC Compounds R & D Department N N Contact established, but no f db k i d
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Organisation Info avail. (Y/N)
Info given (Y/N)
Comment
feedback received
Lonza SpA N N
Studio LCEngineering N They provided a web address
IPA Servizi (Environmental Consultancy) N They provided information about an expert to contact
ENSECO Ingegneria e servizi tecnici N They provided information about an expert to contact
Centro Informazioni sul PVC Y
SHE & Environmental Affairs N N Contacted, but no feedback
LEGAMBIENTE N N Contacted, but no feedback
ARIANNAMBIENTE (Environmental Consultancy) N N Contacted, but no feedback
Istituto per le tecnologie industriali e dell’automozione N N Contacted, but no feedback
Dipartamento di Ingegneria Chimica e di processo (Università Bologna)
N N Contacted, but no feedback
Dipartamento di Chimica Applicata e Scienza dei Materiali (Università Bologna)
N N Contacted, but no feedback
Dipartamento Chimica Industriale e dei Materiali (Università Bologna)
N N Contacted, but no feedback
Università di Ancona N N Contacted, but no feedback
Università degli Studi dell’Aquila N N Contacted, but no feedback
Università della Calabria N N Contacted, but no feedback
Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II” N N Contacted, but no feedback
Università degli Studi di Parma N N Contacted, but no feedback
Politecnico di Milano – Sezione Ambientale N They provided information about an expert to contact
Politecnico de Milano Dip. di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica
N N Contacted, but no feedback
Associazione Italiana per la LCA N made a mailing to different LCA experts
European Council for Plasticisers and intermediates N N Contacted, but no feedback
Assoplast/Federchimica N N Contacted, but no feedback
GREENPEACE ITALIA Y All information on PVC avail-able on the web
ITALY ECOSISTEMI s.r.l. N N Contacted, but no feedback
Università G. D'Annunzio Dip di scienze
N N Contacted, but no feedback
Enitecnologie N N Contacted, but no feedback
Take care International N N Contacted, but no feedback
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Organisation Info avail. (Y/N)
Info given (Y/N)
Comment
EniTecnologie N N Contacted, but no feedback
ABB Group SErvice Center Srl N N Contacted, but no feedback
ENEA N N Contacted, but no feedback
Associazione Piccole e Medie Inustrie Varese N N Contacted, but no feedback
ECIPAR (CNA) Confederazione artigianato e piccola-media impresa
N N Contacted, but no feedback
FEBE Ecologic (Environmental Consultancy) N N Contacted, but no feedback
ECOBILANCIO N
The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management Y
PORTUGAL Instituto Superior Tecnico N N Contacted, but no feedback
Inst. Polytechnic Viseu ESTV N N Contacted, but no feedback
APIP - Associaçâo Portuguesa da Indústria de Plásticos N N Contacted, but no feedback
Associaçao de Empresas de Construçâo e Obras Públicas AECOPS
N N Contacted, but no feedback
Sociedade Ponto Verde Sociedade Gestora de Residuos de Embalagens, S.A.
N N Contacted, but no feedback
Department of Mechanical Engineering. Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra
N N Contacted, but no feedback
INETI/ITA Instituto de Tecnologias Ambientais Portugal N N Contacted, but no feedback
Amorim Revestimentos N N Contacted, but no feedback
SPAIN Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona Facultat de Ciències
N N
NOVOTEC CONSULTORES N N Contacted, but no feedback
EUETII – Escola Universitaria d’Enginyeria Técnica d’Igualada
N N Contacted, but no feedback
SOLUZIONA N N Contacted, but no feedback
PIRELLI SPAIN N N Contacted, but no feedback
Universidad de Valladolid N N Contacted, but no feedback
SPAIN Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Department of Chemical Engineering
N N Contacted, but no feedback
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia N N Contacted, but no feedback
PriceWaterhouseCoopers N N Contacted, but no feedback
GASBI-San Sebastian N N Contacted, but no feedback
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Organisation Info avail. (Y/N)
Info given (Y/N)
Comment
IRTA N N Contacted, but no feedback
ARGESIP N N Contacted, but no feedback
Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Dep Eng. Química, Tarragona N N Contacted, but no feedback
GAIKER N N Contacted, but no feedback
ITEC- Barcelona N N Contacted, but no feedback
Institut Cerdà N N Contacted, but no feedback
PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS N N Contacted, but no feedback
Universidad de Zaragoza N N Contacted, but no feedback
AUMA N N Contacted, but no feedback
Centre Català del Plàstic N N Contacted, but no feedback
Atofina Y Y
ANAIP-EVCM Y Y
Centro Español del Plástico N N Contact established but no feedback received
OECD N N Contact established but no feedback received
CCOO N N Contact established but no feedback received
SEOPAN N N Contact established but no feedback received
OCUC (Organization of Consumers of Catalonia) Y Y
BASF N N Contact established but no feedback received
Greenpeace Spain Y Y
OCU (Organization of Consumers of Spain) N N Contact established but no feedback received
Ministry of Environment of the Spanish Government N N Contact established but no feedback received
Ministry of Environment of the Catalan Government N N
ICTP – CSIC, Institute of Science and Technology of Poly-mers – Spanish Council of Scientific Research
N N Contact established but no feedback received
Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Y N
SPAIN DEPANA (non-profit Catalan NGO organization) N N Contact established but no
feedback received
CIEMAT – CSIC
N N Contact established but no feedback received
AIMPLAS N N Contact established but no feedback received
A 15
Organisation Info avail. (Y/N)
Info given (Y/N)
Comment
OECD N N Contact established but no feedback received
GAIKER Unidad de Procesos de Química y Separación N N Contact established but no feedback received
IIQAB - CSIC N N Contact established but no feedback received
Laboratorio de Envases IATA - CSIC Y N
CICLOPLAST N N Contact established but no feedback received
ANARPLAN Asociación Nacional de recicladores del Plástico Valencia
N N Contact established but no feedback received
Instituto de la Grasa -CSIC Y N
ELISAVA N N Contact established but no feedback received
IHOBE N N Contact established but no feedback received
CEPEX, Environmental Quality Assurance N N Contact established but no feedback received
Universidad de Santiago N N Contact established but no feedback received
ASOVEN, Asociación de Fabricantes de Ventanas de PVC N N Contact established but no feedback received
FRANCE Greenpeace France Y
studies provided by Denmark
Société française de bâtiment N N Contact established, but no feedback received
Fedération National des travaux publiques N N Contact established, but no feedback received
ATOFINA Y Y Addresse to PVC forum
European Council for Plasticiers and Intermediates ECPI Sector Group of CEFIC
Y
GECOM-VALORPLAST (section PVC) Y
ECO EMBALLAGES Y
France ADEME (agence de l’environnement et de la maîtrise de l’énergie) Cellule éco-critères & éco-produits
Y Y
ALCATEL Y N Contact established, but not feedback received
SPMP (syndicat des producteurs de matières plastiques) National organisation of PVC Forum
Y Y
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Organisation Info avail. (Y/N)
Info given (Y/N)
Comment
TRIGA, S.A. Y N Contact established, but not feedback received
ACV-Conseil N N Contact established, but no feedback received
United Nations Environment Programme N N Contact established, but no feedback received
Université de Technologie de Troyes N
Société ECOBILAN (member of PricewaterhouseCoopers) Y N They refused to cooperate.
SCI (Association Industrielle de la Chimie à France) Addresse to l’Ecole Central Paris
Groupe Environnement de la Societé française de Chimie N N Contact established, but no feedback received
GFP (Assotiation qui travaille au secteur des polymères) N N Contact established, but no feedback received
ECPI France (European Council for Plasticisers and Interme-diates)
Y Addresse to PVC forum
SFEC (Syndicat Français des Enducteurs Calendreurs) Y Y Addresse to PVC forum
Proplast (organisation qui représente l'ensemble des organi-sations professionnelles de la filière plastique en France), FORUM PVC France
Y Y
YPREMA (organisation qui travaille au recyclage des matières premières de démolition et MIOM à la France)
N N Contact established, but no feedback received
AEDIA (conseil expertise en environnement et ACV à la France)
N N Contact established, but no feedback received
ICF ENVIRONNEMENT (conseil expertise en environnement et ACV à la France)
N N Contact established, but no feedback received
O2 FRANCE (conseil expertise en environnement et ACV à la France)
N N Contact established, but no feedback received
La Fédération de la Plasturgie Addresse to PVC forum
STR-PVC (Syndicat des Tubes et Raccords en PVC) Y Y Addresse to PVC forum
Association pour la Recherche et le Développement des Mé-thodes et Processus Industriels – ARMINES, member of PRESCO, Ecole Central de Paris
N They reply that are using APME directives
GTM Environnement N N Contact established, but no feedback received
FRANCE Environnement et Durabilité CSTB N N Contact established, but no
feedback received
Développement Durable CSTB N N Contact established, but no feedback received
Groupe RENAULT Y N No reply by May 16th.
Bureau de la planification et de la gestion des déchets ; EPA France
N N Contact established, but no feedback received
A 17
Organisation Info avail. (Y/N)
Info given (Y/N)
Comment
Greenpeace France Y studies provided by Denmark
OTHERS UNEP-SETAC LCA Initiative N N Contact established, but no
feedback received n.a. = not answered
Table A1-1: Overview of contacted organisations by country
A 18
Annex A2 Documentation and systematic characterisation of LCAs In Annex A2 all studies are listed which where not analysed as detailed as those of the main report.
A2.1 Sector independent LCA studies
Production processes of PE, PP, PVC; PS, ABS, PU, expoxy, SBR (IKP D-1)
Documentation sheet (IKP D-1)
Kind of report Study
Title Ganzheitliche Bilanzierung von Grundstoffen und Halbzeugen Teil IV Kunststoff
Scope of investigation Production process of PE, PP, PVC; PS, ABS, thermoplastic polyolefine, PU, expoxy resins,
SBR
Year of publication 1999
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1993 to 1998
Institution or Company Lehrstuhl für Energiewirtschaft und Anwendungstechnik der TU München
Contractor/ Address Forschungsstelle für Energiewirtschaft (Bayerische Forschungsstiftung),
Am Blütenanger 71, 80995 München, Germany
Authors P. Tzscheutschler
Availability/Publisher Forschungsstelle für Energiewirtschaft, Am Blütenanger 71, 80995 München, Germany
ISBN -
Keywords KEA, plastics, life cycle
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life
Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparisons with alternatives -
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study The study describes the life cycle of different plastics and the respective emissions involved.
The life cycle is evaluated according to the KEA of the plastic. It does not compare any plastic,
each process is analyzed separately.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 90%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry X PVC/competitor material X Academia part of PVC compound Government material PVC/comp. comparison NGO PVC/competitor application application PVC/comp. comparison Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
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Systematic charatcerisation (IKP D-1) Overall frame of study not specified ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other Goal, description of Application/use of results X Aim of study X Target group of study X Scope, description of main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed Different polymers (PE, PP, PVC; PS, ABS, thermo-
plastic polyolefine, PU, expoxy resins, SBR) Functional unit Different for each polymer analysed System boundaries include:
materials energy X
production X use
disposal recycling
transportation Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) energy System Expension Substitution Data categories described Primary energy consumption sufficient Air emissions Water emissions Waste categories Impacts none
Global warming Acidification
Nutrient enrichment Tropospheric Ozon Formation Stratospheric Ozon Depletion
Toxicity, human Toxicity, eco
other: Data quality
time not specified geography Germany technology average
Critical review performed no Evaluation none
Normalisation - Weighting -
other methods -
A 20
Ecological and environmental hygienic evaluation of PVC in general (IKP D-2)
Documentation sheet (IKP D-2)
Kind of report Book
Title Handlungsfelder und Kriterien für eine vorsorgende nachhaltige Stoffpolitik am Beispiel PVC
Scope of investigation Ecological and environmental hygienic evaluation of PVC in general
Year of publication 1999
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1990 to 1995
Institution or Company Umweltbundesamt, Postfach 330022, 14191 Berlin, Germany
Contractor/ Address Umweltbundesamt, Postfach 330022, 14191 Berlin, Germany
Authors Umweltbundesamt
Availability/Publisher Umweltbundesamt or Publisher: Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH & Co., Berlin, Germany
ISBN 3-503-04877-4
Keywords PVC, undercoating, window frames, cables, packaging
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life
Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives It does not make a comparison properly, but it only mentions some competing materials and
some data regarding energy consumption of LDPE, HDPE, PP and PET
Reported data LCA / market information
Short description of the study The study provides ecological information about PVC and addtives involved, some market
information, but it does not perform a LCA properly. It does not consider any impact category
and only energy consumption is taken into consideration. PVC products are mentioned more
detailed in: undercoating, window frames, cables and packaging.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 90%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material Academia X part of PVC compound
X Government X material PVC/comp. comparison NGO PVC/competitor application application PVC/comp. comparison Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 21
Systematic characterisation (IKP D-2)
Overall frame of study not specified ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other Goal, description of Application/use of results X Aim of study X Target group of study Scope, description of main technical systems properly described X Function analysed PVC Manufacturing Functional unit 1 kg S-PVC System boundaries include:
materials X energy X
production X use
disposal X recycling
transportation Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) System Expension Substitution Data categories described Primary energy consumption sufficient Air emissions Water emissions Waste categories Impacts
Global warming Acidification
Nutrient enrichment Tropospheric Ozon Formation Stratospheric Ozon Depletion
Toxicity, human Toxicity, eco X
other: Data quality
time geography Europa technology not specified
Critical review performed no Evaluation no
Normalisation Weighting
other methods
A 22
Production process of PE, PP, PVC; PS, ABS, PA (IKP D-7)
Documentation sheet (IKP D-7)
Kind of report Project report
Title Ressourcenschonende Herstellung von Polymerwerkstoffen am Beispiel Polyolefine
Scope of investigation Production process of PE, PP, PVC; PS, ABS, PA
Year of publication 2000
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1988 to 2000
Institution or Company Institut für Kunststoffprüfung und Kunststoffkunde (IKP), University of Stuttgart,
Hauptstr. 113, D-70771 Echterdingen, Germany
Contractor/ Address Umweltbundesamt, Postfach 330022, 14191 Berlin, Germany
Authors M. Baitz, T. Kupfer, W. Göschel
Availability/Publisher Umweltbundesamt, Postfach 330022, 14191 Berlin, Germany
ISBN -
Keywords PE, PP, PVC; PS, ABS, PA
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives -
Reported data LCA / market information
Short description of the study The objective of the study was the presentation of possible pollution-control technologies in
the production of market relevant polymers. Actually no complete LCA is performed, but an
input-output table is presented, with no impact analysis. This study was not published.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government X material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation.
A 23
Systematic characterisation (IKP D-7)
Overall frame of study not specified ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other Goal, description of Application/use of results X Aim of study X Target group of study X Scope, description of main technical systems properly described X Function analysed Production of different polymers Functional unit 1 kg (PE-LD, PE-HD, PP-isotaktisch, S-PVC, PS,
ABS, PA6.6) System boundaries include:
materials X energy X
production X use
disposal recycling
transportation Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) System Expension Substitution Data categories described Primary energy consumption Air emissions sufficient Water emissions sufficient Waste categories sufficient Impacts
Global warming Acidification
Nutrient enrichment Tropospheric Ozon Formation Stratospheric Ozon Depletion
Toxicity, human Toxicity, eco
other: Data quality
time geography Germany technology BAT
Critical review performed no Evaluation no
Normalisation Weighting
other methods
A 24
LCA of Stainless steel and PVC spraybooths (IKP D-17)
Documentation sheet (IKP D-17)
Kind of report Study
Title Ökobilanzierung am Beispiel von Spritzkabinen aus PVC und Edelstahl
Scope of investigation Stainless steel and PVC spraybooths in the production, use and disposal/recycling phase.
Year of publication 1997
Ref. Year(s) of assessment 1996
Institution or Company Institut für Kunststoffprüfung und Kunststoffkunde (IKP), University of Stuttgart,
Hauptstr. 113, 70771 Echterdingen, Germany
Contractor/ Address J. Wagner GmbH, Otto-Lilienthal-Str. 18, 88677 Markdorf, Germany
Authors Matthias Harsch, Matthias Finkbeiner
Availability/Publisher Institut für Kunststoffprüfung und Kunststoffkunde (IKP), University of Stuttgart,
Hauptstr. 113, 70771 Echterdingen, Germany
ISBN
Keywords PVC, Stainless steel, spraybooth, LCA
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives stainless steel, PVC
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study The objective of the study was to compare spraybooths made of stainless steel and PVC. The
study was part of a project for the painting industry and showed the weak points and optimisa-
tion potential in the production process of spraybooths as well as in the process as a whole.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100 %
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. Comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. Comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic assessment.
A 25
Systematic Characterisation (IKP D-17)
Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff X
Code of practice
Other
Goal, description of
Application/use of results X
Aim of study X
Target group of study X
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed Stainless steel and PVC spraybooths
Functional unit
1 Spraybooth (6 x 2 x 2.8 m) with 1 automatic stroke and 8 powder automatic pistol with injec-
tors
System boundaries include:
materials sufficient
energy sufficient
production sufficient
use sufficient
disposal sufficient
recycling sufficient
transportation sufficient
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) Mass/energy
System Expension
Substitution
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption sufficient
Air emissions sufficient
Water emissions sufficient
Waste categories sufficient
Impacts not described
Global warming
Acidification
Nutrient enrichment
Tropospheric Ozon Formation
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion
Toxicity, human
Toxicity, eco
other:
Data quality
time
geography Germany
technology specific
Critical review performed no
Evaluation not described
Normalisation X
Weighting
other methods
A 26
LCA of Stainless steel and PVC spraybooths (IKP D-24)
Documentation sheet (IKP D-24)
Kind of report Study
Title Ökobilanzen Holz
Scope of investigation LCA of wood
Year of publication 1997
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1997
Institution or Company Deutsche Gesellschaft für Holzforschung e. V., Bayernstr. 57 - 59, 80335 München, Germany
Contractor/ Address Institut für Holzforschung, Universität München Winzererstr. 45, 80797 München, Germany
Ordinariat für Holztechnologie, Universität Hamburg, Leuschnerstr. 91, 21031 Hamburg, Ger-
many
Authors Prof. Dr. Dr. habil. G. Wegener, Dr. B. Zimmer, Prof. Dr. A. Frühwald, Dr. M. Scharai-Rad
Availability/Publisher Deutsche Gesellschaft für Holzforschung e. V., Bayernstr. 57 - 59, 80335 München, Germany
ISSN 0466-2114
Keywords wood, LCA, sustainability
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Holzforschung gives a broad overview on wood production and
processing. The comparison to other materials is not included in the scope of investigation.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry X PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 27
Systematic Characterisation (IKP D-24) Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff x Code of practice Other Goal, description of Application/use of results x Aim of study x Target group of study x Scope, description of main technical systems properly described x Function analysed LCI data for various wood products Functional unit not stated System boundaries include:
materials x energy x
production x use
disposal recycling
transportation Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) Energy System Expansion not stated Substitution not stated Data categories described Primary energy consumption no Air emissions no Water emissions no Waste categories no Impacts
Global warming Characterisation factors listed Acidification no
Nutrient enrichment no Tropospheric Ozon Formation no Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no
Toxicity, human no Toxicity, eco no
other: no Data quality
time not stated geography Germany technology not stated
Critical review performed unknown Evaluation
Normalisation no Weighting no
other methods no
A 28
Emissions from PVC waste incineration (IKP D-26)
Documentation sheet (IKP D-26)
Kind of report Article
Title PVC-Abfälle thermisch und stofflich verwerten statt PVC-Verzicht!
Scope of investigation Emissions from PVC waste incineration
Year of publication 2002
Ref. year(s) of assessment 2001
Institution or Company MVR Müllverwertungsanlage Rugenberger Damm GmbH & Co. KG,
Rugenberger Damm 1, 21129 Hamburg, Germany
Contractor/ Address Müll und Abfall, Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH & Co.,
Genthiner Str. 30 G, 10785 Berlin, Germany
Authors Menke, D.; Fiedler, H.; Zwahr, H.
Availability/Publisher Müll und Abfall, Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH & Co.,
Genthiner Str. 30 G, 10785 Berlin, Germany
ISSN 0027-2957
Keywords PVC, waste incineration, emissions
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study The article describes the PVC combustion in the waste-incineration plant "Rugenberger
Damm" (Hamburg, Germany). Technical demands and boundary conditions of the process are
mentioned, a flow chart of the plant and the flue-gas cleaning processes is shown and meas-
ured emission values are listed. Apart from waste incineration no other life-cycle phases are
considered.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 30 % Specific/own/new data 70%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry X PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Only End-of-Life as part of an LCA considered, specific data, scientifically based
investigation, suggested for systematic characterisation.
A 29
Systematic characterisation (IKP D-26) Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff no
Code of practice no
Other X
Goal, description of
Application/use of results X
Aim of study not specified
Traget group of study not specified
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed thermal recycling
Functional unit waste-incineration plant
System boundaries include: focus on emissions
materials no
energy no
production no
use no
disposal no
recycling X
transportation no
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) no
System Expension no
Substitution no
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption no
Air emissions X
Water emissions not specified
Waste categories not specified
Impacts
Global warming no impacts
Acidification no impacts
Nutrient enrichment no impacts
Tropospheric Ozon Formation no impacts
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no impacts
Toxicity, human no impacts
Toxicity, eco no impacts
other: no impacts
Data quality
time 2001
geography Hamburg, Germany
technology best availlable technology
Critical review performed no
Evaluation not published
Normalisation no
Weighting no
other methods eco-efficiency
A 30
LCA of wood products (IKP D-28)
Documentation sheet (IKP D-28)
Kind of report Study
Title Querschnittsanalyse zur ökologischen Bilanzierung von Holzprodukten in Deutschland, Europa
und Nordamerika
Scope of investigation LCA of wood products
Year of publication 1996
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1990 to 1995
Institution or Company Ordinariat für Holztechnologie, Universität Hamburg
Institut für Holzforschung, Universität München
Contractor/ Address Bundesforschungsanstalt für Forst- und Holzwirtschaft,
Leuschnerstr. 91, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
Authors Frühwald, A.; Wegener, G.
Availability/Publisher Ordinariat für Holztechnologie, Universität Hamburg,
Leuschnerstr. 91, 21031 Hamburg, Germany;
Institut für Holzforschung, Universität München Winzererstr. 45, 80797 München, Germany
ISBN
Keywords wood, LCA, comparison of existing studies
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives qualitative comparison between different studies
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study The study analyses 25 different LCA studies of wood products in Germany, Austria, Switzer-
land, Sweden and Canada. Goal is to give an overview about already made studies and to
bring off a data source for future continuative studies. It is a summarization of literature with no
new data. Comparisons are made between the several studies. For detailed input/output data,
the special studies have to be regarded.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 100 % Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. Comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. Comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 31
Systematic characterisation (IKP D-28) Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff Studies analysed if ISO is followed Code of practice Other Goal, description of Application/use of results x Aim of study x Target group of study Scope, description of main technical systems properly described x Function analysed Critical review of existing studies on wood in various uses Functional unit Studies are analysed for this point System boundaries include:
materials x energy x
production x use x
disposal x recycling x
transportation x Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) Studies are analysed for this point System Expansion Studies are analysed for this point Substitution Studies are analysed for this point Data categories described Primary energy consumption x Air emissions x Water emissions x Waste categories x Impacts
Global warming x Acidification x
Nutrient enrichment x Tropospheric Ozon Formation x Stratospheric Ozon Depletion x
Toxicity, human x Toxicity, eco x
other: waste, resources Data quality
time Studies are analysed for this point geography Studies are analysed for this point technology Studies are analysed for this point
Critical review performed Evaluation
Normalisation Weighting
other methods
A 32
LCA of roundwood products (IKP D-30)
Documentation sheet (IKP D-30)
Kind of report Study
Title Vergleichende Ökobilanzierung der Rundholzproduktion in verschiedenen Forstbetrieben
Scope of investigation LCA of roundwood production
Year of publication 2001
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1993 to 1997
Institution or Company Bundesforschungsanstalt für Forst- und Holzwirtschaft,
Leuschnerstr. 91, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
Contractor/ Address
Authors Schweinle, J.; Thoroe, C.
Availability/Publisher Bundesforschungsanstalt für Forst- und Holzwirtschaft,
Leuschnerstr. 91, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
ISSN 0368-8798
Keywords wood, roundwood, LCA, production
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives Comparison between different forest management systems, biological and technical production
routes of roundwood in seven forest enterprises
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study Study about the production phase of roundwood with detailed data on inventory analysis and
impact assessment. Comparison between different forest-management systems, biological and
technical production routes of roundwood in seven forest enterprises.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 20 % Specific/own/new data 80 %
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 33
Systematic Characterisation (IKP D-30)
Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff X Code of practice Other Goal, description of Application/use of results Aim of study X Target group of study Scope, description of Main technical systems properly described X Function analysed Production of roundwood Functional unit Saleable wood quantity (dry weight) System boundaries include:
materials X energy X
production X use
disposal recycling
transportation Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) Mass System Expansion no Substitution no Data categories described Primary energy consumption X Air emissions X Water emissions X Waste categories X Impacts
Global warming X Acidification X
Nutrient enrichment X Tropospheric Ozon Formation X Stratospheric Ozon Depletion X
Toxicity, human Toxicity, eco
other:land use, various soil impacts, groundwater impact. Data quality
time 1992 to 1997 geography Germany technology Average
Critical review performed No Evaluation
Normalisation No Weighting No
other methods No
A 34
Decision criteria for aluminium application (IKP D-32)
Documentation sheet (IKP D-32)
Kind of report Study
Title Erarbeitung von Entscheidungskriterien zum Einsatz von Aluminium-Bauteilen
Scope of investigation Decision criteria for aluminium application
Year of publication 1995
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1990 to 1994
Institution or Company Gesellschaft für ökologische Bautechnik Berlin mbH,
Monumentenstr. 33, 10829 Berlin, Germany
Contractor/ Address
Authors Gesellschaft für ökologische Bautechnik Berlin mbH
Availability/Publisher Gesellschaft für ökologische Bautechnik Berlin mbH,
Monumentenstr. 33, 10829 Berlin, Germany
ISBN -
Keywords aluminium applications, aluminium components
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives aluminium, other metals, plastics, wood and other materials
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study Quantitative study about the production phase of several aluminium components in construc-
tion industry and alternatives of other materials. Use phase and recycling are only qualitative
considered. Focus of the study is the formulation of decision criteria for aluminium application
in construction industry.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 70% Specific/own/new data 30%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 35
Systematic characterisation (IKP D-32) Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other not stated Goal, description of Application/use of results x Aim of study x Target group of study Scope, description of main technical systems properly described x Function analysed Aluminium in various construction materials. Functional unit not stated System boundaries include:
materials qualitatively energy qualitatively
production qualitatively use
disposal qualitatively recycling qualitatively
transportation qualitatively Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not stated System Expansion not stated Substitution not stated Data categories described Primary energy consumption x Air emissions no Water emissions no Waste categories no Impacts
Global warming no Acidification no
Nutrient enrichment no Tropospheric Ozon Formation no Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no
Toxicity, human no Toxicity, eco no
other: no Data qualità
time not stated, but around 1990 geography not stated technology not stated
Critical review performed Evaluation
Normalisation no Weighting no
other methods no
A 36
Decision criteria for aluminium application (IKP D-35)
Documentation sheet (IKP D-35)
Kind of report Report
Title Eco-Profiles: Polyvinyl Chloride
Scope of investigation LCInventory of PVC production
Year of publication 1998
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1993 to 1997
Institution or Company APME, Avenue E. van Nieuwenhyuse 4, Box 3, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium
Contractor/ Address ECVM, the European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers
Authors Dr. Ian Boustead, ECVM
Availability/Publisher APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe and ECVM, the European Council of
Vinyl Manufacturers
ISBN -
Keywords LCI, production
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data LCA, Inventory only
Short description of the study The Plastics Manufacturers of Europe have gathered loads of data specific to their industry
sector and published them as environmental inventory data based on 1 kg of product. This
report deals with the production of PVC and is a major source of information in this field. An
older version of this study exists from 1994 (D-35b) which has been used as a source of data
for many other studies on PVC.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data mostly
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry X PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 37
Systematic characterisation (IKP D-35) Overall frame of study not specified
ISO 14040 ff
Code of practice
Other
Goal, description of
Application/use of results X
Aim of study X
Target group of study X
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed Production of PVC
Functional unit 1 kg PVC
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use
disposal
recycling
transportation X
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy)
System Expension
Substitution
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption sufficient
Air emissions sufficient
Water emissions sufficient
Waste categories sufficient
Impacts
Global warming
Acidification
Nutrient enrichment
Tropospheric Ozon Formation
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion
Toxicity, human
Toxicity, eco
other:
Data quality
time 1998
geography Europe
technology average
Critical review performed no
Evaluation no
Normalisation
Weighting
other methods
A 38
LCInventory of Polymer products (IKP D-36)
Documentation sheet (IKP D-36)
Kind of report Report
Title Eco-Profiles: Polymer Conversion
Scope of investigation Life-cycle inventory of polymer products
Year of publication 1997
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1990 to 1995
Institution or Company APME Association of Plastic Manufacturers in Europe,
Avenue E. van Nieuwenhyuse 4, Box 3, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium
Contractor/ Address EuPC (European Plastic Converters) and
EUROMAP (European Committee of Machinery Manufacturers)
Authors Dr. Ian Boustead, ECVM
Availability/Publisher APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe and
ECVM, the European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers
ISBN -
Keywords LCI, production
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives Different applications of PP, LD-PE, PVC, HD-PE on a kg-basis
Reported data LCA; Inventory only
Short description of the study The Plastics Manufacturers of Europe have gathered loads of data specific to their industry
sector and published them as environmental inventory data based on 1 kg of product. This
report deals with the plastic products made by extrusion, injection moulding, film blowing and
calendaring and is a major source of information in this field.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data mostly
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry X PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 39
Systematic Characterisation (IKP D-36) Overall frame of study not specified
ISO 14040 ff
Code of practice
Other
Goal, description of
Application/use of results X
Aim of study X
Target group of study X
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed Polymer conversion
Functional unit 1 kg of polymer (OPP, LDPE, calendered PVC, PVC Pipe, HDPE)
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use
disposal
recycling
transportation X
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy)
System Expension
Substitution
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption sufficient
Air emissions sufficient
Water emissions sufficient
Waste categories sufficient
Impacts none
Global warming
Acidification
Nutrient enrichment
Tropospheric Ozon Formation
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion
Toxicity, human
Toxicity, eco
other:
Data quality
time 1990
geography Europe
technology average
Critical review performed no
Evaluation no
Normalisation
Weighting
other methods
A 40
LCInventory of polymer feedstock production (IKP D-39)
Documentation sheet (IKP D-39)
Kind of report Report
Title Eco-Profiles: Olefin Feedstock Sources
Scope of investigation Life-cycle inventory of polymer feedstock production
Year of publication 1993
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1990
Institution or Company APME Association of Plastic Manufacturers in Europe, Avenue E. van Nieuwenhyuse 4, Box 3,
B-1160 Brussels, Belgium
Contractor/ Address The European Centre for Plastics in the Environment (PWMI)
Authors Dr. Ian Boustead
Availability/Publisher APME, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe and
ECVM, the European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers
ISBN -
Keywords LCI, production
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data LCA; Inventory only
Short description of the study The Plastics Manufacturers of Europe have gathered loads of data specific to their industry
sector and published them as environmental inventory data based on 1kg of product. This
report deals with the production of feedstock for the plastics industry and is a major source of
information in this field.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data mostly
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry X PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 41
Systematic characterisation (IKP D-39) Overall frame of study not specified
ISO 14040 ff
Code of practice
Other
Goal, description of
Application/use of results X
Aim of study X
Target group of study X
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed Olefin Feedstock sources
Functional unit 1 kg ethylene/1kg propylene/ 1 kg butene
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use
disposal
recycling
transportation X
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy)
System Expension
Substitution
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption sufficient
Air emissions sufficient
Water emissions sufficient
Waste categories sufficient
Impacts none
Global warming
Acidification
Nutrient enrichment
Tropospheric Ozon Formation
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion
Toxicity, human
Toxicity, eco
other:
Data quality
time 1993
geography Europe
technology average
Critical review performed no
Evaluation no
Normalisation
Weighting
Other methods
A 42
LCInventory of polymer feedstock production (IKP NL-6)
Documentation sheet (IKP NL-6)
Kind of report Report
Title Chlorine Study/The Dutch chlorine chain study in 10 sheets
Scope of investigation Inventory of Dutch chlorine flows and LCA
Year of publication 1995
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1990
Institution or Company TNO Institute of Strategy, Technology and Policy and CML Universtity of Leiden
Contractor/ Address Ministry of Housing. Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM), Transport and Communi-
cations (V&W) and Economic Affairs (EZ), The Netherlands
Authors A. Tukker, R. Kleijn, E. v.d. Voet, E. Smeets
Availability/Publisher TNO-STB, P.O. Box 541, 7300 AM Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
ISBN -
Keywords Chlorine
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data Substnce flow analysis, LCA
Short description of the study The original study 'A chlorine balance for the Netherlands' presents an overview of the chlorine
stream and its compounds in the Dutch chlorine chain. Next in an extra paper: 'The Dutch
chlorine chain study: an exercise in combining SFA and LCA', an LCA of this chlorine chain is
performed. The results are described, but no inventory data is presented.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia X part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. Comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 43
Systematic characterisation (IKP NL-6) Overall frame of study not specified
ISO 14040 ff
Code of practice
Other
Goal, description of
Application/use of results X
Aim of study X
Target group of study
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described
Function analysed Chlorine chain
Functional unit not specified
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy
production X
use
disposal
recycling
transportation
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not specified
System Expension
Substitution
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption
Air emissions
Water emissions
Waste categories
Impacts
Global warming
Acidification X
Nutrient enrichment
Tropospheric Ozon Formation
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion X
Toxicity, human X
Toxicity, eco
other:
Data quality
time not specified
geography Netherland
technology not specified
Critical review performed no
Evaluation no
Normalisation
Weighting
other methods
A 44
Inventory data of the production process of PVC made products (IKP BE-1)
Documentation sheet (IKP BE-1)
Kind of report Report
Title Eco-profiles: PVC Conversion Processes
Scope of investigation Inventory data of the production process of some PVC made products
Year of publication 2002
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1993 to 1995
Institution or Company APME, Avenue E. van Nieuwenhyuse 4, Box 3, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium
Contractor/ Address APME, Avenue E. van Nieuwenhyuse 4, Box 3, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium
Authors Ian Boustead
Availability/Publisher APME, Avenue E. van Nieuwenhyuse 4, Box 3, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium
ISBN
Keywords PVC, UPVC film, calendered rigid PVC sheet, PVC pipe extrusion
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives UPVC film, calendered rigid PVC sheet, PVC pipe extrusion
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study The study presents an inventory of the operations comprising the conversion systems of a
PVC resin: production of PVC resin, transport of the resin to the converter, conversion process
itself and packaging of the finished component. The products analyzed here were: UPVC film,
calendered rigid PVC sheet, PVC pipe extrusion. No LCA is performed.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 20% Specific/own/new data 80% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry X PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 45
Systematic characterisation (IKP BE-1) Overall frame of study X
ISO 14040 ff
Code of practice
other
Goal, description of
Application/use of results X
Aim of study X
Target group of study X
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed PVC conversion processes
Functional unit 1 kg S-PVC/1 kg of UPVC film/ 1 kg of calendered PVC/
1 kg PVC injection moulding/ 1 kg PVC pipe
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use
disposal
recycling
transportation X
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy)
System Expension
Substitution
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption sufficient
Air emissions sufficient
Water emissions sufficient
Waste categories sufficient
Impacts none
Global warming
Acidification
Nutrient enrichment
Tropospheric Ozon Formation
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion
Toxicity, human
Toxicity, eco
other:
Data quality
time 2002
geography Europe
technology average
Critical review performed no
Evaluation no Normalisation
Weighting
other methods
A 46
The Benefits of Using Plastics (IKP AT-1)
Documentation sheet (IKP AT-1)
Kind of report Study
Title The Benefits of Using Plastics
Scope of investigation Effects of production, use and waste management, environmental and economic effects along
the whole life cycle, elements with social relevance, “Welfare Cost-Benefit Analysis”
Year of publication -
Ref. year(s) of assess-
ment
-
Institution or Company GUA - Gesellschaft für umfassende Analysen GmbH
Contractor/ Address GUA - Gesellschaft für umfassende Analysen GmbH,
Sechshauserstr. 83, A-1150 Wien, Austria
Authors GUA
Availability/Publisher GUA - Gesellschaft für umfassende Analysen GmbH,
Sechshauserstr. 83, A-1150 Wien, Austria
ISBN -
Keywords Production, use, waste management, environmental effects, economic effects, life cycle, social
relevance, “Welfare Cost-Benefit Analysis”
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
shopping bag, pallet (meat production), ham packaging, beverage packaging (glass and PET),
pipe (drinking water), insulation material, window (wood and aluminium), floor covering, fodder
production, vegetable production, geomembrane, electrical pipe, E&E housing, capacitor film,
fuel tank, bumper, syringe, infusion container
Reported data LCA, LCC
Short description of the
study
Goal and scope of the study:
- effects of production, use and waste management
- environmental and economic effects along the whole life cycle
- integration and quantification of social aspects – in future!!
- one integrated aspect by “Welfare Cost-Benefit Analysis”
Sort of comprehensive slide presentation, without publication date, reference year, information
on data origin or literature link
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data X Comments related to
further assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 47
Systematic characterisation (IKP AT-1) Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff
Code of practice
Other X
Goal, description of
Application/use of results X
Aim of study X
Target group of study X
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed different products (packaging, building agriculture, elec-tric/electronic, automotive,
medicine)
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use X
disposal X
recycling X
transportation
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy)
System Expension
Substitution
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption X
Air emissions X
Water emissions X
Waste categories X
Impacts not reported
Global warming
Acidification
Nutrient enrichment
Tropospheric Ozon Formation
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion
Toxicity, human
Toxicity, eco
other:
Data quality
time -
geography -
technology -
Critical review performed no
Evaluation no
Normalisation
Weighting
other methods
A 48
Particular properties and environmental problems of PVC (IKP AT-7)
Documentation sheet (IKP AT-7)
Kind of report Study
Title Die Situation der Chlorchemie in Österreich
Scope of investigation Particular properties and environmental problems of PVC - caused by the high content of
chlorine
Year of publication 1992
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Gesellschaft Österreichischer Chemiker, Arbeitsgruppe Chlorchemie, Nibelungengasse 11,
A-1010 Wien, Austria
Contractor/ Address Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Kultur
Minoritenplatz 5, A -1014 Wien, Austria
Authors Leiter der Gruppe: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Alfred Schmidt, TU Wien
Availability/Publisher Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Kultur
Minoritenplatz 5, A -1014 Wien, Austria
ISBN -
Keywords PVC, properties, environmental problems, production, use
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data LCA
Short description of the
study
The study describes the production of PVC in general, including the manufacturing of stabilis-
ers and flexibilisers, the technical properties and fields of application of PVC and environmental
problems in terms of production, use and end of life of PVC products.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 50% Specific/own/new data 50% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry X PVC/competitor material
X Academia X part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 49
Systematic characterisation (IKP AT-7)
Overall frame of study not specified ISO 14040 ff Code of practice other Goal, description of Application/use of results X Aim of study X Target group of study Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed PVC production Functional unit Information only qualitatively described
System boundaries include: materials X
energy production X
use disposal recycling
transportation
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy)
System Expension Substitution
Data categories described none
Primary energy consumption Air emissions Water emissions Waste categories
Impacts none
Global warming Acidification
Nutrient enrichment Tropospheric Ozon Formation Stratospheric Ozon Depletion
Toxicity, human Toxicity, eco
other: Data quality
time not specified geography Austria technology average
Critical review performed no Evaluation no
Normalisation Weighting
other methods
A 50
Disposal of PVC in Sweden (IPU 041.0020)
Documentation sheet (IPU 041.0020)
Kind of report Study
Title Disposal of PVC waste
Scope of investigation Disposal of PVC in Sweden
Year of publication 1996
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Swedish EPA
Contractor/ Address Swedish Government
Authors Unknown
Availability/Publisher Swedish EPA
ISBN
Keywords PVC disposal, PVC waste management
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study Assessment of the current disposal of PVC in Sweden, proposals for dealing with PVC waste
in an environmentally compatible manner.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry X PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 51
Systematic characterisation (IPU 041.0020)
Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other not performed following LCA standards Goal, description of Application/use of results x Aim of study x Target group of study Scope, description of main technical systems properly described x Function analysed end of life of PVC products Functional unit not described System boundaries include:
materials energy
production use
disposal x recycling x
transportation Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not described System Expansion not described Substitution not described Data categories described Primary energy consumption not described Air emissions x Water emissions x Waste categories x Impacts
Global warming No impact assessment Acidification No impact assessment
Nutrient enrichment No impact assessment Tropospheric Ozon Formation No impact assessment Stratospheric Ozon Depletion No impact assessment
Toxicity, human No impact assessment Toxicity, eco No impact assessment
other: No impact assessment Data quality
time not described geography not described technology not described
Critical review performed no Evaluation
Normalisation not performed Weighting not performed
other methods not performed
A 52
Assessment of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer relative to PVC (IPU 041.0020)
Documentation sheet (IPU 000.0044)
Kind of report Study
Title Miljøvurdering af EVA (Environmental Assessment of EVA)
Scope of investigation Assessment of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer over the whole life cycle relative to PVC
Year of publication 1993
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Schmidt, A., Hansen, L. E., Hoffmann, L., Larsen, J., Elvestad, K.
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN
Keywords EVA, PVC
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative X Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives EVA, AVOH
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study A possible material for substituting PVC, thus all data are compared to PVC though PVC itself
is not assessed.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government X material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Although only qualitative information it was (for test reasons) systematically char-
acterised (IPU 000.0040 was then not individually characterised as well)
A 53
Systematic characterisation (IPU 000.0044)
Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other not performed following LCA standards Goal, description of Application/use of results not described Aim of study not described Target group of study not described Scope, description of main technical systems properly described yes Function analysed Material: EVA compared with PVC Functional unit not described System boundaries include:
materials x energy x
production x use x
disposal x recycling x
transportation Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not described System Expansion not described Substitution not described Data categories described Primary energy consumption not described Air emissions x Water emissions x Waste categories x Impacts
Global warming No quantitative impact assessment performed Acidification No quantitative impact assessment performed
Nutrient enrichment No quantitative impact assessment performed Tropospheric Ozon Formation No quantitative impact assessment performed Stratospheric Ozon Depletion No quantitative impact assessment performed
Toxicity, human No quantitative impact assessment performed Toxicity, eco No quantitative impact assessment performed
other: No quantitative impact assessment performed Data quality
time not described geography not described technology not described
Critical review performed not described Evaluation
Normalisation not performed Weighting not performed
other methods not performed
A 54
The material LLDPE as a possible alternative material to PVC (IPU 000.0045)
Documentation sheet (IPU 000.0045)
Kind of report Study
Title Miljøvurdering af LLDPE - Plastmaterialet linear low density polyethylen
(Environmental assessment of LLDPE)
Scope of investigation The material LLDPE as a possible alternative material to PVC
Year of publication 1995
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Contractor/ Address
Authors Møller, S., Jelnes, J. E., Færgemann, H.
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN
Keywords LLDPE, PVC
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life Qualitative Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives LLDPE
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study LCA on LLDPE and compared to earlier LCA on PVC (Miljøvurdering af PVC og udvalgte
alternative materialer)
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government X material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 55
Systematic characterisation (IPU 000.0045)
Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff
Code of practice
Other not performed following LCA standards
Goal, description of
Application/use of results not described
Aim of study not described
Target group of study not described
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described yes
Function analysed Material: LLDPE compared with PVC
Functional unit not described
System boundaries include:
materials x
energy x
production x
use x
disposal x
recycling x
transportation
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not described
System Expansion not described
Substitution not described
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption not described
Air emissions x
Water emissions x
Waste categories x
Impacts
Global warming no quantitative impact assessment performed
Acidification no quantitative impact assessment performed
Nutrient enrichment no quantitative impact assessment performed
Tropospheric Ozon Formation no quantitative impact assessment performed
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no quantitative impact assessment performed
Toxicity, human no quantitative impact assessment performed
Toxicity, eco no quantitative impact assessment performed
other: no quantitative impact assessment performed
Data quality
time not described
geography not described
technology not described
Critical review performed not described
Evaluation
Normalisation not performed
Weighting not performed
other methods not performed
A 56
The material SEBS as a possible alternative material to PVC (IPU 000.0046)
Documentation sheet (IPU 000.0046)
Kind of report Study
Title Miljøvurdering af SEBS og PET
(Environmental assessment of SEBS and PET)
Scope of investigation The material SEBS (Styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene) as a possible alternative material to
PVC. Update on earlier LCA on PET
Year of publication 1993
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Contractor/ Address
Authors Schmidt, A., Hansen, L .E., Hoffmann, L., Larsen, J., Elvestad, K.
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN
Keywords SEBS, PET, PVC
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives SEBS and PET as alternative materials
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study LCA on SEBS compared to earlier LCA on PVC (Miljøvurdering af PVC og udvalgte alternative
materialer)
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government X material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 57
Systematic characterisation (IPU 000.0046)
Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other not performed following LCA standards Goal, description of Application/use of results not described Aim of study not described Target group of study not described Scope, description of main technical systems properly described yes Function analysed Material: SEBS compared with PVC Functional unit not described System boundaries include:
materials X energy X
production X use X
disposal X recycling X
transportation Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not described System Expansion not described Substitution not described Data categories described Primary energy consumption not described Air emissions X Water emissions X Waste categories X Impacts
Global warming no quantitative impact assessment performed Acidification no quantitative impact assessment performed
Nutrient enrichment no quantitative impact assessment performed Tropospheric Ozon Formation no quantitative impact assessment performed Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no quantitative impact assessment performed
Toxicity, human no quantitative impact assessment performed Toxicity, eco no quantitative impact assessment performed
other: no quantitative impact assessment performed Data quality
time not described geography not described technology not described
Critical review performed not described Evaluation
Normalisation not performed Weighting not performed
other methods not performed
A 58
Lifecycle assessment and economic evaluation of recycling (IPU 000.0011)
Documentation sheet (IPU 000.0011)
Kind of report Article
Title Life cycle assessment and economic evaluation of recycling: a case study
Scope of investigation Landfilling or recycling of aluminium, steel, glass, HDPE, PVC and PET
Year of publication 1996
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company CSERGE, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TS, UK
University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
Contractor/ Address
Authors Craighill, A. L., Powell, J. C.
Availability/Publisher Resources, Conservation and Recycling 17 (1996). Elsevier Science B.V.
ISBN No
Keywords Life cycle assessment, recycling, economic valuation, waste management.
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data LCA, Socio-economic
Short description of the study The study evaluates the possibility of combining LCA with economic valuation to reach a “life-
cycle evaluation”. The case is a comparative assessment of recycling or landfilling of various
materials; aluminium, steel, glass, HDPE, PVC and PET.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 50% Specific/own/new data 50% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government X material PVC/comp. Comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. Comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 59
Systematic characterisation (IPU 000.0011) Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff Code of practice X Other Goal, description of Application/use of results no Aim of study X Target group of study no Scope, description of main technical systems properly described Function analysed Recycling vs landfilling of bottles Functional unit 1 tonne of waste System boundaries include:
materials X energy x
production x use x
disposal x recycling x
transportation x Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not described System Expansion not described Substitution not described Data categories described Primary energy consumption no Air emissions X Water emissions X Waste categories X Impacts
Global warming X Acidification X
Nutrient enrichment X Tropospheric Ozon Formation Stratospheric Ozon Depletion
Toxicity, human Toxicity, eco
other: Data quality
time unknown geography UK technology average
Critical review performed no Evaluation
Normalisation no Weighting no
other methods no
A 60
General use of PVC in Denmark (IPU 000.0017)
Documentation sheet (IPU 000.0017)
Kind of report Study
Title Environmental Aspects of PVC
Scope of investigation General use of PVC in Denmark
Year of publication 1995
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Danish Technological Institute, Environmental Technology
Contractor/ Address Danish Environmental Protection Agency
Authors Møller, S.; Larsen, J.; Jelnes, J .E.; Færgemann, H.; Ottosen, L. M.; Knudsen, F. E.
Availability/Publisher
ISBN
Keywords
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives Alternative products mentioned, but no calculations
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study LCA study. Alternative products mentioned but no calculations given. Transparent study.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 80% Specific/own/new data 20% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 61
Systematic characterisation (IPU 000.0017) Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other not discussed Goal, description of Application/use of results X Aim of study X Target group of study not discussed Scope, description of main technical systems properly described yes Function analysed PVC in general Functional unit no specific function assessed System boundaries include:
materials X energy X
production X use X
disposal X recycling X
transportation X Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not discussed System Expansion not discussed Substitution not discussed Data categories described Primary energy consumption X Air emissions X Water emissions X Waste categories X Impacts
Global warming no impact assessment Acidification no impact assessment
Nutrient enrichment no impact assessment Tropospheric Ozon Formation no impact assessment Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no impact assessment
Toxicity, human no impact assessment Toxicity, eco no impact assessment
other: no impact assessment Data quality
time not discussed geography Europe technology average
Critical review performed yes Evaluation
Normalisation no Weighting no
other methods no
A 62
Assessment of EVOH and EVA (IPU 000.0043)
Documentation sheet (IPU 000.0043)
Kind of report Study
Title Miljøvurdering af EVOH og EVA (Environmental Assessment of EVOH and EVA)
Scope of investigation Assessment of Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol and an update to Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer
over the whole life cycle relative to PVC.
Year of publication 1995
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Contractor/ Address
Authors Møller, S., Jelnes, J. E., Færgemann, H.
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN
Keywords EVA, EVOH, PVC
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative X Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives EVA, AVOH
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study A possible material for substituting PVC, thus all data are compared to PVC though PVC itself
is not assessed.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government X material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 63
Systematic characterisation (IPU 000.0043) Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other not performed following LCA standards Goal, description of Application/use of results not described Aim of study not described Target group of study not described Scope, description of main technical systems properly described yes Function analysed EVA and EVOH compared with PVC Functional unit not described System boundaries include:
materials X energy X
production X use X
disposal X recycling X
transportation Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not described System Expansion not described Substitution not described Data categories described Primary energy consumption not described Air emissions X Water emissions X Waste categories X Impacts
Global warming no quantitative impact assessment performed Acidification no quantitative impact assessment performed
Nutrient enrichment no quantitative impact assessment performed Tropospheric Ozon Formation no quantitative impact assessment performed Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no quantitative impact assessment performed
Toxicity, human no quantitative impact assessment performed Toxicity, eco no quantitative impact assessment performed
other: no quantitative impact assessment performed Data quality
time not described geography not described technology not described
Critical review performed not described Evaluation
Normalisation not performed Weighting not performed
other methods not performed
A 64
Assessment of EAA and EMA (IPU 000.0066)
Documentation sheet (IPU 000.0066)
Kind of report Study
Title Miljøvurdering af EAA og EMA – Plastmaterialerne ethylen-acrylsyre copolymer og ethylen-
methacrylsyre copolymer(Environmental assessment of EAA and EMA – The plastic materials
acrylic acid copolymer and ethylene-methaacrylic acid copolymer)
Scope of investigation Assessment of EAA and EMA over the whole life cycle relative to PVC
Year of publication 1993
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Genanvendelsesrådet, Dansk Teknologisk Institut
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Schmidt, Anders; Hansen, Lisbeth Engel; Hoffmann, Leif; Larsen, Jørgen; Elvestad, Kari
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN ISBN 87-7810-072-0
Keywords EAA, EMA, ethylen-acrylsyre copolymer og ethylen-methacrylsyre copolymer,
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives EAA, EMA
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study Possible materials for substituting PVC, thus all data are compared to PVC though PVC itself is
no assessed
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry X PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 65
Systematic characterisation (IPU 000.0066) Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff
Code of practice
Other not performed following LCA standards
Goal, description of
Application/use of results not described
Aim of study not described
Target group of study not described
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described yes
Function analysed Material: EAA and EMA compared with PVC
Functional unit not described
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use X
disposal X
recycling X
transportation
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not described
System Expansion not described
Substitution not described
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption not described
Air emissions X
Water emissions X
Waste categories X
Impacts
Global warming no quantitative impact assessment performed
Acidification No quantitative impact assessment performed
Nutrient enrichment no quantitative impact assessment performed
Tropospheric Ozon Formation no quantitative impact assessment performed
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no quantitative impact assessment performed
Toxicity, human no quantitative impact assessment performed
Toxicity, eco no quantitative impact assessment performed
other: no quantitative impact assessment performed
Data quality
time not described
geography not described
technology not described
Critical review performed not described
Evaluation
Normalisation not performed
Weighting not performed
other methods not performed
A 66
PVC substance-flow analysis for Sweden (IPU 027.0077)
Documentation sheet (IPU 027.0077)
Kind of report Study
Title A PVC substance flow analysis for Sweden
Scope of investigation PVC use in Sweden
Year of publication 1996
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1994
Institution or Company TNO Centre for Technology and Policy Studies,
Laan van Westenenk 501, P.O.Box 41, 7300 AM Apeldorn, The Netherlands
Contractor/ Address Norsk Hydro
Authors Tukker, A.; Kleijn, R.; van Oers, L.
Availability/Publisher Personal Contact [email protected]
ISBN
Keywords PVC flow analysis
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study LCA study with Swedish national border as system boundary
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry X PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 67
Systematic characterisation (IPU 027.0077)
Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff Code of practice not stated but probably "Code of practice" Other Goal, description of Application/use of results not described Aim of study X Target group of study not described Scope, description of main technical systems properly described yes Function analysed total use of PVC in Sweden Functional unit no functional unit System boundaries include:
materials X energy X
production X use X
disposal X recycling X
transportation not described Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) mass and price System Expansion not performed Substitution not performed Data categories described Primary energy consumption no description Air emissions no description Water emissions no description Waste categories no description Impacts
Global warming X Acidification X
Nutrient enrichment X Tropospheric Ozon Formation X Stratospheric Ozon Depletion X
Toxicity, human X Toxicity, eco X
other: Landfill volume Data quality
time 1994 geography Sweden technology average
Critical review performed yes Evaluation
Normalisation normalised by Swedish total emissions Weighting not performed
other methods
A 68
PVC substance flow analysis for Sweden (Randa FR.002)
Documentation sheet (Randa FR.002)
Kind of report Study
Title Eco-profile of high volume commodity phthalate esters (DEHP/DINP/DIDP)
Scope of investigation Life cycle inventory of standard phthalates. Phtalates widely used in Western Europe as plasti-
cisers for PVC manufacturers. Possible extension to LCA studies
Year of publication 2001
Ref. year(s) of assess-
ment
1999
Institution or Company Société ECOBILAN (member company of PricewaterhouseCoopers)
Contractor/ Address European Council for Plasticiers and Intermediates (ECPI)
Sector Group of CEFIC.
Avenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse 4, Box 1, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium
Telephone: +32 2 676 7260, Fax: +32 2 676 7392, e-mail: [email protected]
Authors ECOBILAN
Availability/Publisher Can be downloaded from ECPI homepage:
http://www.ecpi.org/technical%2Dpapers/ecoprofile.pdf
ISBN No
Keywords Phthalates, LCI, plasticiser, DEHP, DINP, DIDP, PVC, Life cycle inventory, LCA.
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternati-
ves
Comparison of 5 phthalate esters, and 3 oxo alcohols as alternatives.
Reported data LCA
Short description of the
study
The goal of the study is to provide to the users of phthalates:
- a representative average “cradle-to-gate” life-cycle inventory or eco-profile for the 3 highest
consumed phthalates in Western Europe.
- information on the main environmental impacts in the production of these products.
- the required data to proceed with LCA studies of the materials using these products.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 20% Specific/own/new data 80%
Comments related to
further assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia X part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation.
A 69
Systematic characterisation (Randa FR.002) Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff
Code of practice
Other APME methodology
Goal, description of
Application/use of results
Aim of study X
Target group of study X
Scope, description of
Main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed production of phthalate esters (DEHP, DINP, DIDP)
Functional unit to produce 1 kg of high volume commodity phthalate esters.
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use
disposal
recycling
transportation X
Allocation (mass/energy/price) mass-based allocation rules applied.
System Expansion Expansion applied using avoided impacts or credit method.
Substitution
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption sufficient
Air emissions sufficient
Water emissions sufficient
Waste categories sufficient
Impacts
Global warming
Acidification
Nutrient enrichment
Tropospheric Ozone Formation
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Toxicity, human
Toxicity, eco
other:
Data quality
time 1996 to 1998
geography Western Europe
technology average/specific
Critical review performed
Evaluation
Normalisation
Weighting
other methods Vertical and horizontal averaging method. Sensitivity analysis performed on syngas unit.
LCA allgemein mit SC
A 70
Kind of report Summary Report
Title Recycling and Recovery of Plastics from Packaging in Domestic Waste. LCA-type Analysis of
Different Strategies
Scope of investigation Available recycling and recovery options for used packaging plastics: mechanical recycling,
feedstock recycling, energy recovery
Year of publication 1999
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1994 to 1997
Institution or Company Fraunhofer-Institut Verfahrenstechnik und Verpackung (IVV),
Giggenhauser Str. 35, D-85354 Freising, Germany
Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Technischen Umweltschutz
Universität Kaiserslautern, Lehrstuhl für Mechanische Verfahrenstechnik und Strömungsme-
chanik; Forschungsinstitut Kunstoff und Recycling, Willich
Contractor/ Address VKE - Verband Kunstofferzeugende Industrie e. V.
APME – Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe, Brussels
DS – Duales System Deutschland AG
VCI – Verband der Chemischen Industrie
GKV – Gesamtverband der Kunststoffverarbeitenden Industrie e. V.
Authors Author of the summary report: B. Otto
Author of the extended original study: M. Heine and M. Kremer
Availability/Publisher Fraunhofer-Institut Verfahrenstechnik und Verpackung (IVV)
ISBN -
Keywords Packaging, mechanical recycling, feedstock recycling, energy recovery
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives Scenarios of recycling and recovery options, landfill
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study The objective of the study was to evaluate the environmental impacts of recycling and recovery
options for used packaging plastics in comparison to landfill. The methodology used was 'Bas-
ket-of-Goods', which although uses a life-cycle approach, cannot be considered as a complete
LCA in the strict sense. It is not specific for a determined sort of plastics.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 20% Specific/own/new data 80%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry X PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. Comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. Comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic assessment
IKP D-11
A 71
Kind of report Summary Report
Title Life-cycle analysis of the mechanical recycling of the mixed plastic fraction from collections of
the Duales System Deutschland GmbH
Scope of investigation Recycling of mixed plastics fraction to form palisades and base stand for building fence
Year of publication 1996
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1994 to 1997
Institution or Company TÜV Rheinland Sicherheit und Umweltschutz GmbH, Am Grauen Stein, 51105 Köln, Germany
Contractor/ Address DS, GKV, VKE
Authors Prof. G. Schock, Dr. B. Otto
Availability/Publisher TÜV Rheinland Sicherheit und Umweltschutz GmbH, Am Grauen Stein, 51105 Köln, Germany
ISBN -
Keywords Packaging, mechanical recycling, mixed plastics fraction
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives Mechanical recycling of mixed plastics fraction to form palisades and base stands for site
building fence
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study This study was a supplementary study to the the 'Life Cycle Analysis of recycling and recovery
of households Plastics waste packaging materials' study. Here, the objective was to evaluate
the environmental impacts of the mechanical recycling of mixed plastics fraction to form pali-
sades and base stand for site building fence. The methodology used was 'Basket-of-Goods',
which although uses a life-cycle approach, cannot be considered a complete LCA in the strict
sense. It is not specific for a determined type of plastics.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 10% Specific/own/new data 90%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry X PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. Comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. Comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic assessment
IKP D-12
A 72
Kind of report Study
Title Aktuelle Ökobilanzen zum Werkstoff PVC - eine kritische Prüfung (critical review) -
Scope of investigation Overview on recent eco balances
Year of publication 1999
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Greenpeace Deutschland, Grosse Elbstr. 39, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
Contractor/ Address BZL Kommunikation und Projektsteuerung GmbH, Lindenstr. 33, 28876 Oyten, Germany
Authors Greenpeace Deutschland
Availability/Publisher Greenpeace Deutschland, Große Elbstr. 39, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
ISBN -
Keywords LCA, window, floor, pipes
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data No own LCA data reported (critical review done by Greenpeace)
Short description of the study Greenpeace provides a critical review on five LCA studies on PVC as a construction material.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. Comparison
X NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. Comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study (meta-study about LCA studies), all studies judged here are as-
sessed individually within this study, no additional information, not suggested for further as-
sessment
IKP D-23
A 73
Kind of report Report
Title Ökobilanzen von PVC-Produkten: Grüne Kompasse für ökologische Zukunftsfähigkeit
Scope of investigation overview about existing LCA studies of PVC
Year of publication 2001
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Arbeitsgemeinschaft PVC und Umwelt e. V., Am Hofgarten 1 - 2, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
Contractor/ Address Arbeitsgemeinschaft PVC und Umwelt e. V., Am Hofgarten 1 - 2, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
Authors Dr. Hermann Krähling, Solvay Deutschland GmbH, Postfach 220, 30002 Hannover, Germany /
Hans-Böckler-Allee 20, 30173 Hannover, Germany
Availability/Publisher Arbeitsgemeinschaft PVC und Umwelt e. V., Am Hofgarten 1 - 2, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
ISBN
Keywords LCA, PVC, overview
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives PVC in different applications
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study The report is an overview about existing LCA studies of PVC. The particular results are pre-
sented very short and for detailed information the underlying studies have to be considered.
On ist own the report can only give a short impression of different PVC applications in different
market sectors.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. Comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. Comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: Primarily meta-study about other studies. This is not a LCA study as such, but deals
with LCA aspects. Therefore a systematic characterisation of the brochure like article is hardly
possible, but it may help to interpret results and other studies. Not suggest for systematic
characterisation.
IKP D-48
A 74
Kind of report Study
Title Life Cycle Assessment of PVC Products: A Green Guide to Ecological Sustainability
Scope of investigation Overview of current LCA studies of products made from PVC
Year of publication 1999
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1985 to 1998
Institution or Company Arbeitsgemeinschaft PVC und Umwelt e. V., Pleimesstr. 3, D-53129 Bonn, Germany
Contractor/ Address ecomed publishers AG & Co. KG, Justus-von-Liebig-Str. 1, D-86899 Landsberg, Germany
Authors Dr. Hermann Krähling
Availability/Publisher ecomed publishers AG & Co. KG, Justus-von-Liebig-Str. 1, D-86899 Landsberg, Germany
ISBN 3-928379-58-5
Keywords LCA, pipes, window frames, floor coverings
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives Each study mentioned compare PVC with different alternatives
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study The study provides a systematic comparison and overview of current LCA studies that have
examined important products made from PVC, such as pipes, window frames and floor cover-
ings. Studies on cables and roof sheeting are also briefly discussed. It is a good reference to
know what has already been done regarding LCA studies in this field.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100 % Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Primarily meta-study about other studies. This is not a LCA study as such, but deals
with LCA aspects. Therefore a systematic assessment is hardly possible, but it may help to
interpret results and other studies. Not suggest for systematic characterisation.
IKP D-53
A 75
Kind of report Study
Title Stabilisatoren in PVC
Scope of investigation compatibility of different stabiliser systems in PVC
Year of publication 1994
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Österreichisches Kunststoffinstitut ÖKI,
Franz-Grill-Str. 5, Arsenal Objekt 213, A-1030 Wien, Austria
Contractor/ Address Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Kultur,
Minoritenplatz 5, A -1014 Wien, Austria
Authors D. Loidl, F. Sumper, A. Feldmann, M. Bichler
Availability/Publisher Österreichisches Kunststoffinstitut ÖKI,
Franz-Grill-Str. 5, Arsenal Objekt 213, A-1030 Wien, Austria
ISBN -
Keywords
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Comparison done between all alternatives
Reported data
Short description of the
study
The study considers the material recycling of PVC. Regarding the material recycling of PVC
the problem is the variety of stabiliser systems. Goal of the study is to analyse the PVC recy-
cling possibilities esp. in terms of the compatibility of the different stabiliser systems.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia X part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
IKP AT-4
A 76
Kind of report LCI cradle-to-gate data
Title Eco-profile of high volume commodity phthalate esters (DEHP/DINP/DIDP)
Scope of investigation 8 chemical intermediates. One of the main thermoplastics formulated from these intermediates
is PVC.
Year of publication 2001
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1998
Institution or Company Ecobilan. Member company of PricewaterhouseCoopers,
34, place des Corolles, 92908 La Défense cedex, France, http://www.ecobilan.com
Contractor/ Address The European Council for Plasticisers and Intermediates (ECPI) a Sector Group of CEFIC.
Authors Unknown
Availability/Publisher Unknown
ISBN No
Keywords PVC production, LCI data, phthalate esters, DEHP, DINP, DIDP
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data LCA, market information
Short description of the study LCI cradle-to-gate data on production of chemical intermediates used for PVC production. Data
from 8 industrial producers.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia X part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation (see Randa FR.002)
IPU 000.0008
A 77
Kind of report Study
Title Additives in PVC, Marking of PVC
Scope of investigation General production and use of PVC in Sweden
Year of publication 1996
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Chemicals Inspectorate (KemI)
Contractor/ Address Swedish Government
Authors Unknown
Availability/Publisher Unknown
ISBN
Keywords
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives Alternatives given and evaluated to most standard additives and standard uses of PVC
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study Short descriptions of production, use and disposal of most PVC uses, PVC additives, and
alternative materials to PVC as well as alternative additives in PVC.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry X PVC/competitor material
Academia X part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
IPU 041.0019
A 78
Kind of report Study
Title Life Cycle Assessment of Energy from Solid Waste
Scope of investigation Municipal solid waste used for energy production
Year of publication 2000
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Forskningsgruppen för Miljöstrategiska Studier, Box 2142, 103 14 Stockholm, Sweden
Contractor/ Address Swedish National Energy Asministration
Authors Finnveden, G., Johansson, J., Lind., P., Moberg, Å.
Availability/Publisher Forskningsgruppen för Miljöstrategiska Studier, Box 2142, 103 14 Stockholm, Sweden
ISBN
Keywords Waste disposal, Energy from solid waste, PVC Incineration
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives None. Other materials are used for energy production but no comparisons are made.
Reported data LCA-related
Short description of the study Describes the environmental effects of different strategies for management of municipal solid
waste.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry X PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: General waste topic, not suggested for systematic characterisation
IPU 003.0034
A 79
Kind of report Article
Title PVC and sustainability
Scope of investigation PVC as a sustainable material
Year of publication 2002
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Hydro Polymers Ltd., Newton Aycliff, Durham DL5 6EA, UK
Contractor/ Address Hydro Polymers Ltd., Newton Aycliff, Durham DL5 6EA, UK
Authors Leadbitter, J.
Availability/Publisher Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 27, Issue 10
ISBN
Keywords PVC, sustainability, the Natural Step, packaging, hydro polymers
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative X Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data LCA-related
Short description of the study Study promoting the sustainability of PVC evaluated on the basis of five sustainability criteria in
“The Natural Step” framework.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: Article promoting PVC as a sustainable material, no LCA, not suggested for sys-
tematic characterisation
IPU 027.0035
A 80
Kind of report Study
Title Miljøvurdering af PVC og udvalgte alternative materialer (Environmental assessment of PVC
and selected alternative materials)
Scope of investigation PVC as material
Year of publication 1990
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Teknologisk Institut, Gregerssensvej, Postbox, 141, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Christiansen, K.; Grove, A.; Hansen, L. E.; Hoffmann, L.; Jensen, A. A.; Pommer, K.;
Schmidt, A.
Availability/Publisher Danish EPA, available at website www.mst.dk
ISBN
Keywords PVC, PE, synthetic rubber, aluminium, PU
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives PVC, PE, Synthetic rubber, aluminium, PU
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study Evaluates the alternative relative to PVC on a qualitative basis assessment done qualitatively
in tables with +++/+/0/-/--- indicating the environmental performance relative to PVC divided in
life-cycle stages and in resources, external environmental effects, human toxicity, and acci-
dents.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: Only qualitative information, not suggested for systematic characterisation1
IPU 000.0040
1 The studies 0040, 0043,0044,0045,0046, and 0066 are all similar studies that compare PVC as a material to other materials.
A 81
Kind of report Study
Title Miljøvurdering af EVOH og EVA (Environmental Assessment of EVOH and EVA)
Scope of investigation Assessment of Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol and an update to Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer
over the whole life cycle relative to PVC.
Year of publication 1995
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Contractor/ Address
Authors Møller, S., Jelnes, J. E., Færgemann, H.
Availability/Publisher On website, www.mst.dk
ISBN
Keywords EVA, EVOH, PVC
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative X Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives EVA, AVOH
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study A possible material for substituting PVC, thus all data are compared to PVC though PVC itself
is no assessed.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government X material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Only qualitative information, not suggested for systematic characterisation2
IPU 000.0043
2 The studies 0040, 0043,0044,0045,0046, and 0066 are all similar studies that compare PVC as a material to other materials.
A 82
Kind of report Study
Title Miljøvurdering af EAA og EMA – Plastmaterialerne ethylen-acrylsyre copolymer og ethylen-
methacrylsyre copolymer
(Environmental assessment of EAA and EMA – The plastic materials acrylic acid copolymer
and ethylene-methaacrylic acid copolymer)
Scope of investigation Assessment of EAA and EMA over the whole life cycle relative to PVC
Year of publication 1993
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Genanvendelsesrådet, Dansk Teknologisk Institut
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Schmidt, Anders; Hansen, Lisbeth Engel; Hoffmann, Leif; Larsen, Jørgen; Elvestad, Kari
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN ISBN 87-7810-072-0
Keywords EAA, EMA, ethylene-acrylsyre copolymer og ethylen-methacrylsyre copolymer,
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives EAA, EMA
Reported data LCA related
Short description of the study Possible materials for substituting PVC, thus all data are compared to PVC though PVC itself is
no assessed
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government X material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Sole materials comparison (with out application relation), not suggested for system-
atic characterisation3
IPU 000.0066
3 The studies 0040, 0043,0044,0045,0046, and 0066 are all similar studies that compare PVC as a material to other materi-
als.
A 83
Kind of report Study
Title Phthalates in landfill leachates – a signature of their degradation. Analytical aspects and
toxicological considerations
Scope of investigation Phthalates and degradation products in landfill leachates
Year of publication 2003
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Department of Theme Research – Water and Environmental Studies. Linköping Universitet,
S-581-83 Linköping, Sweden
Contractor/ Address
Authors Susanne Jonsson
Availability/Publisher From Institution
ISBN ISBN 91-7373-588-4
Keywords Phthalates, landfill leachates, degradation
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data LCA related
Short description of the study Phthalates in landfill leachates – a signature of their degradation. Analytical aspects and
toxicological considerations
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: Study on LCA related topic, but not LCA as such, in this context not suggest for
systematic characterisation
IPU 058.0070
A 84
Kind of report Life-cycle screening
Title Livscyklusscreening af kabineside fra EM fibreglas (Life cycle screening of cabinet side from
EM fibreglass)
Scope of investigation A construction element of a windmill.
Year of publication 2001
Ref. year(s) of assessment 2000
Institution or Company
Contractor/ Address Plastindustrien i Danmark, Nørre Voldgade 48, DK-1358 København K, Denmark
Authors Unknown
Availability/Publisher Available from internet: http://www.plastindustrien.dk/printtekst.asp?printfil=417
ISBN No
Keywords PVC, windmill construction, glass fibre.
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study Consumption of energy, resources and chemicals. Some information on amount of production
waste and handling of this
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 90% Specific/own/new data 10% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: The studies 0002, 0003, and 0004 are life-cycle screenings performed on products
containing PVC. The screenings are with with very little levels of detail, dividing results into
materials, energy, chemicals and others. There are no considerations of emissions, impact
assessments etc. and no comparisons with other products, not suggested for systematic char-
acterisation IPU 000.0002
A 85
Kind of report Critique of “Life cycle assessment of Polyvinyl Chloride and Alternatives: Summary Report for
Consultation”, NB: Comments on 0015 and is placed there.
Title Life cycle assessment of Polyvinyl Chloride and Alternatives: Summary Report for Consulta-
tion. Following pages contain a detailed critique by Greenpeace of this poorly crafted LCA.
Scope of investigation critique of the above LCA
Year of publication 2001
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Greenpeace
Contractor/ Address
Authors Mark Strutt
Availability/Publisher Unknown
ISBN
Keywords Criticism of LCA
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data None
Short description of the study
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
X NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: Primarily meta-study about other study. Not suggest for systematic characterisation. IPU 041.0031
A 86
Kind of report Study
Title Miljøvurdering af SEBS og PET
(Environmental assessment of SEBS and PET)
Scope of investigation The material SEBS (Styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene) as a possible alternative material to
PVC. Update on earlier LCA on PET
Year of publication 1993
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Contractor/ Address
Authors Schmidt, A.; Hansen, L. E; Hoffmann, L.; Larsen, J.; Elvestad, K.
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN
Keywords SEBS, PET, PVC
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives SEBS and PET as alternative materials
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study LCA on SEBS compared to earlier LCA on PVC (Miljøvurdering af PVC og udvalgte alternative
materialer)
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government X material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Focus on PET and SEBS, not suggested for systematic characterisation
IPU 000.0046
A 87
Kind of report Bibliographic study
Title Bilan environnemental sur les filières de recyclage: l’état des connaissances ACV
Scope of investigation LCA literature research, recycling process, 11 material types, packaging, oils, vehicles out of
use, electronic equipments, lea-acid batteries, worn tires.
Year of publication 2002
Ref. year(s) of assessment 2001
Institution or Company BIO Intelligence Service
Contractor/ Address ADEME, Direction de la Stratégie et de la Communication, 27, rue Louis Vicat, 75737 Paris
cedex 15, Tel. 01 47 65 20 00, Fax. 01 46 45 52 36, Direction Déchets Municipaux et Direction
de l’Industrie, 2, square La Fayette-BP 406, 49004 Angers cedex , Tel. +33 02 41 20 41 20,
Fax. +33 02 41 20 42 00
Authors BIO Intelligence Service
Availability/Publisher Can be downloaded from ADEME homepage:
http://www.ademe.fr/entreprises/Management-env/Approche-produit/Bilan_ACV_recyclage
ISBN 2-86817-663-1
Keywords LCA, packing, oils, electronic equipments, worn tire, vehicle, steel , aluminum, paper, paper-
board, plastics (PVC, PET; PP, PS, PE), glass
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Comparison between end-of-life alternatives.
Reported data LCA
Short description of the
study
The objective was to obtain an international evaluation of existing LCA studies (based on ISO 14040) about the recycling process, in order to clarify the future orientation of waste valuation. For each group of material/products, the synthesis evaluates: benefits or prejudices of the recycling balance; parameters that influence the environmental balance; position of recycling compared to other end-of-life alternatives; and characteristics of the considered LCA studies. In case of plastic material, the conclusion was that recycling is beneficial when the recycled material substitutes virgin resin, but not in comparison with other non-plastic materials.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: Primarily meta-study about other studies. This is not a LCA study as such, but deals
with LCA aspects. Therefore a systematic assessment of the brochure-like article is hardly
possible, but may help to interpret results and other studies. Not suggested for systematic
characterisation.
RANDA FR.009
A 88
A2.2 Building/Construction
Evaluation of aluminium and steel for facade applications (IKP D-27)
Documentation sheet (IKP D-27)
Kind of report Study
Title Vergleichende Evaluierungsstudie für den Einsatz von Aluminium versus Stahl bei der Fassa-
dengestaltung des Büro- und Geschäftshauses in Berlin Stresemannstr./Ecke Wilhelmstr.
Scope of investigation Evaluation of aluminium and steel for facade applications
Year of publication 1993
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1990 to 1992
Institution or Company Öko-Institut e. V., Binzengrün 34a, 79114 Freiburg, Germany
Contractor/ Address
Authors Öko-Institut e. V.
Availability/Publisher Öko-Institut e. V., Binzengrün 34a, 79114 Freiburg, Germany
ISBN
Keywords aluminium, steel, LCA, facade
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative X Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives aluminium, steel
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study The study gives an overview about aluminium and steel as material in facade applications,
PVC is not considered. Detailed inventory analysis with consideration of upstream processes
and qualitative dealing with the use phase. Environmental impacts are only qualitatively cov-
ered. Material and energy flows are shown in detail.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 80% Specific/own/new data 20%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 89
Systematic characterisation (IKP D-27)
Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other Goal, description of Application/use of results X Aim of study X Target group of study X Scope, description of main technical systems properly described X Function analysed Covering of front of building in steel or aluminium Functional unit 5,708 m2 of facade covering for 50 years System boundaries include:
materials X energy X
production X use X
disposal X recycling X
transportation X Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) System Expansion Substitution Data categories described Primary energy consumption X Air emissions X Water emissions X Waste categories X Impacts
Global warming no Acidification no
Nutrient enrichment no Tropospheric Ozon Formation no Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no
Toxicity, human no Toxicity, eco no
other: no Data quality
time no statement, but around 1990 geography not stated technology not stated, but average
Critical review performed Evaluation
Normalisation no Weighting no
other methods no
A 90
PVC products in construction industry (IKP D-29)
Documentation sheet (IKP D-29)
Kind of report Report
Title PVC-Produkte im Bauwesen
Scope of investigation Health and environmental questions of PVC products in construction industry
Year of publication 1989
Ref. year(s) of assessment before 1989
Institution or Company Bundesministerium für Raumordnung , Bauwesen und Städtebau, Bonn, Germany
Contractor/ Address
Authors Bundesministerium für Raumordnung , Bauwesen und Städtebau, Bonn, Germany
Availability/Publisher Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau- und Wohnungswesen
ISBN
Keywords PVC, life cycle, health, environment
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study The study gives a short overview about health and environmental questions over the life cycle
of PVC products in construction industries. The information is very general and not specially
adapted to LCA, the data source is old.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100 % Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 91
Systematic characterisation (IKP D-29)
Overall frame of study not specified
ISO 14040 ff
Code of practice
Other
Goal, description of
Application/use of results
Aim of study X
Traget group of study
Scope, description of (only qualitatively described)
main technical systems properly described
Function analysed Use of PVC Functional unit
System boundaries include:
materials
energy
production X use X
disposal X
recycling
transportation Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy)
System Expension Substitution
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption
Air emissions
Water emissions
Waste categories
Impacts
Global warming
Acidification
Nutrient enrichment
Tropospheric Ozon Formation
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion
Toxicity, human
Toxicity, eco
other:
Data quality time old, 1989
geography Germany technology
Critical review performed no
Evaluation no
Normalisation Weighting
other methods
A 92
LCA of Water installations (IKP D-34)
Documentation sheet (IKP D-34)
Kind of report Study
Title Umweltanalyse von Trinkwasserinstallations-Systemen
Scope of investigation LCA of water installations
Year of publication 1995
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1994
Institution or Company Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und –technologien
Fasanenstr. 90, 10623 Berlin, Germany
Contractor/ Address
Authors Prof. Dr. Helmut Käufer, Dipl. -Ing. Roger Weinlein, Dipl.-Min. Christian Jäkel
Availability/Publisher Institut für Werkstoffwissenschaften und –technologien,
Fasanenstr. 90, 10623 Berlin, Germany
ISBN -
Keywords LCA, water pipe, production
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives steel, copper, plastics
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study The study compares water installations made of steel, copper and plastics, using impact as-
sessment. Today, the method used is no longer state of the art.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 70 % Specific/own/new data 30 %
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia Part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 93
Systematic characterisation (IKP D-34)
Overall frame of study not specified ISO 14040 ff Code of practice Other Goal, description of none Application/use of results Aim of study Traget group of study Scope, description of main technical systems properly described only fresh water supply system described Function analysed fresh water supply system for 1 specified house
Functional unit 1 house System boundaries include:
materials X energy X
production X use
disposal recycling
transportation X Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not specified System Expension Substitution Data categories described Primary energy consumption X Air emissions X Water emissions X Waste categories Impacts VENOB method, University of Berlin
Global warming Acidification
Nutrient enrichment Tropospheric Ozon Formation Stratospheric Ozon Depletion
Toxicity, human Toxicity, eco
other: Data quality
time not specified, presumably 1994 geography not specified, presumably Germany technology materials production average, pipe system
specific Critical review performed Evaluation none
Normalisation Weighting
other methods
A 94
Material intensity per service unit for PVC pipes (IKP D-42)
Documentation sheet (IKP D-42)
Kind of report Paper
Title Materialintensitätsanalysen von Grund-, Werk- und Baustoffen (4)
Scope of investigation Material intensity per service unit for PVC pipes
Year of publication 1996
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1995
Institution or Company Wuppertal Institut für Klima Umwelt Energie, Abt. Stoffströme und Strukturwandel,
Postfach 100 480, 42004 Wuppertal, Germany
Contractor/ Address Wuppertal Institut für Klima Umwelt Energie, Abt. Stoffströme und Strukturwandel,
Postfach 100 480, 42004 Wuppertal, Germany
Authors Markus, D.; Manstein, C.; Liedtke, C.
Availability/Publisher Brinkhäuser Verlag, Postfach 133, CH-4010 Basel, Schweiz
ISSN 0949-5266
Keywords MIPS, LCA, water pipe
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study The study evaluates water pipes made from PVC concerning their material intensity
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data X
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 95
Systematic characterisation (IKP D-42) Overall frame of study not specified
ISO 14040 ff
Code of practice
Other
Goal, description of
Application/use of results
Aim of study X
Traget group of study X
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly de-scribed
X
Function analysed fresh water pipes
Functional unit 1000 kg pipes, m³ water throughput
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use (X)
disposal
recycling X
transportation X
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not specified
System Expension
Substitution
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption
Air emissions
Water emissions
Waste categories
Impacts
Global warming
Acidification
Nutrient enrichment
Tropospheric Ozon Formation
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion
Toxicity, human
Toxicity, eco
other: MIPS *
Data qualità
time 1988 to 1993
geography Germany
technology average
Critical review performed not specified
Evaluation none
Normalisation
Weighting
other methods
A 96
LCA and KEA of sewer pipes (IKP D-44)
Documentation sheet (IKP D-44)
Kind of report Study
Title Energieverbrauch und CO2 -Emission bei der Herstellung und Entsorgung von Abwasserroh-
ren aus verschiedenen Werkstoffen
Scope of investigation LCA and KEA of sewer pipes
Year of publication 1995
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Institut für Energieverfahrenstechnik und Brennstofftechnik, TU Clausthal, Germany
Contractor/ Address The European Association of Vitrified Clay Pipes
Authors Jeschar, R.
Availability/Publisher Abwasserleitung
ISBN
Keywords LCA, sewer pipes, KEA
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives concrete, PVC, PE-HD, cast iron
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study The study reports LCA and KEA of different sewer-pipe materials; only energy is considered.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data X Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 97
Systematic characterisation (IKP D-44)
Overall frame of study not specified
ISO 14040 ff
Code of practice
Other
Goal, description of None
Application/use of results
Aim of study
Traget group of study
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described X Function analysed waste water pipes, 4 diame-
ters, including seals
Functional unit 1 m; 1m/a
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use X (only duration of life)
disposal
recycling X
transportation not specified
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not specified
System Expension
Substitution energy credits
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption X
Air emissions only CO2
Water emissions
Waste categories
Impacts None
Global warming
Acidification
Nutrient enrichment
Tropospheric Ozon Formation
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion
Toxicity, human
Toxicity, eco
other:
Data quality
time not specified
geography not specified
technologymaterials production average,
pipe production and use
Critical review performed
Evaluation none
Normalisation
Weighting
other methods
A 98
LCA of wood floor (IKP D-49)
Documentation sheet (IKP D-49)
Kind of report Study
Title Ökobilanzierung Holzfußböden
Scope of investigation LCA of wood floor
Year of publication 2002
Ref. year(s) of assessment 2000
Institution or Company Holzforschung München, TU München, Winzererstr. 45, 80797 München, Germany
Contractor/ Address Holzforschung München, TU München, Winzererstr. 45, 80797 München, Germany
Authors Dipl.-Forstwirt B. Nebel, TU München, Prof. Dr. Dr. G. Wegener, TU München, Germany
Availability/Publisher Holzforschung München, TU München, Winzererstr. 45, 80797 München, Germany;
Langfassung der Studie: Herbert-Utz-Verlag Zieblandstr. 7, 80799 München, Germany
ISBN Langfassung der Studie: ISBN: 3-8316-0136-4
Keywords wood, floor, LCA
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives different kinds of wood
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study The study compares different kinds of wood floors. The inventory analysis and the impact
assessment are very detailed. In addition, some scenarios are considered.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 20% Specific/own/new data 80% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 99
Systematic characterisation (IKP D-49)
Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff X Code of practice Other Goal, description of Application/use of results X Aim of study X Target group of study Scope, description of main technical systems properly described X Function analysed wooden flooring Functional unit 1m2 of floor for 50 years System boundaries include:
materials X energy X
production X use X
disposal X recycling X
transportation X Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) produced m2 System Expansion not stated Substitution not stated Data categories described Primary energy consumption X Air emissions X Water emissions X Waste categories Impacts
Global warming X Acidification X
Nutrient enrichment X Tropospheric Ozon Formation X Stratospheric Ozon Depletion X
Toxicity, human Toxicity, eco
other: primary energy Data quality
time 1998 to 2001 geography Germany, Northern Europe and North America technology average
Critical review performed Evaluation
Normalisation Weighting
other methods
A 100
LCA of waste water pipes made from PVC and it´s competitors (IKP NL-9)
Documentation sheet (IKP NL-9)
Kind of report Report
Title Milieu-effecten van leidingsystemen van asbestcement, PVC, gietijzer, staal en glasvezel
versterkte kunststoffen
Scope of investigation Life cycle of waste-water pipes made from PVC and it´s competitors
Year of publication 1992
Ref. year(s) of assessment Going back to 1988
Institution or Company
Contractor/ Address
Authors Drs. F.A.B. Verspeek, drs. J.E.Kramer, dr. Th. J. J. van den Hoven, ing. D.A. Stellaard,
Availability/Publisher KIWA N.V., Onderzoek en Advies, Postbus 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, Netherlands
ISBN -
Keywords LCA, water pipes
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives concrete made from asbestos (now banned), cast iron, steel, and reinforced plastics
Reported data LCA (only energy)
Short description of the study One of the early LCA studies, covering the whole life cycle of waste-water pipes and dealing
with a whole lot of impacts. But due to a general lack of data at that time only energy use is
quantified during the study
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data X
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 101
Systematic characterisation (IKP NL-9)
Overall frame of study not specified
ISO 14040 ff
Code of practice
Other
Goal, description of
Application/use of results X
Aim of study X
Traget group of study X
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed fresh water pipes
Functional unit 100 m, di 100 mm, p 10 bar
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use X
disposal X
recycling X
transportation X
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not specified
System Expension
Substitution credits for recyclability
qualitative
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption X
Air emissions qualitative
Water emissions qualitative
Waste categories qualitative
Impacts
Global warming
Acidification
Nutrient enrichment
Tropospheric Ozon Formation
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion
Toxicity, human
Toxicity, eco
other: landscape qualitative
Data quality
time 1991
geography Netherlands
technology specific
Critical review performed
Evaluation none
Normalisation
Weighting
other methods
A 102
Socio-economic effects of a replacement of PVC waste water pipes (IKP NL-10)
Documentation sheet (IKP NL-10)
Kind of report Study
Title Economische en maatschappelijke beoordeling van PVC substitutie van rioolbuizen
Scope of investigation Socio-economic effects of a replacement of PVC waste water pipes with other materials
Year of publication 2000
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM) and TNO-STB
Contractor/ Address
Authors Wietze Lise, Arnold Tukker, Hermann Vollebergh
Availability/Publisher Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087,
1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands;
TNO-STB Schoemakerstraat 97, 2628 VK Delft, Postbus 6030, 2600 JA DELFT, Netherlands
ISBN -
Keywords socio-economics, waste-water pipes
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives Waste-water pipes made from concrete, HD-PE
Reported data Socio-economic
Short description of the study Socio-economic study about the consequences of replacing the market share of PVC waste
water pipes with other pipes. Work effects and capital investment effects are addressed.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. Comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. Comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: Socio-economic aspects covered, suggested for systematic characterisation
A 103
Systematic characterisation (IKP NL-10)
Overall frame of study not applicable *
ISO 14040 ff
Code of practice
Other
Goal, description of
Application/use of results X
Aim of study X
Traget group of study
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed waste- water pipes, different diameters
Functional unit 1 m
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy
production X
use X
disposal
recycling
transportation
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not applicable
System Expension not applicable
Substitution not applicable
Data categories described not applicable
Primary energy consumption
Air emissions
Water emissions
Waste categories
Impacts not applicable
Global warming
Acidification
Nutrient enrichment
Tropospheric Ozon Formation
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion
Toxicity, human
Toxicity, eco
other:
Data quality
time future scenario
geography Netherlands
technology specific
Critical review performed
Evaluation not applicable
Normalisation
Weighting
other methods
A 104
Inventory analysis of chemicals for parquet treatment (IKP CH-10)
Documentation sheet (IKP CH-10)
Kind of report Study
Title Ökobilanzen der Komponenten von Parkettbehandlungsmitteln
Scope of investigation Inventory analysis of chemicals for parquet treatment
Year of publication 1996
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1991 to 1996
Institution or Company Ökoscience Beratung AG, Quellenstr. 31, 8031 Zürich, Switzerland
Contractor/ Address
Authors Chudacoff, M.
Availability/Publisher Ökoscience Beratung AG, Quellenstr. 31, 8031 Zürich, Switzerland
ISBN -
Keywords chemicals, parquet treatment, input-output analysis
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
-
Reported data LCA
Short description of the
study
Inventory analysis of chemicals for parquet treatment. Only input-output analysis without goal
and scope or impact assessment. Deficient information about data origin and quality. Contains
no information about PVC.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 105
Systematic characterisation (IKP CH-10) Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff
Code of practice
Other X
Goal, description of
Application/use of results X
Aim of study
Traget group of study
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described
Function analysed
Functional unit 1 kg material
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production
use
disposal
recycling
transportation
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not reported
System Expension not reported
Substitution not reported
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption energy
Air emissions X
Water emissions X
Waste categories amount of total waste
Impacts
Global warming
Acidification
Nutrient enrichment
Tropospheric Ozon Formation
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion
Toxicity, human
Toxicity, eco
other: energy equivalent critical mass (water, air) amount
of waste CO2
Data quality
time
geography
technology
Critical review performed
Evaluation
Normalisation
Weighting
other methods
A 107
LCA of wood as building material (IKP CH-11)
Documentation sheet (IKP CH-11)
Kind of report Report
Title Untersuchungen zur Ökobilanz von Holz als Baustoff
Scope of investigation LCA of wood as building material, production, use and disposal phase
Year of publication 1990
Ref. year(s) of assess-
ment
1975 to 1989
Institution or Company Bundesamt für Konjunkturfragen, Bern, Switzerland
Contractor/ Address
Authors Bundesamt für Konjunkturfragen, Bern, Switzerland
Availability/Publisher Bundesamt für Konjunkturfragen, Bern, Switzerland
ISBN -
Keywords wood, building material, environmental aspects, LCA
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data LCA
Short description of the
study
Environmental aspects of wood as building material over the whole life cycle (production, use
phase, disposal), by-products are particle boards and wooden fiber boards. Literature survey
and production data of sawmills and carpentries. Ecological weak-point analysis of wood as
building material over the whole life cycle. Contains no information about PVC.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 30% Specific/own/new data 70% Comments related to
further assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 108
Systematic characterisation (IKP CH-11) Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff
Code of practice
Other before frames were developed
Goal, description of
Application/use of results X
Aim of study X
Target group of study
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed wood in various uses
Functional unit not stated
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use X
disposal X
recycling X
transportation X
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not performed
System Expansion not performed
Substitution not performed
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption X
Air emissions X
Water emissions X
Waste categories X
Impacts
Global warming no
Acidification no
Nutrient enrichment no
Tropospheric Ozon Formation no
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no
Toxicity, human no
Toxicity, eco (x)
other: no
Data qualità
time not stated
geography Switzerland
technology not stated
Critical review performed followed by review group
Evaluation
Normalisation
Weighting
other methods
A 109
Life Cycle of architraves (IKP CH-12)
Documentation sheet (IKP CH-12)
Kind of report Study
Title Ökologischer Vergleich von Innenbauteilen am Beispiel von Zargen aus Masivholz und Stahl
Scope of investigation Life cycle of architraves
Year of publication 1997
Ref. year(s) of assess-
ment
1994 to 1996
Institution or Company Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt,
Überlandstr. 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
Contractor/ Address
Authors Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt,
Überlandstr. 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
Availability/Publisher Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt, Überlandstr. 129, 8600 Dübendorf,
Switzerland
ISBN -
Keywords architrave, inventory analysis, impact assessment, door
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Wood, particle board, steel
Reported data LCA
Short description of the
study
LCA about architraves (wood, particle board, steel) with detailed impact assessment, including
production, using and disposal. Ecological weak-point analysis of all alternatives. Good study
about a special component, no information about PVC included.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 20% Specific/own/new data 80% Comments related to
further assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 110
Systematic characterisation (IKP CH-12) Overall frame of study ISO 14040 ff x Code of practice x Other Goal, description of Application/use of results x Aim of study x Target group of study x Scope, description of main technical systems properly described x Function analysed door frame (and door) Functional unit door and door frame for 60 years System boundaries include:
materials x energy x
production x use x
disposal x recycling x
transportation x Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) energy System Expansion no Substitution no Data categories described Primary energy consumption refering to CML method Air emissions refering to CML method Water emissions refering to CML method Waste categories refering to CML method Impacts
Global warming X Acidification X
Nutrient enrichment X Tropospheric Ozon Formation X Stratospheric Ozon Depletion X
Toxicity, human X Toxicity, eco X
other: resources, radioactive isotopes, cancerogenetic sub-stances, heavy metals, winter smog,
Data quality time 1996
geography Switzerland, Europe and worldwide technology Average 1996
Critical review performed Evaluation
Normalisation no Weighting no
other methods no
A 111
A life cycle inventory of three different PVC floor coverings (RANDA IT-021)
Documentation sheet (RANDA IT-021)
Kind of report Thesis for Master of Science
Title La carta d’identità ambientale come strumento diqualificazione: il caso dei pavimenti in PVC
Scope of investigation A life cycle inventory of three different PVC floor coverings.
Year of publication 1996
Ref. year(s) of assess-
ment
1993 to 1994
Institution or Company Politecnico di Milano, Facoltà d’Architettura
Contractor/ Address
Authors Alfredo Villa & Laura Zelante
Availability/Publisher Master Science Supervisors:
Silvia Piardi (no contact details)
Luisa Morfini, CNR-ITC
e-mail: [email protected]; Phone: +39029806450
ISBN No
Keywords Life cycle inventory, PVC, building materials, floor covering
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
No
Reported data LCI
Short description of the
study
The aim of the study is to define a tool to assess the environmerntal quality of building materi-
als taking into account their whole life cycle and to apply this tool to a case study: the PVC
floor-coverings. For this reason, a life-cycle inventory of energetic and materials flows related
to thre different PVC floor-coverings is presented along its life cycle (raw materials extraction,
production, use and end of life).
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data
Comments related to
further assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation.
A 112
Systematic characterisation (RANDA IT-021) Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff
Code of practice X
Other Ecobilanci e Analisi del ciclo di vita di prodotti e di processi produttivi, 1993, Ambiente Italia, Milano
Goal, description of
Application/use of results X
Aim of study X
Target group of study
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed PVC floor covering
Functional unit X
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use X
disposal X
recycling X
transportation
Allocation (mass/price/energy)
System Expansion
Substitution
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption X
Air emissions X
Water emissions X
Waste categories X
Impacts
Global warming
Acidification
Nutrient enrichment
Tropospheric Ozone Formation
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Toxicity, human
Toxicity, eco
other: It is a life cycle inventory.
Data quality
time 1993 to 1994
geography Europe
technology average
Critical review performed
Evaluation
Normalisation
Weighting
other methods
A 113
PVC as Building material: Environmental, safety and quality (RANDA FR.011)
Documentation sheet (RANDA FR.011)
Kind of report Study
Title Caracteristiques environnementales et sanitaires des canalisations PVC destinées à la collecte
et à lévacuation des eaux usées et des eaux vannes à l’intérieur des bâtiments.
Scope of investigation Building material; waste pipes, contribution of product in environmental, safety and quality
issues, manufacturing process: Suspension PVC, geographical area: France.
Year of publication 2002
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1999
Institution or Company STR PVC with Consultant Mr. H. Lecouls
Contractor/ Address STR - PVC (Syndicat des Tubes et Raccords en PVC)
11 bis, rue de Milan, 75009 Paris, France
Tel.: +33 1.53.32.79.79; fax: +33 1.53.32.79.70; e-mail: [email protected]
Authors members of STR PVC, Mr. H. Lecouls
Availability/Publisher documentation provided by FORUM PVC France (Mr. Eric Chatelain)
Tel. : +33 1 53 32 79 79
ISBN No
Keywords LCA, waste pipe, environmental impacts, safety risks, XP01-010.
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
none
Reported data LCA
Short description of the
study
Evaluation of the environmental and safety impacts of PVC waste pipes, from production to
end of life. This study was carried out under experimental AFNOR XP01-010, and using new
production data from French plants, which are members of STR-PVC organisation.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 20% Specific/own/new data 80%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation.
A 114
Systematic characterisation (RANDA FR.011) Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff
Code of practice
other X
Goal, description of
Application/use of results
Aim of study
Target group of study
Scope, description of
Main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed pipelines for waste water and rainwater
Functional unit 1 m of average PVC pipeline installed to gather and eliminate waste- and rainwater from a 100 m2 pavillon during 1 year
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use X
disposal
recycling
transportation X
Allocation (mass/energy/price)
System Expansion
Substitution
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption sufficient
Air emissions sufficient
Water emissions sufficient
Waste categories sufficient
Impacts
Global warming X
Acidification X
Nutrient enrichment
Tropospheric Ozone Formation X
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion X
Toxicity, human
Toxicity, eco
other: biodiversity, soil, air and water pollution, energy and water con-sumption, waste production, non-energetic resources consumption
Data quality
time 1998 to 2000 and possibly others
geography Europe etc.technology average/specific
Critical review performed
Evaluation
Normalisation
Weighting
other methods
A 115
Kind of report Article
Title PVC-Fenster – eine nachhaltige Entwicklung
Scope of investigation Summary of different studies done comparing PVC, Wood and Aluminium window frames
Year of publication 2002
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1993 to 2002
Institution or Company Vinnolit Kunststoffe GmbH
Contractor/ Address Glaswelt 4/2002, Gentner Verlag Stuttgart, Redaktion Glaswelt,
Forststr. 131, 70193 Stuttgart, Germany
Authors Dr. Ernst Josef Spindler
Availability/Publisher Glaswelt 4/2002, Gentner Verlag Stuttgart, Redaktion Glaswelt,
Forststr. 131, 70193 Stuttgart, Germany
ISSN 0017-1107
Keywords PVC, Wood, Aluminium, Window, eco-efficiency, sustainability
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives PVC, Wood, Aluminum
Reported data LCA / LCC
Short description of the study The article describes briefly many studies that using different methods have as a result positive
environmental and economical advantages of PVC in relation to wood and aluminium in the
production of windows.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government X material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Primarily meta-study about other studies. This is not a LCA study as such, but deals
with LCA aspects. Therefore a systematic assessment of the brochure like article is hardly
possible, but it may help to interpret results and other studies. Not suggest for systematic
characterisation.
IKP D-8
A 116
Kind of report Article
Title Life Cycle Assessment Study on Resilient Floor Coverings
Scope of investigation PVC, polyolefin, linoleum, synthetic and natural rubber in the floor covering production in the
production and disposal phase
Year of publication 1997
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1995 to 1997
Institution or Company Fraunhofer- Institut für Lebensmitteltechnologie und Verpackung,
Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
Contractor/ Address The International Journey of Life Cycle Assessment, ecomed publishers AG & Co. KG,
Justus-von-Liebig-Str. 1, D-86899 Landsberg, Germany
Authors Albrecht Günther, Horst-Christian Langowski
Availability/Publisher Int. J. LCA 2 (2) 73-80 (1997), ecomed publishers AG & Co. KG, Justus-von-Liebig-Str. 1,
D-86899 Landsberg, Germany
ISSN 0948-3349
Keywords Resilient floor coverings, LCA, PVC, polyolefin, linoleum, synthetic and natural rubber
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives PVC, cushioned PVC, polyolefin, linoleum, synthetic and natural rubber
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study LCA study comparing 32 different floorings: 30 resilient floorings, composed by different mate-
rials and different thickness. Market share of these materials are just briefly presented and no
toxicological and eco-toxicological issues are considered. The use phase is treated separately
from the rest of the whole life cycle and excluded from the impact assessment. It may be used
as a reference, but no detailed information is provided.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data X
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
IKP D-19
A 117
Kind of report Article
Title Life-cycle assessment of four types of floor covering / J. Cleaner Prod. Volume 3 Number 4
Scope of investigation Comparison of four different types of floor covering in the production, use and disposal phase.
Year of publication 1995
Ref. Year(s) of assessment 1995
Institution or Company Department of Sience, Technology and Society, Utrecht University
Contractor/ Address J. Cleaner Production, Customer Support Department, P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam,
The Netherlands
Authors José Potting and Kornelis Blok
Availability/Publisher Elsevier, Customer Support Department, P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
ISBN 0959-6526(95)00082-8
Keywords linoleum, cushion vinyl, tuffed carpet with a wollen pile, tuffed carpet with a polyamide pile,
floor covering, LCA
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives linoleum, cushion vinyl, tuffed carpet with a wollen pile, tuffed carpet with a polyamide pile
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study The study compares 4 types of floor covering with regard to their environmental impact. The
study presents a quite complete set of data and concludes that linoleum showed the most
favourable floor covering.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100 % Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government Material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
IKP NL-1
A 118
Kind of report Report
Title Report on environmental assessment of concrete clay and PVC in main sewerlines
Scope of investigation Comparison of concrete, vitrified clay, PVC in the production of sewerlines
Year of publication 1995
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1983 to 1994
Institution or Company Vereniging van Fabrikanten van Kunstofleidingsystemen (F.K.S.)
Contractor/ Address Vereniging van Fabrikanten van Kunstofleidingsystemen (F.K.S.),
P.O. Box 71730, 1008 DE Amsterdam, Netherlands
Authors Vereniging van Fabrikanten van Kunstofleidingsystemen (F.K.S.)
Availability/Publisher Vereniging van Fabrikanten van Kunstofleidingsystemen (F.K.S.),
P.O. Box 71730, 1008 DE Amsterdam, Netherlands
ISBN -
Keywords concrete, vitrified clay, PVC, sewerline
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives concrete, vitrified clay, PVC
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study The study describes the comparison of sewerlines made of concrete, vitrified clay and PVC.
For the environmental rating the method used is the 'Thalmann-equivalent'. It does not present
many details about the data used or aspects discussed.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 90% Specific/own/new data 10% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
IKP NL-4
A 119
Kind of report Report
Title Lifecycle Assessment of Pipeline Systems
Scope of investigation Potable water supply and sewage disposal for a detached family house development
Year of publication 1998
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1980 to 1994
Institution or Company Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt,
Überlandstr. 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
Contractor/ Address
Authors Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt
Availability/Publisher Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt,
Überlandstr. 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
ISBN -
Keywords production, building, drinking water, sewage disposal
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Comparison done between PE-HD, PVC and stoneware as pipe materials
Reported data LCA
Short description of the
study
Extensive study about drinking water supply and sewage disposal in a one-family house urban
area with focus on environmental aspects according to ISO 14040 et sqq. Only the production
phase is regarded. Critical review was made. The study in hand is only the summary report
and includes only aggregated impact values. A detailed inventory analysis is not included.
Weak-Point analysis and evaluation with interpretation has been carried out.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 30% Specific/own/new data 70% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
IKP CH-5
A 120
Kind of report Study
Title Energy Requirement and Eco-Balances of Materials for Drainage and Sewerage
Scope of investigation Energy consumption and CO2 emissions of pipe production
Year of publication 1997
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1979 to 1994
Institution or Company Institut für Energieverfahrens- und Brennstofftechnik der TU Clausthal und Institut für Strö-
mungstechnik und Termodynamik, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Germany
Contractor/ Address Feugres, Obergartenstr. 28, Postfach 217, 8035 Zürich, Switzerland
Authors Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing.E.h. R. Jeschar, und Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. E. Specht,
Dipl.-Ing. A. Steinbrück
Availability/Publisher Institut für Energieverfahrens- und Brennstofftechnik der TU Clausthal und Institut für Strö-
mungstechnik und Termodynamik, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Germany
ISBN -
Keywords energy consumption, CO2 emissions, pipe, production phase
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Verified clay, concrete, reinforced concrete, steel, iron, PE-HD, PVC
Reported data LCA
Short description of the
study
Energy study of different pipe materials (verified clay, concrete, reinforced concrete, steel, iron,
PE-HD, PVC) in production and disposal. CO2 emissions are calculated out of energy con-
sumption. Only energy and CO2 emissions considered, no material flows.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 80% Specific/own/new data 20% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
IKP CH-13
A 121
Kind of report Study
Title Investigation of European life cycle assessment studies of pipes made of different materials for
water supply and sewer systems - a critical comparison
Scope of investigation Comparison of different LCA studies regarding PVC, provision of transparency about the re-
sults and the main conclusions in the single studies as well as crucial differences in methodol-
ogy.
Year of publication 1999
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Institut für Industrielle Ökologie, Rennbahnstr. 29 c, A-3109 St. Pölten, Austria
Contractor/ Address TEPPFA, Avenue de Cortenbergh 66, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
Authors A. Windsperger, S. Steinlechner, F. Schneider
Availability/Publisher Institut für Industrielle Ökologie, Rennbahnstr. 29 c, A-3109 St. Pölten, Austria
ISBN -
Keywords comparison of LCA studies, PVC
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Comparison of different LCA studies regarding PVC
Reported data LCA
Short description of the
study
The study compares different LCA studies regarding PVC to provide transparency about the
results and the main conclusions in the single studies as well as crucial differences in method-
ology. The study gives an overall judgement concerning the results, the general review as well
as the positive and negative aspects of the study.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: Primarily meta-study about other studies. This is not a LCA study as such. There-
fore a systematic assessment of the brochure-like article is hardly possible, but it may help to
interpret results and other studies. Not suggest for systematic characterisation.
IKP AT-8
A 122
Kind of report Study
Title Fensterwerkstoffe - eine ökologische Bewertung
Scope of investigation LCA of PVC windows
Year of publication 1998
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Greenpeace Austria, Siebenbrunnengasse 44, A-1050 Wien, Austria
Contractor/ Address Greenpeace Austria, Siebenbrunnengasse 44, A-1050 Wien, Austria
Authors Dipl.-Ing- Herwig Schuster
Availability/Publisher Greenpeace Austria, Siebenbrunnengasse 44, A-1050 Wien, Austria
ISBN
Keywords LCA, PVC, wood, wood/aluminium, aluminium, windows
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Comparison done between windows amde of wood, wood/aluminium, aluminium, PVC
Reported data LCA
Short description of the
study
Analysis of studies carried out with respect to the environmental relevance of PVC in terms of
window manufacturing.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
X NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: Primarily meta-study about other studies. This is not a LCA study as such, but deals
with LCA aspects. Therefore a systematic assessment of the brochure-like article is hardly
possible, but it may help to interpret results and other studies. Not suggest for systematic
characterisation.
IKP AT-13
A 123
Kind of report Life-cycle screening
Title Livscyklusscreening af tagrende fra Plastmo A/S(Life cycle screening of gutter from Plastmo
A/S)
Scope of investigation A gutter.
Year of publication 2000
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company
Contractor/ Address Plastindustrien i Danmark, Nørre Voldgade 48, DK-1358 København K, Denmark
Authors Unknown
Availability/Publisher Available from the internet: http://www.plastindustrien.dk/printtekst.asp?printfil=319
ISBN No
Keywords PVC, gutter.
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data LCA related
Short description of the study Consumption of energy, resources and chemicals.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 95% Specific/own/new data 5% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Only life-cycle screening, not suggested for systematic characterisation IPU 000.0003
A 124
Kind of report Article
Title Lifecycle assessment of four types of floor covering
Scope of investigation Four types of floor covering. One type contains PVC.
Year of publication 1995
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Department of Science, Technology and Society, Utrecht University, Padualaan 14,
NL-3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
Contractor/ Address
Authors Potting, J., Blok, K.
Availability/Publisher Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 3, No. 4 (1995)
ISBN No
Keywords Life-cycle assessment, floor coverings, environment.
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives Comparison of four types of floor coverings, one containing PVC, Linoleum, Cushion vinyl (with
PVC), tufted carpet with polyamid and tufted carpet with wool.
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study Scientific article written on the basis of a standard LCA on four types of floor covering
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 80% Specific/own/new data 20% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Only an article in a journal, not suggested for systematic characterisation IPU 000.0012
A 125
Kind of report Guidance to selection of materials when renovating buildings
Title ReSAVE - en ressourceøkonomisk vurdering af by- og bygningsbevaring
Scope of investigation Renovation of residential buildings
Year of publication 1997
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Ministry of the Environment, Højbro Plads 4, DK-1200 København K, Denmark
Contractor/ Address
Authors Unknown
Availability/Publisher Website at Ministry of Environment:
http://www.sns.dk/byer-byg/Netpub/ReSAVE/indholds.htm
ISBN
Keywords Renovation of buildings
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data LCA-related, LCC
Short description of the study General guidelines when renovating buildings
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Guidebook, only qualitative information, not suggested for systematic characterisa-
tion IPU 041.0030
A 126
Kind of report Study
Title Draft of study “Miljøvurdering af vinduer/Environmental assessment of windows”
Scope of investigation Window
Year of publication 2003
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company By og Byg, Postboks 119, Dr. Neergaards Vej 15, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark,
Tel.: +45 4574 2367
Contractor/ Address Unknown
Authors Unknown
Availability/Publisher By og Byg, Postboks 119, Dr. Neergaards Vej 15, DK-2970 Hørsholm, Denmark,
Tel.: +45 4574 2367
ISBN
Keywords PVC, Window
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study LCA of window including glass. Heat loss through window is included as energy consumption
in use stage.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 80% Specific/own/new data 20% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Only draft version, not suggested for systematic characterisation IPU 010.0033
A 127
Kind of report Study
Title PVC I byggeri og anlæg (PVC in building and construction)
Scope of investigation Construction materials
Year of publication 1990
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Cowi Consult, Parallelvej 2, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Cowi consult
Availability/Publisher Danish EPA, available at website www.mst.dk
ISBN
Keywords PVC, PP, PES, LDPE, construction materials,
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative X Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives PE, PP, PS, PET, PUR, Synthetic rubber, Wood, Paper, Aluminium
Reported data LCA related, LCC
Short description of the study Short descriptions of environmental effects from materials. Short comparisons on technical,
environmental and economic consequences of substituting materials in construction
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Only qualitative information, not suggested for systematic characterisation IPU 000.0037
A 128
Kind of report Study
Title Fallstudie av LCA på golvmaterial med huvudvikt på användningsfasen
(Field study of LCA on flooring materials with emphasis on the use phase)
Scope of investigation Cleaning and maintenance of floors
Year of publication 2001
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company KTH Dep. of Building Sciences, Div. of building materials, Kunglika Tekniska Högskolan,
SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
Contractor/ Address
Authors Paulsen, J.
Availability/Publisher KTH Dep. of Building Sciences, Div. of building materials, Kunglika Tekniska Högskolan,
SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
ISBN
Keywords Floor maintenance, flooring materials
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase X End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative X Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives Linoleum floor
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study LCA field study on maintenance and cleaning of floors in a professional context
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 30% Specific/own/new data 70% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: 0041 and 0042 is the same study - LCA and following article. 0042 evaluated
further.
IPU 056.0041
A 129
Kind of report Study
Title Formidlingsprojekt om alternativer til blød PVC i byggebranchen
(Presentation project on alternatives to soft PVC in the construction sector)
Scope of investigation Outline the consumption of building products containing soft PVC in Denmark.
Draw up possible alternatives to these building products.
Year of publication 2002
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Moe og Brødsgaard A/S,
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Andersson, M.
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN
Keywords PVC, soft PVC, building materials
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives Various other plastic materials, various wood materials, cork, steel, aluminium,
Reported data LCA related
Short description of the study All Danish uses of soft PVC in construction and presentation of alternatives to all uses.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA, only qualitative information, suggested for systematic characterisation IPU 000.0047
A 130
Kind of report Study
Title Byggeri og renere teknologi - Litteratur, projekter og videncentre vedr. byggeriets ressource-
forbrug, sundheds- og miljøbelastninger(Building and cleaner technology – literature, projects
and knowledge centres regarding resource consumption, and effects on health and environ-
ment from buildings)
Scope of investigation Life cycle of buildings
Year of publication 1993
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1992/1993
Institution or Company Genanvendelsesrådet, Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut, I Krüger A/S, Dansk Teknologisk
Institut, Byggeteknisk Institut
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Rasmussen, B., Hoffmann, L., Christiansen, K., Sørensen, C.B., Hansen, H., Skousende, S.,
Folkenberg, J.
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN ISBN 87-7909-669-7
Keywords Buildings
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives No
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study LCA on buildings including various construction materials
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry X PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Only qualitative information, not suggested for systematic characterisation
IPU 000.0064
A 131
Kind of report Study
Title
Scope of investigation PVC, building sector, cork
Year of publication
Ref. year(s) of assessment 2001
Institution or Company
Contractor/ Address Armorim revestimentos
Authors Centro di Informazione sul PVC e Federchimica
Availability/Publisher Confidential
ISBN No
Keywords
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data None
Short description of the
study
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like
Overall/screening Profound
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Confidential, no further assessment possible.
RANDA PO.001
A 132
A2.3 Consumer goods
LCA of loose-leaves (IKP D-20)
Documentation sheet (IKP D-20)
Kind of report Article
Title Ringbücher im Ökovergleich
Scope of investigation LCA of loose-leaves
Year of publication 1993
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1991 to 1992
Institution or Company
Contractor/ Address Kunststoffe, Carl Hanser Verlag, Kolbergstr. 22, 81679 München, Germany
Authors J. H. Beenen, K. H. Eygelaar
Availability/Publisher Carl Hanser Verlag, Kolbergstr. 22, 81679 München, Germany
ISBN
Keywords loose-leaf, LCA
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives PP, PVC, cardboard
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study The article describes a life cycle analysis of loose-leaf, comparing PP, PVC and cardboards.
The final result is given in environmental number, and no impact category is analysed.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100 % Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 133
Systematic characterisation (IKP D-20)
Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff too old
Code of practice no
Other ecological comparison of loose-leafs
Goal, description of
Application/use of results not specified
Aim of study not specified
Traget group of study not specified
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed loose-leaf
Functional unit loose-leaf
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use qualitative
disposal X
recycling X
transportation not specified
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not specified
System Expension not specified
Substitution not specified
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption X
Air emissions X
Water emissions X
Waste categories X
Impacts
Global warming no
Acidification no
Nutrient enrichment no
Tropospheric Ozon Formation no
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no
Toxicity, human no
Toxicity, eco no
other: critical loads
Data quality
time 1990
geography basic data from Switzerland, other not specified
technology average
Critical review performed not specified
Evaluation
Normalisation no
Weighting no
other methods 100% method and Thalmann-method
A 134
LCA of Newspapers and Magazines (IKP D-33)
Documentation sheet (IKP D-33)
Kind of report Study
Title Bewertung ökologischer Lebensläufe von Zeitungen und Zeitschriften
Scope of investigation LCA of Newspapers and Magazines, production, use and disposal/recycling
Year of publication 1998
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1995 to 1998
Institution or Company Axel Springer Verlag AG, Axel Springer Platz 1, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
Contractor/ Address Stora, Södra Mariegatan 18, 79180 Falun, Sweden
Authors Klaus Krokowski, Jan Bresky, Börje Petterson, Mike Bradley, Daniel Peter, Herbert Woodtli,
Florian Nehm
Availability/Publisher Axel Springer Verlag AG, Axel Springer Platz 1, 20355 Hamburg, Germany
ISBN -
Keywords Magazines, Newspapers, LCA
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study The study reports a LCA of newspapers and magazines: from the use of forests till paper
recycling. Here, no impact categories are analysed. It does not represent a direct competing
material to PVC in this field.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry X PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 135
Systematic characterisation (IKP D-33)
Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff X
Code of practice no
Other no
Goal, description of
Application/use of results X
Aim of study X
Traget group of study X
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed newspapers and journals
Functional unit 1 kg product
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use not specified
disposal X
recycling X
transportation X
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) X (multi-life-cycle)
System Expension not specified
Substitution not specified
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption X
Air emissions X
Water emissions X
Waste categories X
Impacts
Global warming no
Acidification no
Nutrient enrichment no
Tropospheric Ozon Formation no
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no
Toxicity, human no
Toxicity, eco no
other:
"Forest Impact Indicator" method (Bradley/Peter)
Data quality
time 1995 to 1998
geography Germany, Sweden, Canada
technology state of the art
Critical review performed X
Evaluation
Normalisation not specified
Weighting not specified
other methods Eco-Indicator 95
A 136
PVC used for a boot sole (RANDA SP 007)
Documentation sheet (RANDA SP 007)
Kind of report Summary of a study
Title El Análisis del Ciclo de Vida y sus Aplicaciones: Aplicación prática de un ACV para el caso de
una suela de PVC para un zapato de seguridad
Scope of investigation PVC used for a boot sole
Year of publication 1997
Ref. year(s) of assess-
ment
Unknown
Institution or Company GAIKER
Contractor/ Address
Authors María José Suarez
Availability/Publisher GAIKER:
ISBN
Keywords PVC, boot sole
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
No
Reported data Other life-cycle related data
Short description of the
study
Preliminary life cycle assessment of a PVC safety boot soles. It takes into account the produc-
tion of raw material, the transport of raw materials to the product-manufacturing plant, the
production of the sole and the transport to the use site, waste management. For the inventory
they use mainly industrial data, however these data are not shown. Very few results are shown.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data X Comments related to
further assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
RANDA SP.007
A 137
Systematic characterisation (RANDA SP 007)
Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff
Code of practice X
Other SETAC
Goal, description of
Application/use of results
Aim of study X
Target group of study
Scope, description of
Main technical systems properly described -
Function analysed PVC used for boot Functional unit a PVC sole (nr. 41) to be inserted
in a safety boot model
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use X
disposal X
recycling X
transportation X
Allocation (mass/energy/price)
System expansion
Substitution
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption
Air emissions
Water emissions
Waste categories
Impacts
Global warming X
Acidification
Nutrient enrichment X
Tropospheric Ozone Formation
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Toxicity, human
Toxicity, eco
other:
Data quality
time
geography
technology
Critical review performed
Evaluation
Normalisation
Weighting
other methods
A 138
Woven polyester fabric coated with a PVC compound (RANDA FR.014)
Documentation sheet (RANDA FR.014)
Kind of report Ecoprofile
Title Ecoprofile of the production, use & recycling of coated polyester architectural fabric
Scope of investigation Woven polyester fabric coated with a PVC compound
Year of publication 2000
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1998
Institution or Company Serge Ferrari, S.A.
Contractor/ Address La Tour du Pin, France
Authors I. Boustead
Availability/Publisher
ISBN -
Keywords ecoprofile, PVC, polyester, woven polyester fabric, PVC compound
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data LCI
Short description of the study This ecoprofile quantitatively examines the production of an architectural fabric coated with a
PVC compound; use phase is not considered. The overall frame of the study is based on ISO
draft guidelines. The author notes that, “such tables should not be regarded as a comprehen-
sive environmental description of the system but only a description of the characteristics which
are currently monitored.” Beyond the presentation of quantitative data, few conclusions or
applications are included in the report.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 30% Specific/own/new data 70% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation.
A 139
Systematic characterisation (RANDA FR.014)
Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff draft guidelines
Code of practice
Other
Goal, description of
Application/use of results X
Aim of study X
Target group of study X
Scope, description of
Main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed production, transport and disposal/recycling of polyester architec-
tural fabric coated with a PVC compound
Functional unit 1 m2 of fabric A) Packaging of a 50 m roll containing 90 m2 of
fabric B) Packaging of 900 m2 (jumbo rolls)
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use
disposal X
recycling X
transportation X
Allocation (mass/energy/price)
System Expansion
Substitution
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption sufficient Air emissions Sufficient. Refer to emissions after on-site treatment. Water emissions Sufficient. Refer to emissions after on-site treatment.
Waste categories Classified under two main headings: refuse and industrial solid
waste.
Impacts
Global warming X
Acidification
Nutrient enrichment
Tropospheric Ozone Formation
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Toxicity, human
Toxicity, eco
other:
Data quality
time 1993 to 2000
geography Europe
technology Average/specific
Critical review performed
Evaluation
Normalisation
Weighting
other methods
A 140
Kind of report Study
Title PVC i kontorartikler, sundhedssektorer, mv. (PVC in office-supplies, health-sector etc.)
Scope of investigation Office supplies, healthcare products, various other products
Year of publication 1990
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1988
Institution or Company Jysk Teknologisk Institut
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Hillersborg, A.S., Ottosen, L.M.
Availability/Publisher Danish EPA, available on website www.mst.dk
ISBN
Keywords PVC, office supplies, health care products
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative X Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives PE, PP, PS, PET, PUR, Synthetic rubber, Wood, Paper, Aluminium
Reported data LCA related, LCC
Short description of the study Short descriptions of environmental effects from materials. Short comparisons with technical,
environmental and economic consequences of substituting materials in various product groups
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. Comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. Comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Only qualitative information, not suggested for systematic characterisation
IPU 000.0036
A 141
A2.4 Packaging
LCA of Packaging for beverages (IKP D-52)
Documentation sheet (IKP D-52)
Kind of report Study
Title Getränkeverpackungen aus PVC in der Oekobilanz
Scope of investigation LCA of Packaging for beverages
Year of publication 1992
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1991
Institution or Company Bischoff Packaging SA, CH-1801 Le Mont-Pelerin, Switzerland
Contractor/ Address European Vinyl Corporation Solvay SA
Authors Bischoff Packaging SA
Availability/Publisher Bischoff Packaging SA, CH-1801 Le Mont-Pelerin, Switzerland
ISBN
Keywords LCA, packaging, beverages, method of critical load
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives glass, PVC, PET
Reported data LCA
Short description of the study The study compares life-cycle impacts of different packaging materials in terms of beverages.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100 % Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 142
Systematic characterisation (IKP D-52)
Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff too old
Code of practice no
Other LCA of packing materials
for beverage
Goal, description of
Application/use of results not specified
Aim of study not specified
Traget group of study not specified
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed packing of beverage
Functional unit bottles (0.75/1/1.25/1.5 litres)
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use X
disposal X
recycling X
transportation X
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not specified
System Expension not specified
Substitution not specified
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption X
Air emissions X
Water emissions X
Waste categories X
Impacts
Global warming no
Acidification no
Nutrient enrichment no
Tropospheric Ozon Formation no
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no
Toxicity, human no
Toxicity, eco no
other: critical loads
Data quality
time 1991
geography Switzerland, Germany, France
technology average
Critical review performed not specified
Evaluation
Normalisation no
Weighting no
other methods no
A 143
LCA of Packaging for beverages (IKP CH-2)
Documentation sheet (IKP CH-2)
Kind of report Study
Title Ökobilanz für Verpackungen verschiedenen Aufbaus und unterschiedlicher Anwendungen aus
dem deutschen Markt
Scope of investigation Packing materials in the German market
Year of publication 1992
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1990
Institution or Company ETHZ, CH-9014 St. Gallen
Contractor/ Address Gütegemeinschaft Kalandrierte PVC Hart-Folien für Verpackungszwecke e. V.,
Postfach 2863, 65018 Wiesbaden, Germany
Authors Thalmann, W.
Availability/Publisher Gütegemeinschaft Kalandrierte PVC Hart-Folien für Verpackungszwecke e. V.,
Postfach 2863, 65018 Wiesbaden, Germany
ISBN -
Keywords packing materials, German market
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
PE, glass, aluminium, cardboard, PP, PS, polyvinyl alcohol, PVC, PVCD, E-PVC, PA, PETP,
rubber hydrochloride, cellulose acetate, PC, polyacetal, polymethyl methacrylate.
Reported data LCA
Short description of the
study
The study is a summary of the study "Ökologische Betrachtung zu PVC und Umwelt sowie
Ökobilanzen für Verpackungen verschiedenen Aufbaus und unterschiedlicher Anwendungen
aus dem deutschen Markt". LCA of plastic packing materials and examples of packages in
ecological assessment in consideration of the German market. The study is mainly based on
the study “Oekobilanz von Packstoffen Stand 1990” (BUWAL Nr. 132). Results are aggregated
to different scenarios
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 80% Specific/own/new data 20% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 144
Systematic characterisation (IKP CH-2)
Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff too old
Code of practice no
Other LCA of packing materials
Goal, description of
Application/use of results not specified
Aim of study not specified
Traget group of study not specified
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed packing
Functional unit packing unit
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use qualitative
disposal X
recycling qualitative
transportation qualitative
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not specified
System Expension not specified
Substitution not specified
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption X
Air emissions X
Water emissions X
Waste categories X
Impacts
Global warming no
Acidification no
Nutrient enrichment no
Tropospheric Ozon Formation no
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no
Toxicity, human no
Toxicity, eco no
other: critical loads
Data quality
time 1990
geography Germany
technology average
Critical review performed no
Evaluation
Normalisation X
Weighting X
other methods not specified
A 145
Comparison of PVC to glass as packaging material (IKP CH-3)
Documentation sheet (IKP CH-3)
Kind of report Study
Title Orientierender Vergleich PVC-Glasflaschen
Scope of investigation Comparison of PVC to glass as packaging material.
Year of publication 1989
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1982 to 1989
Institution or Company Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Schweizerischen Kunststoffindustrie,
Nordstr. 15, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
Contractor/ Address
Authors Thalmann, W.
Availability/Publisher Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Schweizerischen Kunststoffindustrie,
Nordstr. 15, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
ISBN
Keywords glass, PVC, bottles
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Comparison done between glass and PVC
Reported data LCA
Short description of the
study
The study compares glass and PVC bottles under consideration of different boundary condi-
tions. The used data is mostly based on older literature data. The documentation is very short,
the inventory analysis is not very detailed. Results of the assessment are aggregated
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 80% Specific/own/new data 20% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 146
Systematic characterisation (IKP CH-3) Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff too old
Code of practice No
Other ecological comparison of PVC and glass bottles
Goal, description of
Application/use of results not specified
Aim of study not specified
Traget group of study not specified
Scope, description of
Main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed packing of beverage
Functional unit 100 l beverage
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use X
disposal X
recycling X
transportation X
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not specified
System Expension not specified
Substitution not specified
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption X
Air emissions X
Water emissions X
Waste categories X
Impacts
Global warming no
Acidification no
Nutrient enrichment no
Tropospheric Ozon Formation no
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no
Toxicity, human no
Toxicity, eco no
other: critical loads
Data quality
time 1989
geography Germany/Europe
technology average
Critical review performed no
Evaluation
Normalisation not specified
Weighting not specified
other methods not specified
A 147
LCA of plastic packing materials (IKP CH-7)
Documentation sheet (IKP CH-7)
Kind of report Report
Title Ökologische Betrachtung zu PVC und Umwelt sowie Ökobilanzen für Verpackungen verschie-
denen Aufbaus und unterschiedlicher Anwendungen aus dem deutschen Markt
Scope of investigation LCA of plastic packing materials
Year of publication 1992
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1990
Institution or Company Gütegemeinschaft Kalandrierte PVC Hart-Folien für Verpackungszwecke e. V.,
Postfach 2863, 65018 Wiesbaden, Germany
Contractor/ Address Gütegemeinschaft Kalandrierte PVC Hart-Folien für Verpackungszwecke e. V.,
Postfach 2863, 65018 Wiesbaden, Germany
Authors Thalmann, W.
Availability/Publisher Gütegemeinschaft Kalandrierte PVC Hart-Folien für Verpackungszwecke e. V.,
Postfach 2863, 65018 Wiesbaden, Germany
ISBN -
Keywords LCA, packaging
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
PE, glass, aluminium, cardboard, PP, PS, polyvinyl alcohol, PVC, PVCD, E-PVC, PA, PETP,
rubber hydrochloride, cellulose acetate, PC, polyacetal, polymethyl methacrylate.
Reported data LCA
Short description of the
study
Literature survey about dioxin, furan and hydrogen chloride emissions. Analysis about the
behaviour and performance of packing materials and the interaction with environment. LCA of
plastic packing materials and examples of packages in ecological assessment in consideration
of the German market. Focus on technical demands. The study is based on the study “Oekobi-
lanz von Packstoffen Stand 1990” (BUWAL Nr. 132).
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 80% Specific/own/new data 20% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 148
Systematic characterisation (IKP CH-7) Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff too old
Code of practice No
Other ecological consideration of PVC and LCA of packing
Goal, description of
Application/use of results not specified
Aim of study not specified
Traget group of study not specified
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed packing
Functional unit packing unit
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use qualitative
disposal X
recycling qualitative
transportation qualitative
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not specified
System Expension not specified
Substitution not specified
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption X
Air emissions X
Water emissions X
Waste categories X
Impacts
Global warming no
Acidification no
Nutrient enrichment no
Tropospheric Ozon Formation no
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no
Toxicity, human no
Toxicity, eco no
other: critical loads
Data quality
time 1990
geography Germany
technology average
Critical review performed no
Evaluation
Normalisation X
Weighting X
other methods not specified
A 149
LCA of packing materials (IKP CH-14)
Documentation sheet (IKP CH-14)
Kind of report Study
Title Ökobilanz von Packstoffen Stand 1990
Scope of investigation LCA of packing materials
Year of publication 1991
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1990
Institution or Company Institut für Verfahrens- und Kältetechnik (IVUK) ETH Zürich
Contractor/ Address BUWAL, Bundesamt für Umwelt, Walt und Landschaft, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland
Authors Dipl.-Ing. K. Habersatter, Prof. Dr. F. Widmer
Availability/Publisher BUWAL, Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland
ISBN -
Keywords packing materials, inventory analysis, impact assessment, critical loads
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data LCA
Short description of the
study
Detailed inventory analysis and impact assessment of the production of packing materials
(aluminium, glass, HD/LD-PE, PET, PP, PS, HI-PS, PVC, paper, board and tinplate).
Method of critical loads. Data is mainly for production phase and too old.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 40% Specific/own/new data 60% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. Comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. Comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 150
Systematic characterisation (IKP CH-14)
Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff too old
Code of practice No
Other LCA of packing materials
(BUWAL 1990)
Goal, description of
Application/use of results X
Aim of study X
Traget group of study X
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed preliminary products
Functional unit 1 kg material
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production only production of prelimi-nary products
use not included
disposal X
recycling X
transportation X
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not specified
System Expension not specified
Substitution not specified
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption X
Air emissions X
Water emissions X
Waste categories X
Impacts
Global warming no
Acidification no
Nutrient enrichment no
Tropospheric Ozon Formation no
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no
Toxicity, human no
Toxicity, eco no
other: critical loads and ecological scantness
Data quality
time 1990
geography Switzerland
technology average
Critical review performed not specified
Evaluation
Normalisation no
Weighting no
other methods not specified
A 151
LCA of packing materials II (IKP CH-15)
Documentation sheet (IKP CH-15)
Kind of report Study
Title Oekobilanz von Packstoffen
Scope of investigation LCA of packing materials
Year of publication 1984
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1978 to 1983
Institution or Company BUS ; now: BUWAL, Bundesamt für Umwelt, Walt und Landschaft,
CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland
Contractor/ Address EMPA SG, Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Versuchsanstalt für Industrie, Bauwesen
und Gewerbe, St. Gallen, Switzerland
Authors Dipl.-Ing. K. Habersatter, Prof. Dr. F. Widmer
Availability/Publisher BUS ; now: BUWAL, Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft,
CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland
ISBN -
Keywords aluminium, glass, HD/LD-PE, PVC, HI-PS, paper, board and tinplate
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternati-
ves
Alu, Glas, PE, PP, PS, PET, paper, cardboard, steel
Reported data LCA
Short description of the
study
LCA of packing material with numerous different materials (aluminium, glass, HD/LD-PE, PVC,
HI-PS, paper, board and tinplate). Example: packing of milk. Data is mainly for production
phase and very old.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 40% Specific/own/new data 60% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
A 152
Systematic characterisation (IKP CH-15) Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff too old
Code of practice no
Other LCA of packing materials
Goal, description of
Application/use of results X
Aim of study X
Traget group of study X
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed packing materials
Functional unit 1 kg material
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use qualitative
disposal X
recycling X
transportation X
Allocation (mass/energy/price/exergy) not specified
System Expension not specified
Substitution not specified
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption X
Air emissions X
Water emissions X
Waste categories X
Impacts
Global warming no
Acidification no
Nutrient enrichment no
Tropospheric Ozon Formation no
Stratospheric Ozon Depletion no
Toxicity, human no
Toxicity, eco no
other: critical loads
Data quality
time 1983
geographySwitzerland and supply chain countries
technology average
Critical review performed not specified
Evaluation
Normalisation no
Weighting no
other methods not specified
A 153
LCA of a 1.5 l mineral-water bottle (RANDA FR.003)
Documentation sheet (RANDA FR.003)
Kind of report Study
Title Ecobilan de la bouteille d’eau minérale de 1,5 l en PVC: De la composition d’un mélange PVC
à ses modes de valorisation.
Scope of investigation LCA of a 1.5 l mineral-water bottle, from the production of the PVC resin to the final disposal
of the bottles and packagings. Full life cycle, including compounding, conversion, use and
different ways of valuation.
Year of publication 1993
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1990
Institution or Company ECOBILAN
Contractor/ Address GECOM-VALORPLAST (section PVC)
Cédex 99, 92909 Paris La Défense, France, Tel. + 33 1 46 53 10 95 , Fax: + 33 1 46 53 10 90
Authors Société ECOBILAN
Availability/Publisher The full report was not publicly released. An executive summary was presented to key stake-
holders. A brochure titled “La bouteille en PVC et l’environnement” was published in October
1995 by RECYPVC.
ISBN No
Keywords Mineral-water bottle, PVC resin, valuation, LCA, ecoprofile, production, mixture, recycling,
transport, distribution, elimination, PE, packaging, labels, incineration.
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Not compared to other potential substitutes.
Reported data LCI
Short description of the
study
The goal is to evaluate the environmental impacts of PVC in this application, and:
a) to analyse the weak and strong points of PVC in this application;
b) to study post-consumer disposal scenarios for year 2000 (compared to current situa-
tion);
c) c) to offer a data base, following a methological evaluation that can be used in other
packaging materials.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data X Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation.
A 154
Systematic characterisation (RANDA FR.003)
Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff
Code of practice
Other X
Goal, description of
Application/use of results X
Aim of study X
Target group of study X
Scope, description of
Main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed PVC water bottles
Functional unit 100,000 bottles (150,000 l)
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use X
disposal X
recycling X
transportation X
Allocation (mass/price/energy)
System Expansion
Substitution
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption sufficient
Air emissions sufficient
Water emissions sufficient
Waste categories sufficient
Impacts
Global warming
Acidification
Nutrient enrichment
Tropospheric Ozone Formation
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Toxicity, human
Toxicity, eco
other:
Data quality
time 1990
geography France/Europe
technology
Critical review performed
Evaluation
Normalisation
Weighting
other methods
A 155
Life-cycle analysis of PVC, PE and PET containers (RANDA IT.017)
Documentation sheet (RANDA IT.017)
Kind of report Conference article
Title Life-cycle analysis of PVC, PE and PET containers from municipal solid waste.
Scope of investigation The study compares different styles of plastic waste management (PVC, PE and PET) using
energy saving criteria.
Year of publication 1996
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1992 to 1995
Institution or Company Università “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy; Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy; ISPESL, Rome,
Italy.
Contractor/ Address Unknown
Authors Di Ianni, P.; Mancini, P.; Carlini, M.; Villarini, M.
Availability/Publisher The Journal of Solid Waste Management
ISBN No
Keywords PVC, PET, PE containers; energy consumption, waste, landfill, incinerator
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Not clearly identified
Reported data LCA
Short description of the
study
The study analyses different options for plastic-waste management (landfill and incineration,
with and without energy recovery) from an energy perspective by using a LCA approach.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data X Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation.
A 156
Systematic characterisation (RANDA IT.017) Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff
Code of practice X
Other
Goal, description of
Application/use of results
Aim of study
Target group of study
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described -
Function analysed energy consumption/energy saving of different waste treatments for PET, PVC and PE containers
Functional unit 1 kg
System boundaries include:
materials
energy X
production
use
disposal
recycling
transportation
Allocation (mass/price/energy)
System Expansion
Substitution
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption sufficient
Air emissions
Water emissions
Waste categories
Impacts
Global warming
Acidification
Nutrient enrichment
Tropospheric Ozone Formation
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Toxicity, human
Toxicity, eco
other:
Data quality
time 1992 to 1995
geography Italy – Europe
technology
Critical review performed
Evaluation
Normalisation
Weighting
other methods
A 157
Social cost and environmental impacts of PET bottle recycling (RANDA FR 005)
Documentation sheet (RANDA FR 005)
Kind of report Study
Title Evaluation of costs and benefits for the achievement of re-use and recycling targets for the differ-
ent packaging materials in the frame of the packaging waste directive 94/62/EC.
Scope of investigation End-of-life phase, social cost and Environmental impacts, PET-bottle recycling.
Year of publication 2001
Ref. year(s) of assessment 2000
Institution or Company RDC-Environment & Pira International
Contractor/ Address Commision Européenne (Direction générale de l’environnement)
Centre d’information (BU-9 0/11), B-1049 Bruxelles, Belgium
Fax (32-2) 299 61 98, e-mail: [email protected]
Authors BIO Intelligence Service and RDC-Environnement
Availability/Publisher Can be downloaded from European Commission web site:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/waste/studies/index.htm
ISBN No
Keywords PET, bottles, recycling, packaging materials, virgin PET, social costs, environmental impacts.
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives No
Reported data Economical / LCA
Short description of the study The objective of the study was to compare different packaging materials, based on the evaluation
of the social costs and environmental impacts of their recycling.
Therefore, this evaluation is only based on the end of life of the product, and basically in the
energy consumption and toxicity effect.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 80% Specific/own/new data 20% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation.
A 158
Systematic characterisation (RANDA FR 005) Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff X
Code of practice
Other X
Goal, description of
Application/use of results
Aim of study X
Target group of study
Scope, description of
Main technical systems properly described
Function analysed reuse and recycling of packaging materials
Functional unit
System boundaries include:
materials X (only reuse case studies)
energy X
production X (only reuse case studies)
use
disposal X
recycling X
transportation X
Allocation (mass/energy/price)
System expansion
Substitution
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption in monetary units
Air emissions in monetary units
Water emissions in monetary units
Waste categories in monetary units
Impacts
Global warming X
Acidification X
Nutrient enrichment X
Tropospheric Ozone Formation X
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion X
Toxicity, human X
Toxicity, eco X
other: black smoke, fertilisation
Data quality
time 1993 to 2000
geography Europe
technology
Critical review performed
Evaluation
Normalisation
Weighting
Other methods X
A 159
Data for end-of-life analyses of packaging material (RANDA FR 007)
Documentation sheet (RANDA FR 007)
Kind of report Database
Title Base de données du logiciel WISARD. Modules of interest: recyclage des corps creux en PEhd en
flacons tri-couche à partir de paillettes ou à partir de granules / recyclage des films plastiques en
sacs plastiques / recyclage des emballages PET en fibres de rembourrage (couettes et pulls) /
recyclage des emballages PET issus des centres de tri en résine Supercycle / recyclage des
emballages PET issus de la collecte sélective en emballages PET tri-couche / recyclage chimique
des emballages PET en mousse polyuréthanne / Tri complémentaire et recyclage du PVC en tubes
d’assainissement / Recyclage de plastiques mélangés en piquets
Scope of investigation Data for LCA / end-of-life analyses, packaging material, waste management, France.
Year of publication 2001
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1999
Institution or Company Société Ecobilan and BIO Intelligence Service
Contractor/ Address ECO EMBALLAGES, 44, Avenue Georges Pompidou, F-92300 Levallois-Perret, France,
Tel.: +33 1 40 89 99 99 Fax: +33 1 40 89 99 88
e-mail: [email protected], http://www.ecoemballages.fr
Authors Société Ecobilan and BIO Intelligence Service
Availability/Publisher Can be download from ADEME homepage:
http://www.ademe.fr/entreprises/Management-env/Approche-
produit/Bilan_ACV_recyclage/Filières/Plastiques/emballages%20plastiques.htm
ISBN No
Keywords ISO 14040, ACV, end of life, packaging material, recycling, chemical valuation, selective collection,
plastic films, PEhd, PET, PEbd, low density PE, high-density PE, PET, PVC, polyurethane.
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternat.
Reported data LCA
Short description of the
study
The objective is to provide data for future ACV analysis. The data are extracted from previous ACV
studies and the method used is based on ‘avoided impacts’. Advantages and disadvantages from
recycling material compared to virgin raw material in products are presented.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 50% Specific/own/new data 50%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry X PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation.
A 160
Systematic characterisation (RANDA FR 007)
Overall frame of study
ISO 14040 ff X
Code of practice
Other
Goal, description of
Application/use of results
Aim of study X
Target group of study
Scope, description of
main technical systems properly described X
Function analysed recycling of bottling materials
Functional unit various
System boundaries include:
materials X
energy X
production X
use
disposal X
recycling X
transportation X
Allocation (mass/price/energy)
System Expansion
Substitution
Data categories described
Primary energy consumption insufficient
Air emissions insufficient
Water emissions insufficient
Waste categories insufficient
Impacts
Global warming X
Acidification X
Nutrient enrichment
Tropospheric Ozone Formation
Stratospheric Ozone Depletion X
Toxicity, human X
Toxicity, eco
other: eutrophication
Data quality
time 1993 to 1998
geography France/Europe
technology specific/average
Critical review performed
Evaluation
Normalisation
Weighting
other methods
A 161
Kind of report Study
Title PVC I emballage (PVC in packaging.)
Scope of investigation packaging
Year of publication 1990
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Emballage- og Transportinstituttet
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Bager, K., Jeilsø, K., Ludvigsen, S., Jakobsen, J., Nielsen, K.
Availability/Publisher Danish EPA, available on website www.mst.dk
ISBN
Keywords PVC, packaging
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative X Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives PE, PET, PP, PS, packaging materials
Reported data LCA related, LCC
Short description of the study Short descriptions of environmental effects from materials. Short comparisons on technical,
environmental and economic consequences of substituting packaging materials
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Only qualitative information, not suggested for systematic characterisation
IPU 000.0038
A 162
Kind of report Article
Title A survey of schemes in the United Kingdom collecting plastic bottles for recycling.
Scope of investigation Collection of plastic bottles for recycling
Year of publication 1999
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1997
Institution or Company RECOUP, PPS Recovery Systems Ltd., 9 Metro Centre, Welbeck Way,
Woodston, Peterborough PE2 7WH, UK
Contractor/ Address
Authors Smith, D.N., Harrison, L.M., Simmons, A.J.
Availability/Publisher Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 25 (1997)
ISBN
Keywords Plastic bottle, recycling, Survey
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives PET, HDPE
Reported data LCA related
Short description of the study A survey of type, distribution and efficiacy of collection systems in the UK
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Collection systems in focus, not suggested for systematic characterisation
IPU 000.0074
A 163
Kind of report Study
Title ACV des caisses en bois, carton ondulé et plastique pour pommes.
Scope of investigation LCA, apple boxes, plastic(PP), paperboard, wood, geographical scope: France.
Year of publication 2000
Ref. year(s) of assessment -
Institution or Company Ecobilan SA (France)
Contractor/ Address ADEME (agence de l’environnement et de la maîtrise de l’énergie)
Direction de la Stratégie et de la Communication
27, rue Louis Vicat, 75737 Paris cedes 15, France,
Tel. +33 1 47 65 20 00, Fax : +33 1 46 45 52 36
Direction Déchets Municipaux et Direction de l’Industrie
2, square La Fayette, BP 406, 49004 Angers cedex 1, France
Tel. +33 2 41 20 41 20, Fax. +33 2 41 20 42 00
Authors Société Ecobilan and BIO Intelligence Service
Availability/Publisher Can be downloaded from ADEME homepage:
http://www.ademe.fr/entreprises/Management-env/Approche-
produit/Bilan_ACV_recyclage/Filières/Plastiques/emballages%20plastiques.htm
ISBN No
Keywords ACV, apple box, packaging material, PP, plastic, wood, paperboard, distribution.
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives Comparison between PP and other alternatives (wood and paperboard).
Reported data LCA, other life-cycle related data
Short description of the
study
The objective of the study was to show the key points and the possible improvements for each type
of box (wood, paperboard and plastic). It is based on the present situation in France, because of
the usage of specific distribution system for this country. However, it is not a complete study with a
material and energy flow balance because it only evaluates several re-use rotations.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: No PVC considered, PP is benchmark object, not suggested for systematic charac-
terisation
RANDA FR.008
A 164
A2.5 Transport
Kind of report Critical review of existing LCA studies
Title Life cycle assessment of vinyl materials in automotive applications: Search and critical review
of published LCI/LCA studies of vinyl and selected alternative materials.
Scope of investigation To obtain authoritative information on PVC’s life-cycle environmental impacts
Year of publication 1996
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1996
Institution or Company Ecobalance Inc., 15204 Omega Drive, Suite 220, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
Contractor/ Address Chlorine Chemistry Council, The Vinyl Institute, and The Ford Motor Company
Authors Unknown
Availability/Publisher Ecobalance Inc., 15204 Omega Drive, Suite 220, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
ISBN No
Keywords PVC, automotive interior
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data -
Short description of the study Review of existing studies on use of PVC and alternatives for various purposes. Critical to-
wards existing studies and methods (in 1996). The conclusion is that with 1996 knowledge
PVC is not worse than other alternative materials.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: Primarily meta-study about other studies. This is not a LCA study as such, but deals
with LCA aspects. Not suggest for systematic characterisation.
IPU 000.0006
A 165
A2.6 Electric and electronics
Kind of report Study
Title Optimisation of PVC-free Materials in Cables
Scope of investigation Practical testing of non-halogenated cables against same standards as PVC cables
Year of publication 2000
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company 1Draka-NKT Optical Cable. 2Danish Technological Institute, Environmental Technology
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors 1Haslev, P., 1Poulsen, P.V., 1Hjøllund, L., 1Ditlefsen, A., 1Jensen, K.B., 2Jørgen Larsen, J.,
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN
Keywords PVC, cables, non-halogenated cables
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase X End of life Qualitative Qualitative X Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives Non halogenated cables
Reported data LCA related
Short description of the study Practical testing of non-halogenated cables against same standards as PVC cables.
Computer simulations of the same.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Focus on mechanical properties of materials and only qualitative information, not
suggested for systematic characterisation
IPU 000.0050
A 166
A2.7 Medical
Kind of report Life-cycle screening
Title Livscyklusscreening af kateter fra Coloplast A/S(Life cycle screening of catheter from Coloplast
A/S
Scope of investigation A catheter
Year of publication 2000
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company
Contractor/ Address Plastindustrien i Danmark, Nørre Voldgade 48, DK-1358 København K, Denmark
Authors Unknown
Availability/Publisher Available from internet: http://www.plastindustrien.dk/printtekst.asp?printfil=419
ISBN No
Keywords PVC, catheter.
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data LCA related
Short description of the study Consumption of energy, resources and chemicals.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 95% Specific/own/new data 5% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: : Only Life-Cycle screening, not suggested for systematic characterisation
IPU 000.0004
A 167
Annex A3 Documentation sheets of non-LCA studies
A3.1 Sector independent information
Kind of report Report
Title Recycling of bromine from plastics containing brominated flame retardants in state-of-the-art
combustion facilities
Scope of investigation Recycling of bromine from plastics containing brominated flame retardants
Year of publication 2002
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1996 to 2001
Institution or Company APME, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, EBFRIP
Contractor/ Address APME, Avenue E. van Nieuwenhyuse 4, Box 3, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium
Authors Jurgen Vehlow, B. Bergfeldt, H. Hunsinger, K. Jay, Frank E. Mark, Lein Tange, Dieter Droh-
mann, Herbert Fisch
Availability/Publisher APME, Avenue E. van Nieuwenhyuse 4, Box 3, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium
or internet (download): http://www.ebfrip.org/download/tamara.pdf
ISBN -
Keywords brominated flame retardants, combustion facility, WEEE
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives -
Reported data Not LCA data
Short description of the study The study describes trials conducted in a pilot scale municipal solid-waste combustion with the
objective to show that the recycling of bromine in plastics waste containing brominated flame-
retardants is technically feasible. It does not deal with an specific plastic.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: The study deals with plastic waste in general. No specific information about PVC
and/or competitors can be drawn. Not suggested for further assessment.
IKP D-10
A 168
Kind of report Report
Title Die Industriegesellschaft gestalten - Perspektiven für einen nachhaltigen Umgang mit Stoff-
und Materialströmen
Scope of investigation Chemical production of chlorine, production process of PVC, disposal of PVC waste
Year of publication 1994
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1990 to 1994
Institution or Company Enquete-Kommission 'Schutz des Menschen und der Umwelt - Bewertungskriterien und Per-
spektiven für umweltverträgliche Stoffkreisläufe in der Industriegesellschaft'
Contractor/ Address Deutscher Bundestag, 12. Wahlperiode
Authors Enquete-Kommission 'Schutz des Menschen und der Umwelt - Bewertungskriterien und Per-
spektiven für umweltverträgliche Stoffkreisläufe in der Industriegesellschaft'
Availability/Publisher Deutscher Bundestag ,12. Wahlperiode, Drucksache 12/8260, Sachgebiet 1101
ISBN -
Keywords Chlorine, PVC
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives No
Reported data No LCA data
Short description of the study Information about chemical production of chlorine, production process of PVC, disposal of PVC
waste
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, systematic characterisation of report
is hardly possible, but it may help to interpret results and other studies, not suggested for
systematic characterisation .
IKP D-21
A 169
Kind of report Study
Title Stand des PVC-Recyclings in Deutschland und seine umweltpolitische Bedeutung
Scope of investigation Recycling of PVC in Germany and resulting impacts
Year of publication 1992
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Greenpeace Deutschland, Große Elbstr. 39, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
Contractor/ Address Institut für ökologisches Recycling e. V., Kurfürstenstr.14, 10785 Berlin, Germany
Authors Jürgen Halbekath, Michaela Moser, Juliane Marter
Availability/Publisher Greenpeace Deutschland, Grosse Elbstr. 39, 22767 Hamburg, Germany
ISBN -
Keywords PVC, production, recycling incineration,
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data
Short description of the study Greenpeace Germany gives an overview on recycling of PVC and the resulting impacts. Pro-
duction, Recycling and incineration is considered. The study does not contain LCA.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
X NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not scientifically based, not suggested
for further assessment
IKP D-25
A 170
Kind of report Report
Title Von Cadmium bis Dioxin - PVC - der Werkstoff mit dem eingebauten Risiko
Scope of investigation Emissons from incinerated PVC
Year of publication 2002
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland e. V. (BUND),
Am Köllnischen Park 1, 10179 Berlin, Germany
Contractor/ Address
Authors Armin Radünz, Thomas Lenius
Availability/Publisher Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland e. V. (BUND),
Am Köllnischen Park 1, 10179 Berlin, Germany
ISBN -
Keywords PVC, Chlorine, Emissions,
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data
Short description of the study The study gives a brief overview on emissions from incinerated PVC.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia Part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
X NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not scientifically based, not suggested
for further assessment
IKP D-40
A 171
Kind of report Article
Title Der Trend geht zum Zweitbaum
Scope of investigation Christmas trees made of PVC
Year of publication 2002
Ref. year(s) of assessment 2002
Institution or Company Stuttgarter Zeitung, Plieninger Str. 150, 70567 Stuttgart, Germany
Contractor/ Address Stuttgarter Zeitung, Plieninger Str. 150, 70567 Stuttgart, Germany
Authors Michael Brendler
Availability/Publisher Stuttgarter Zeitung, Plieninger Str. 150, 70567 Stuttgart, Germany
ISBN -
Keywords PVC, Wood, Christmas tree
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives PVC Christmas tree compared to wooden Christmas tree
Reported data
Short description of the study The study describes the advantages and disadvantages of PVC Christmas trees.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not scientifically based, not suggested
for further assessment
IKP D-43
A 172
Kind of report Report
Title Stellungnahme zur Studie "Konversion der Chlorchemie" der Prognos AG, Basel, Dezember
1994
Scope of investigation Comment to a study about the conversion of important chlorine products in the chemical indus-
try
Year of publication 1995
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Arbeitsgemeinschaft PVC und Umwelt e. V., Pleimesstr. 3, D-53129 Bonn, Germany
Contractor/ Address Arbeitsgemeinschaft PVC und Umwelt e. V., Pleimesstr. 3, D-53129 Bonn, Germany
Authors Arbeitsgemeinschaft PVC und Umwelt e. V.
Availability/Publisher Arbeitsgemeinschaft PVC und Umwelt e. V., Pleimesstr. 3, D-53129 Bonn, Germany
ISBN
Keywords chlorine, chemical industry, comment report
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data
Short description of the study The report is a comment on a study about the conversion of important chlorine products in the
chemical industry. Only in special cases new data is delivered and the underlying study is only
commented in some special points. The viewpoints have to be included when the original study
is considered, but the comment report on its own includes not enough data.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100 % Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study (meta-study), no additional issues covered, not suggested for further
assessment
IKP D-46
A 173
Kind of report Article
Title Environmental Damage By PVC - An Overview
Scope of investigation Environmental Damage By PVC
Year of publication 1992
Ref. year(s) of assessment Before 1992
Institution or Company Umweltbundesamt, Postfach 33 00 22, 14191 Berlin, Germany
Contractor/ Address Umweltbundesamt , Postfach 33 00 22, 14191 Berlin, Germany
Authors Umweltbundesamt
Availability/Publisher Umweltbundesamt , Postfach 33 00 22, 14191 Berlin, Germany
ISBN
Keywords Environmental damage, PVC, overview
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data
Short description of the study The article is an overview about Environmental damage by PVC. The entirety of PVC is con-
sidered, special products are not addressed. Statements are only qualitative and very general.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100 % Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment
IKP D-50
A 174
Kind of report Book
Title Recycling von Kunststoffen
Scope of investigation Handling of PVC waste
Year of publication 1991
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1991
Institution or Company
Contractor/ Address Carl Hanser Verlag, Kolbergstr. 22, 81679 München, Germany
Authors Dipl.-Ing. Muna Bittner, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Georg Menges, Prof. Dr.-Ing- Walter Michaeli;
Chapter regarding PVC: Helga Roder
Availability/Publisher Carl Hanser Verlag, Kolbergstr. 22, 81679 München, Germany
ISBN 3-446-16437-5
Keywords waste, PVC, recycling
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data
Short description of the study The chapter referring to PVC describes the handling of PVC waste. It gives good information
about reuse, branches, life time, market share, waste volume. The description of treatment
plants and PVC recycling for specific use are also included.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100 % Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment.
IKP D-51
A 175
Kind of report Article
Title Nachhaltige Entwicklung: Mit kostengünstigen Produkten schneller vorwärts!
Sustainable development: Measuring economical and ecological progress together!
Scope of investigation Brief description of Vinnolit optimisation method
Year of publication 1998
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1998
Institution or Company Vinnolit GmbH & Co. KG, D-84489 Burghausen, Germany
Contractor/ Address
Authors Dr. Ernst Spindler
Availability/Publisher Vinnolit GmbH & Co. KG, D-84489 Burghausen, Germany
ISBN
Keywords Sustainable development, Vinnolit optimisation method
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data
Short description of the study The article gives a brief idea of the Vinnolit optimisation method, which jointly assess economi-
cal and ecological life-cycle cost on a quantitative basis. Examples are given.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 60 % Specific/own/new data 40 % Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: Primarily methodological report, brochure-like, not suggested for further assessment
IKP D-55
A 176
Kind of report Report
Title Chemical Recycling of Plastics Waste (PVC and other resins)
Scope of investigation Description of main competing technologies with regard to chemical recycling with emphasis
on PVC waste, revision of the sources of various types of PVC waste
Year of publication 1999
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1986 to 1999
Institution or Company TNO Institute of Strategy, Technology and Policy,
Schoemakerstraat 97, P.O. Box 6030, 2600 JA Delft, Netherlands
Contractor/ Address European Commission, DG III
Authors Dr. A. Tukker, Ing. H. de Groot, Ir. L. Simons, Ir. S. Wiegersma
Availability/Publisher TNO Institute of Strategy, Technology and Policy,
Schoemakerstraat 97, P.O. Box 6030, 2600 JA Delft, Netherlands
ISBN -
Keywords chemical recycling, plastics waste, PVC
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives chemical recycling technologies of plastic waste
Reported data
Short description of the study The study presents an assessment of the current initiatives with regard to chemical recycling,
evaluation of the collection structures, overall costs of waste management over the whole
chain, scenario analysis. A LCA is not performed, but LCA studies done by different institutions
are compared.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100 %
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study (meta-study, that compares other LCA studies), no additional issues
covered, not suggested for further assessment
IKP NL-2
A 177
Kind of report Memorandum
Title Position paper of the Netherlands on PVC
Scope of investigation Information about applications of PVC, addititves, waste and PVC policy standpoint
Year of publication 1997
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1995 to 1997
Institution or Company Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment
Contractor/ Address
Authors Margareta de Boer
Availability/Publisher Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting, Ruimtelijke Ordening en Milieubeheer
Rijnstraat 8, P.O. Box 30945/ipc 650, 2500 GX The Hague, Netherlands
ISBN -
Keywords PVC
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data
Short description of the study This memorandum gives general information about applications, additives, waste aspects and
policy of PVC. The quantities and situation described refer mainly to the Netherlands.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not scientifically based, not suggested
for further assessment
IKP NL-5
A 178
Kind of report List
Title PVC-Free Future: A Review of Restrictions and PVC-free policies worldwide
Scope of investigation Actions and companies that restrict the use of PVC
Year of publication 2001
Ref. year(s) of assessment 2000
Institution or Company Greenpeace International, Keizersgracht 176, NL-1016 DW Amsterdam, Netherlands
Contractor/ Address
Authors Greenpeace International, Keizersgracht 176, NL-1016 DW Amsterdam, Netherlands
Availability/Publisher Greenpeace International, Keizersgracht 176, NL-1016 DW Amsterdam, Netherlands
ISBN -
Keywords PVC free
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data
Short description of the study This review gives a list of actions taken by national and local governments from different coun-
tries to restrict chlorine and PVC. Next, it lists companies that have taken actions to phase out
the use of PVC.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
X NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment
IKP NL-13
A 179
Kind of report Study
Title Mechanical Recycling of PVC Wastes
Scope of investigation Disposal of PVC wastes and evaluation of the mechanical recycling of PVC
Year of publication 2000
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1994 to 1999
Institution or Company Prognos AG, Aeschplatz 7, 4010 Basel, Switzerland
Contractor/ Address Prognos AG, Aeschplatz 7, 4010 Basel, Switzerland
Authors Prognos AG
Availability/Publisher Prognos AG, Aeschplatz 7, 4010 Basel, Switzerland
ISBN
Keywords technical study, mechanical recycling, disposal
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Few comparison of PVC to other materials and PVC in other applications.
Reported data Other than LCA
Short description of the
study
Technical study about the possibilities and limitations of the mechanical recycling of PVC.
Environmental impacts are not directly addressed. After the classification of PVC wastes and
the influencing factors on PVC recycling the present situation of PVC wastes and PVC recy-
cling in Europe is reported. Out of this limits, potentials and scenarios of PVC recycling are
generated.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 80% Specific/own/new data 20% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: This is not a LCA study as such, but deals with aspects that important for LCA.
Therefore a systematic assessment is hardly possible, but it may help to interpret results and
other studies. Not suggest for systematic characterisation.
IKP CH-1
A 180
Kind of report Study
Title On the environmental impact of the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) A description of
best available techniques
Scope of investigation PVC applications, process description, sources of emissions and their impacts.
Year of publication 1994
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1993
Institution or Company ECVM - European Council of Vinyl Manufacturers, Avenue Van Nieuwenhuyse 4, Box 4,
B-1160 Brussels, Belgium
Contractor/ Address APME, Avenue E. van Nieuwenhyuse 4, Box 3, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium
Authors
Availability/Publisher APME, Avenue E. van Nieuwenhyuse 4, Box 3, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium
ISBN
Keywords PVC
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data
Short description of the study The paper reviews different aspects of PVC production: application, production process, tech-
nologies, sources of emissions and impacts.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100 % Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. Comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. Comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment
IKP BE-2
A 181
Kind of report Report/comment
Title National Position and comments of the Federal Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry, Environ-
ment and Water Management on the Green Paper COM (2000); 469 of 26th July 2000 on
environmental issues
Scope of investigation Green Paper on PVC
Year of publication 2000
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Federal Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry, Environment and Water Management
Contractor/ Address
Authors
Availability/Publisher
ISBN -
Keywords Green Paper, PVC, comment
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data
Short description of the
study
National Position and comments of the Federal Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry, Environ-
ment and Water Management on the Green Paper COM (2000); 469 of 26th July 2000 on
environmental issues
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. Comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. Comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: This is not a LCA study. Therefore a systematic assessment of the brochure-like
article is hardly possible, but it may help to interpret results and other studies. Not suggest for
systematic characterisation.
IKP AT-12
A 182
Kind of report Study
Title Environmental and Health Assessment of Alternatives to Phthalates and to flexible PVC
Scope of investigation Environmental and health assessment of materials which can substitute PVC
Year of publication 2001
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company COWI Consulting Engineers and Planners A/S
Contractor/ Address Danish Environmental Protection Agency
Authors Stuer-Lauridsen, F.; Mikkelsen, S.:, Havelund, S.; Birkved, M.; Hansen, L. P.
Availability/Publisher Available from Danish EPA website www.mst.dk
ISBN
Keywords PVC, Phthalates, Alternatives to PVC, alternatives to phthalates
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives Diethylhexyl adipate, O-acetyltributyl citrate, Di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, Tri(2-ethylhexyl)
phosphate, Tri-2-ethylhexyl trimellitate, Alkylsulphonic acid esters, Butane esters, Polyester,
Epoxyester, epoxydized oils, Benzoate, Sebacates, Polyurethane, Polyethylene
Reported data
Short description of the study Environmental and health assessment of materials which can substitute PVC.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia Part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment
A 183
Kind of report Study
Title Chlorine, Combustion and Dioxins: Does Reducing Chlorine in Wastes Decrease Dioxin For-
mation in Waste Incinerators?
Scope of investigation Chlorine’s effect on dioxin formation in waste incineration.
Year of publication 2001
Ref. year(s) of assessment Various
Institution or Company Greenpeace International
Contractor/ Address Greenpeace International
Authors Pat Costner
Availability/Publisher Greenpeace International
ISBN
Keywords Chlorine, chlorine in incineration, dioxin formation,
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data LCA related
Short description of the study Literature review on correlation between chlorine content in waste and dioxin formation in
waste incineration - divided in laboratory/pilot scale, small-scale and full-scale incinerators.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
X NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, only qualitative end of life data, not suggested for systematic char-
acterisation
IPU 041.0022
A 184
Kind of report Study
Title PVC Strategy. Status Report and Future Initiatives
Scope of investigation Status on PVC waste handling, future strategy for PVC in products
Year of publication 1999
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Ministry of Environment and Energy, Højbro Plads 4, DK-1200, Copenhagen, Denmark
Contractor/ Address Ministry of Environment and Energy
Authors Unknown
Availability/Publisher Ministry of Environment and Energy, Højbro Plads 4, DK-1200, Copenhagen, Denmark
ISBN
Keywords PVC strategy, PVC waste handling
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data LCA related
Short description of the study Status on PVC waste handling in Denmark, future strategy and initiatives for PVC in products.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, not suggested for systematic characterisation
IPU 041.0023
A 185
Kind of report Study
Title Affaldsforbrænding i forbindelse med PVC-aftalen
(Waste incineration in connection with the PVC agreement)
Scope of investigation The reduced need for cleaning flue gas for HCl by a reduction in PVC in waste for incineration
Year of publication 1995
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Rambøll, Hannemann & Højlund A/S
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Rasmussen, H. W.
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN
Keywords PVC, incineration, HCl in flue gas.
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data LCC
Short description of the study Listing of the PVC content and following HCl content in the flue gas. Calculations of saved
costs by reduction of PVC content in waste.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data X
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment
IPU 000.0051
A 186
Kind of report Study
Title Miljøevaluering af organotin i plastprodukter
(Environmental Evaluation of organotin in plastic products)
Scope of investigation Production, use and disposal of organotin as stabiliser in PVC
Year of publication 1998
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Contractor/ Address
Authors Stuer-Lauridsen, Frank; Lassen, Carsten; Jensen, Niels Jacob; Poll, Christian;
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN ISBN 87-7909-075-3
Keywords Organotin, PVC
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data LCA related
Short description of the study Thorough review of existing knowledge on release and environmental effects on organotin
used as PVC additives
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA, only qualitative information, not suggested for systematic characterisa-
tion
IPU 000.0053
A 187
Kind of report Study
Title Massestrømsanalyse for tin med særligt fokus på organotinforbindelser
(Mass flow analysis of tin with special focus on organotin)
Scope of investigation Total mass flow of tin in Denmark including organotin substances in PVC
Year of publication 1997
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1994/1995
Institution or Company Genanvendelsesrådet, COWI A/S
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Larsen, Carsten; Vaaben, Steffan; Hansen, Erik
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN ISBN 87-7810-735-0
Keywords Tin, organotin, additives in PVC
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data LCA related
Short description of the study Total mapping of tin use in Denmark from import to final waste disposal including emissions.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA, substance flow analysis, not suggested for systematic characterisation
IPU 000.0058
A 188
Kind of report Study
Title Det danske PVC-forbrug 1994 - 1995
(The Danish use of PVC 1994 - 1995)
Scope of investigation Mass flow of PVC in Denmark
Year of publication 1996
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1994/1995
Institution or Company Dansk Teknologisk Institut. Miljøteknik
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Unknown
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN ISBN 87-7810-649-4
Keywords PVC, mass-flow
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data LCA related
Short description of the study Mass flow in Denmark including imports and exports of pure PVC, PVC products and semi-
manufactured products. No environmental exchanges
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA, substance flow analysis, not suggested for systematic characterisation
IPU 000.0059
A 189
Kind of report Study
Title Massestrømsanalyse for phthalater – Forbrug, bortskaffelse og udslip til omgivelserne i Dan-
mark
(Mass-flow analysis for phthalates – Use, disposal and release to environment in Denmark)
Scope of investigation Use and emissions of phthalates in Denmark
Year of publication 1996
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1992
Institution or Company Krüger A/S
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Hoffmann, Leif
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN ISBN 87-7810-567-6
Keywords Phthalates
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data LCA related
Short description of the study Mass flow of phthalates. Estimations and evaluations – no direct measurements
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA, substance flow analysis, not suggested for systematic characterisation
IPU 000.0061
A 190
Kind of report Study
Title Kilder til dioxinforurening og forekomst af dioxin i miljøet
(Sources of dioxin pollution and occurence of dioxin in the environment)
Scope of investigation Sources for dioxin pollution
Year of publication 1995
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Dansk Teknologisk Institut
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Jensen, Allan Astrup; Grove, Arne; Hoffmann, Leif
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN ISBN 87-7810-513-7
Keywords Sources for dioxin
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data LCA-related
Short description of the study Thorough evaluation of sources for dioxin in environment. Literature evaluation of effects in
environment and at human exposure.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, the study deals not with dioxins as specific topic of PVC, but as
general problem. Not suggest for systematic characterisation.
IPU 000.0063
A 191
Kind of report Study
Title PVC and alternative materials
Scope of investigation Life cycle of PVC in various uses
Year of publication 1993
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Dansk Teknologisk Institut
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Unknown
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN ISBN 87-7909-667-0
Keywords
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives PE/PP, PS, PET, PU, Rubbers (EPDM, CR, SBR), impregnated wood, paper/cardboard, Al,
Reported data LCA related
Short description of the study Qualitative matrix evaluation of various materials
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government X material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Only qualitative information, Study is actually an English translation and compilation
of the Danish studies 0036, 0037, 0038 and 0040 not suggested for systematic characteri-
sation
IPU 000.0065
A 192
Kind of report Study
Title Klorkilders betydning for dioxindannelse ved forbrænding
(The influence of sources of Chlorine for dioxin formation at incineration)
Scope of investigation Formation of dioxin at incineration with various contents of chlorine (organic bound in PVC)
and
Year of publication 1989
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser, dk-TEKNIK
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Unknown
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN ISBN 87-503-8087-7
Keywords Dioxin formation, chlorine in incineration, PVC incineration
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data LCA related
Short description of the study Analyses of formation of dioxin at incineration with various contents of chlorine organically
bound in PVC and inorganically bound in NaCl. Furhtermore, analyses of whether addition of
CaO had any effect on the dioxin formation.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data X Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA, not suggested for systematic characterisation
IPU 000.0067
A 193
Kind of report Study
Title Brugen af ftalater i Danmark
(Use of phthalates in Denmark)
Scope of investigation Use of phthalates in Denmark
Year of publication 1984
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Roskilde Universitetscenter (Roskilde University)
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Axelsen, Jens; Schaldemose, Anne
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN ISBN 87-503-5279-2
Keywords Phthalates, DEHP, DOP
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives DEHP, DOP
Reported data LCA-related
Short description of the study LCA on phthalates
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA, not suggested for systematic characterisation
IPU 000.0068
A 194
Kind of report Environmental Product Declaration
Title Protan – the environment and PVC
Scope of investigation PVC roofing
Year of publication 2001
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company
Contractor/ Address Protan A/S, PO Box 420 Brakerøya, N-3002 Drammen, Norway
Authors Unknown
Availability/Publisher Unknown, probably marketing department of company or www.protan.no
ISBN No
Keywords PVC
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data Market information
Short description of the study Company brochure defending against environmental and health hazards and advocating the
benefits for the environment by using the company’s product for roofing
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not scientificly based, not suggested
for further assessment IPU 000.0007
A 195
Kind of report Study
Title Business as Usual or ‘Vinyl 2010’, The Voluntary Commitment to the PVC Industry.
Scope of investigation Examination of the report: ‘Vinyl 2010’, The Voluntary Commitment to the PVC Industry.
Year of publication 2002
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Greenpeace International
Contractor/ Address
Authors Unknown
Availability/Publisher Greenpeace International
ISBN
Keywords PVC, industrial commitment, PVC disposal
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data
Short description of the study The study criticises the voluntary commitment from the European PVC industry as being far
from sufficient.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
X NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: Qualitative examination of a non-LCA report, not suggested for systematic charac-
terisation IPU 041.0021
A 196
Kind of report Study
Title Action Plan for reducing and phasing out phthalates in soft plastics
Scope of investigation Use and proposed initiatives for phthalates
Year of publication 1999
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Ministry of Environment and Energy, Højbro Plads 4, DK-1200, Copenhagen, Denmark
Contractor/ Address Ministry of Environment and Energy
Authors Unknown
Availability/Publisher Ministry of Environment and Energy, Højbro Plads 4, DK-1200, Copenhagen, Denmark
ISBN
Keywords Phthalates, phasing out phthalates.
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data LCA-related
Short description of the study Current use of phthalates in various applications. Proposals and strategies for each application
type to phase out and/or reduce phthalates.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study , not suggested for systematic characterisation IPU 041.0024
A 197
Kind of report Brochure
Title Kendsgerninger om PVC og miljø (Facts on PVC and environment)
Scope of investigation Comments on all phases in PVC life cycle
Year of publication 1994
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company EVC Nordic, International House,
Bella Center, Center Boulevard 5, DK-2300 København S, Denmark
Contractor/ Address
Authors EVC Nordic
Availability/Publisher EVC Nordic
ISBN
Keywords PVC, public debate
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data Market information
Short description of the study
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not scientifically based, not suggested
for further assessment
IPU 000.0039
A 198
Kind of report Study
Title Materialer til overfladebelægninger i svømmebassiner
(Materials for surface coating of swimming pools)
Scope of investigation Environmental effects from surface coatings in use
Year of publication 2001
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1999/2000
Institution or Company Danish Technological Institute
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Bisted, Ole; Bødker, Jørn
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN ISBN 87-7944-719-8
Keywords PVC surface coating, swimming pool,
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase X End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative X Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives Surface coating by painting, ceramic tiles, and glass fibre
Reported data LCA related
Short description of the study Literature review of toxicological data on released substances. Water analyses from 8 swim-
ming pools, lab. analyses of migrating substances from selected surface coating materials.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, not suggested for systematic characterisation IPU 000.0055
A 199
Kind of report Study
Title Erfaringer med substitution af PVC ved renere teknologi og brancheaftale
(Experiences with substitution of PVC by cleaner technology and branch agreements)
Scope of investigation List experiences with substitution of PVC
Year of publication 1995
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1987 to 1992
Institution or Company Genanvendelsesrådet (spons); Danmarks Tekniske Universitet. Institut for Teknologi og Sam-
fund
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Jørgensen, Ulrik; Høier, Stine
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN ISBN 87-7810-525-0
Keywords Substitution of PVC
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase X End of life Qualitative Qualitative X Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives Alternatives not listed in report
Reported data
Short description of the study Listing of experiences from substitutions of PVC
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment IPU 000.0062
A 200
Kind of report Study
Title PVC. An Evaluation Using The Natural Step Framework
Scope of investigation PVC as a sustainable material
Year of publication 2000
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company The Natural Step, 9 Imperial Square, Cheltenham, GL50 1QB, UK
Contractor/ Address
Authors Everard, M.; Monaghan, M.T.; Ray, D.
Availability/Publisher Contact: [email protected]
ISBN
Keywords PVC and sustainability
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives No
Reported data Other LCA related data
Short description of the study Lists 5 system conditions which make a material sustainable. For each condition are demands
which the PVC industry has to commit in order to comply with this.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment IPU 027.0071
A 201
Kind of report Environmental declaration from company
Title Public environment statement 2001
Scope of investigation PVC production
Year of publication 2002
Ref. year(s) of assessment 2001
Institution or Company Hydro Polymers Limited
Contractor/ Address
Authors Hydro Polymers
Availability/Publisher On website www.hydro.com or e-mail: [email protected]
ISBN
Keywords PVC production
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data LCA-related
Short description of the study Public statement from company.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA, not suggested for systematic characterisation IPU 027.0072
A 202
Kind of report Comment on EU paper
Title UK Response to the European Commission's Green Paper on environmental issues of PVC
Scope of investigation Comments on EU paper
Year of publication 2001
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Contractor/ Address
Authors
Availability/Publisher http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/pvcresponse/index.htm
ISBN
Keywords EU green paper
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives No
Reported data LCA-related data
Short description of the study Comments on EU green paper and suggested improvements
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment IPU 000.0073
A 203
Kind of report Article
Title A new technology for treatment of PVC waste
Scope of investigation Recycling of PVC waste from mixed building waste, old flooring material, cable waste and
cable trays
Year of publication 2000
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company NKT Research Center A/S, Priorparken 878, DK-2605 Brøndby
Contractor/ Address
Authors Jaksland, C.; Rasmussen, E.; Rohde, T.
Availability/Publisher Waste Management, Vol. 20 (2000)
ISBN
Keywords PVC Recycling , building waste, flooring material waste, cable waste, cable trays waste
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives No
Reported data Other life-cycle related
Short description of the study Documentation of a new method which removes chlorine, plasticisers and metal stabilisers.
Process is based on formation of calcium chloride.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia Part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment
IPU 000.0076
A 204
Kind of report Study
Title PVC-produkter, miljørisiko og risikoreduksjon
(PVC products, environmental risk and risk reduction)
Scope of investigation PVC products in general
Year of publication 1992
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Norges Naturvernforbund, Postboks 342, Sentrum, 0101 Oslo, Norway
Contractor/ Address
Authors Theisen, Fredrik
Availability/Publisher Norges Naturvernforbund, Postboks 342, Sentrum, 0101 Oslo, Norway
ISBN ISBN 82-7478-076-0
Keywords Environmental risks, environmental, risk reduction,
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative X Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives No
Reported data LCA related
Short description of the study LCA related study with Swedish national border as system boundary
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
X NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: Study on risks, no LCA, not suggested for systematic characterisation IPU 027.0078
A 205
Kind of report Study
Title Disposal of PVC waste
Scope of investigation All PVC waste in Sweden
Year of publication 1996
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Swedish EPA, S-106 48, Stockholm, Sweden
Contractor/ Address
Authors
Availability/Publisher Swedish EPA, Kundservice, S-106 48, Stockholm, Sweden
ISBN ISBN 91-620-4672-1
Keywords PVC waste, waste handling
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives No
Reported data LCA-related
Short description of the study Status and proposals for a sustainable handling of PVC waste in Sweden
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA, not suggested for systematic characterisation
IPU 027.0079
A 206
Kind of report Study
Title Economic Evaluation of PVC Waste Management, Project: EPCS/20725 issue 1.1
Scope of investigation PVC, costs of incineration, landfill and recycling and the associated environmental costs and
benefits
Year of publication 2000
Ref. Year(s) of assessment 2000
Institution or Company AEA Technology in collaboration with Metroeconomica
Contractor/ Address
(commissioner)
European Commission Environment Directorate
Authors Keith A. Brown; H. Jones; Dr. D. Buckley-Golder
Availability/Publisher Can be downloaded: http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/waste/studies/pvc
ISBN No
Keywords PVC, socio-economic costs, incineration, landfill, recycling, environmental externalities
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative X Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
No comparison between PVC alternatives
Reported data Socio-economic, other life-cycle related data
Short description of the
study
Assessment of waste management costs of diverting PVC waste from incineration towards
recycling and the associated environmental costs and benefits. The study covers the EU-15
and the first six Accession Countries over the period 2000 to 2020. The analysis presented in
this report is based on 3 scenarios. In the first and second one, the recycling rates increase to
15% and 22% respectively, with proportionate decreases in the amount of PVC sent to incin-
eration and landfill. In the third scenario recycling rates are unchanged against BAU, but incin-
eration rates increases to 27% to 30% as a result of the diversion of constructional wastes to
landfill, compared with up to 45% incineration forecast under BAU. Environmental externalities
are quantified.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data X
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment
RANDA EU.004
A 207
Kind of report Paper
Title Flow of plastics and their possible reuse in Austria
Scope of investigation Basis for the management of plastic wastes, Austria
Year of publication 1997
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1994
Institution or Company University of Technology of Vienna, Institute for Water Quality and Waste Management, De-
partment of Waste Management
Contractor/ Address
(commissioner)
European Commission, 4th Framework Programme, Subprogramme area: Human dimensions
of environment change, Project reference: ENV4960230
Authors R. Fehringer, P.H. Brunner
Availability/Publisher Can be requested by the author
ISBN Proceedings to the Con-Account Workshop, Wuppertal Special 4, Wuppertal Institute and
Science Centre, Leiden, Netherlands, pages 272 - 277.
Keywords PVC, chemical recycling, incineration, landfill, waste management
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative X Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data Other life-cycle related data (substance flow analysis)
Short description of the
study
The objectives of the study were:
a) Quantification of the total flows and stocks of plastics, waste plastics and additives in
plastics in order to create a basis for the management of plastic wastes in Austria.
b) Summary of the possibilities for recycling and analyse them in view of the emissions, the
rests and recycled products.
c) Development and implementation of a method to compare various management con-
cepts for plastic wastes (status quo, recycling, energy recovery) in view of the targets of
the Austrian Waste Management Act.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data X
Comments Extended study in German to be received: Fehringer; R. Brunner, P. H. (1996) “Kunststofflüsse
und die Möglichkeiten der Kunststoffverwertung in Österreich”, UBA Monographie Band 80.
UBA, A-1090 Wien, Austria
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, not suggested for systematic characterisation RANDA EU.007
A 208
Kind of report Study
Title Mineral fillers and polymer matrix compatibilisation for perfecting materials used as insulation
and sheath of electrical cables. Project reference: BRE20218
Scope of investigation New polymeric compounds for the insulated cables industry. Replacement of present PVC
sheath.
Year of publication 1997
Ref. year(s) of assessment -
Institution or Company Alcatel (for the European Commision)
Contractor/ Address
(commissioner)
170 Avenue Jean-Jaures, 69344 Lyon, France
Tel.: +33 72 72 24 24, fax: + 33 78 72 13 90
Authors Mr. Jn Demay
Availability/Publisher Study not available (CONFIDENTIAL?)
ISBN No
Keywords insulated cables industry, PVC, mineral fillers, EPR, EPDM, EBA, EVA low density PE, high
density PE
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Comparison between present material (PVC) and 10 possible alternatives
Reported data Other life-cycle related data
Short description of the
study
The objective of the study was to develop new types of polymer compounds for the insulated
cables industry. According to the summary of the report, low-cost halogen free materials for
wires and cable applications can be developed.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like
Overall/screening Profound
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment
RANDA EU.008
A 209
Kind of report Study
Title Optimisation of an integrated process for the sorting of municipal solid waste for the recovery
and valorisation of chlorinated plastic upstream of a municipal solid-waste incinerator.
Project reference: MA1D0013
Scope of investigation Maximum recovery rate of chlorinated plastic in incinerator, PVC selective collection, waste
recycling.
Year of publication 1995
Ref. year(s) of assessment -
Institution or Company Triga SA (for the European Commision)
Contractor/ Address
(commissioner)
24 rue Chaptal, 92300 Levallois-Perret, France
Tel. +33 1 47 57 31 15
Authors P. Giloux
Availability/Publisher Study not available (CONFIDENTIAL?)
ISBN No
Keywords PVC, plastics, waste recycling, incineration, hydrochloric acid.
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
None
Reported data Other life-cycle related data.
Short description of the
study
The objective of the study was to sort the PVC fraction in order to guarantee a maximum re-
covery rate of the product and to reduce as much as possible the HCl present in the fluent gas.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like
Overall/screening Profound
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment
RANDA EU.009
A 210
Kind of report Study
Title PVC in Europe: Environmental concerns, measures and market.
Scope of investigation Basis for the management of plastic wastes, Austria
Year of publication 1995
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company TNO Policy Research. TNO Plastics and Rubber Institute.
Contractor/ Address
(commissioner)
European Commission
Directorate General III
Authors A. Tukker, J.L.B. de Groot, P. Van de Hofstadt
Availability/Publisher Can be ordered by the Documentation Service of EC Directorate General III
ISBN No
Keywords
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data Other than LCA
Short description of the
study
This report summarises the European PVC market, including environmental concerns, and
measures taken for legislative control in EU member states. It summarises the general market
situation in Europe in 1995. As well, it contains an annex with a desription of the environ-
mental aspects of PVC production and use. Unfortunately, the study could be out of date with
regard to legislative control. As well, the impact chapter is a bibliographic review and does not
contain primary data.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like
Overall/screening Profound
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment
RANDA EU.010
A 211
Kind of report Study
Title Estudio de Minimización de Residuos del Sector Plásticos (PVC). Producción de VCM y PVC
Scope of investigation PVC, VCM, waste minimization in the production phase, Spain
Year of publication 1995
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1994
Institution or Company COVITECMA, S.A. Ingenieros Consultores
Contractor/ Address EMGRISA , Empresa de Gestión de Residuos Industriales, Pol. Industrial Los Olivos, Diseño,
s/n, Getafe, 28906 Madrid, Spain, Tel: (91) 6831278; Fax: (91) 6837974
Authors E.A./I.C./C.B.L./T.B.
Availability/Publisher It can be ordered from EMGRISA.
ISBN No
Keywords PVC, VCM, waste minimization, production process, air emissions, effluent, BAT (Best Availa-
ble Technologies), environmental improvements
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data Socio-economic, market information, other life-cycle related data
Short description of the
study
The objective of the study was the development of a preliminary project of environmental
minimization of the industrial sector of PVC. This includes:
Evaluation of the potential minimization of emissions, outflows and toxic and hazardous waste
from the PVC sector. Definition of the possibilities of waste minimization and their quantification
in the short and medium term (1995 to 2005), in relation to the production and reduction of
waste, emissions and outflows. Economical evaluation of each possible minimization option
with the associated cost. Definition of the technologies to be applied and their economic costs.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data X
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment.
RANDA SP.003
A 212
Kind of report Study
Title El reciclado de plásticos en España
Scope of investigation Plastics, recycling, Spain
Year of publication 1996
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company ANARPLAN – Spanish Association of Plastic Recycling
Contractor/ Address
Authors
Availability/Publisher Study not available (CONFIDENTIAL?)
ISBN
Keywords
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data Other life-cycle related data
Short description of the
study
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like
Overall/screening Profound
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: Not provided
RANDA SP.007
A 213
Kind of report Study
Title Análisis de ftalatos en productos hospitalarios en España y otros países
Scope of investigation Phtalates, PVC, medical products, Austria, Brasil, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, India,
Holland, The Philippines, Spain, United Kingdom, U.S.A.
Year of publication 1999
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1999
Institution or Company Greenpeace
Contractor/ Address Greenpeace Spain, San Bernardo, 107, 1º, 28015 Madrid, Spain
Tel. 91 444 14 00, Fax. 93 447 15 98
Authors Greenpeace
Availability/Publisher Available from Greenpeace Spain
ISBN No
Keywords Phtalates, DEHP, PVC, medical products, legislation
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase X End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative X Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
No comparison with alternatives. However, the study supplies a list of commercial medical
products “PVC and phtalate free”
Reported data Market information, other life-cycle related data
Short description of the
study
The study shows the results of analysis of DEHP content in 46 medical products from the
following countries: Austria, Brasil, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, India, Holland, The
Philippines, Spain, United Kingdom and USA. The study also contains:
- A literature review of the effect of phtalates on human health
- A brief description of the European market of medical products
- A brief review of legislation concerning PVC content in toys in the following countries: Aus-
tria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Mexico, Holland,
The Philippines, Norway, Sweden and U.S.A.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening X Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data X
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
X NGO PVC/competitor application
Application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment.
RANDA SP.008
A 214
Kind of report Press conference report
Title Il PVC oggi in Italia
Scope of investigation To present environmental and socio-economic information on PVC.
Year of publication 1999 (13th of December)
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1996, 1998
Institution or Company Centro di Informazione sul PVC e Federchimica
Contractor/ Address Centro di Informazione sul PVC e Federchimica; www.pvcforum.it
Authors Centro di Informazione sul PVC e Federchimica
Availability/Publisher http://www.pvcforum.it/documentazione.html
ISBN No
Keywords PVC; socio-economic report; environmental impact
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Comparison of environmental performance with cast iron, HDPE (EMPA, 1998), aluminium,
steel and wood (Richter, EMPA 1996).
Reported data LCA related, socio-economic, market information
Short description of the
study
The objective of the document was to describe the situation from an environmental and socio-
economic perspective.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment
RANDA IT.001
A 215
Kind of report Dossier
Title Produzione, utilizzo e recupero del PVC: sicurezza e impatto ambientale
Scope of investigation To provide information on PVC regarding environmental performance, uses and end of life
treatment
Year of publication 2000
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Centro di Informazione sul PVC (www. pvcforum.it)
Contractor/ Address Centro di Informazione sul PVC
www.pvcforum.it
Authors PVC forum/Italian PVC Industry
Availability/Publisher http://www.pvcforum.it/documentazione.html
ISBN No
Keywords PVC, environmental impact, safety, production, use and recycling
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
No
Reported data Market information, other life-cycle related data
Short description of the
study
The objective of the study was to show environmental information on production, use and
recycling of PVC from the PVC producers’ point of view
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment.
RANDA IT.002
A 216
Kind of report Study
Title L’industria del PVC: parole e fatti.
Scope of investigation It describes in qualitative terms the risks related to PVC use, recycling and to exposure to PVC
additives.
Year of publication 2000 (June)
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Instituto di Ricerche farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Via Eritrea, 62
20157 Milano, Italy, Tel.: +39 2 39 01 41, Fax: +39 2 3 54 62 77 – +39 2 39 00 19 18,
Cable address: negrinst milano, e-mail: [email protected],
homepage: www.irfmn.mnegri.it
Contractor/ Address Centro di Informazione sul PVC; www.pvcforum.it
Authors Roberto Fanelli
Availability/Publisher www.pvcforum.it/documentazione.html
ISBN No
Keywords PVC industry, risk, dioxins
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data Market information, other Life-Cycle related data
Short description of the
study
The objective of the study was to explain the risks associated with the of use of PVC, its recy-
cling and exposure to its addictives in comparison with other risks of human activities and
natural episodes.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment
RANDA IT.005
A 217
Kind of report Report (bibliographic study)
Title La termovalorizzazione dei ritiuti solidi urbani. Incidenza del PVC e sicurezza dei processi di
combustione.
Scope of investigation The study focuses on incineration processes and dioxins
Year of publication Unknown
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Sito di Informazione sul PVC: www.pvcforum.it
Contractor/ Address
Authors Sito di Informazione sul PVC: www.pvcforum.it
Availability/Publisher www.pvcforum.it/documentazione.html
ISBN No
Keywords PVC, solid waste, energy recovery
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data Other life-cycle related data
Short description of the
study
The objective of the study was to describe the processes of PVC thermal destruction.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment.
RANDA IT.006
A 218
Kind of report Report (bibliographic study)
Title PVC: Realta’ e innovazione. Riciclo e recupero dei manufatti in PVC a fine vita
Scope of investigation Describes the available recycling processes for PVC.
Year of publication Unknown
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Centro di Informazione sul PVC
Contractor/ Address Centro di Informazione sul PVC
Authors F. S. Hero
Availability/Publisher www.pvcforum.it/documentazione.html
ISBN No
Keywords PVC, end of life, recycling
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data Other life-cycle related data
Short description of the
study
The objective of the study was to describe different end-of-life recycling systems for PVC.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment.
RANDA IT.007
A 219
Kind of report Report (bibliographic study)
Title Il PVC nei giocattoli. Un rischio inutile ed inevitable.
Scope of investigation This study focuses on phthalate addictives in PVC and the risks to human health.
Year of publication 1997 (December)
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1997 and before
Institution or Company Greenpeace Italia
Contractor/ Address GREENPEACE ITALIA
V.le M. Gelsomini, 28 - 00153 Roma, Italy
Authors Fabrizio Fabbri
Availability/Publisher www.greenpeace.it
ISBN No
Keywords PVC, toys, phthalates, plasticizers, toxicity
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase X End of life Qualitative Qualitative X Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data Other life-cycle related data
Short description of the
study
The objective of the study was to describe the risks to human health due to exposure to phtha-
lates in PVC items (medical tools, toys, etc.).
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. Comparison
X NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. Comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment.
RANDA IT.008
A 220
Kind of report Report (bibliographic study)
Title PVC: cosa c’è che non va.
Scope of investigation The study highlights the environmental and health problems associated with PVC.
Year of publication 1997
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1997 and before
Institution or Company Greenpeace Italia
Contractor/ Address GREENPEACE ITALIA
V.le M. Gelsomini, 28 - 00153 Roma, Italy
Authors Fabrizio Fabbri
Availability/Publisher www.greenpeace.it
ISBN No
Keywords PVC, dioxins, risk, substances migration
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data Other life-cycle related data
Short description of the
study
The objective of the study was to point out the environmental and health problems related to
PVC, such as dioxin production, migration of additives, and recycling problems.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
X NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment.
RANDA IT.009
A 221
Kind of report Journal article
Title Gasification process of wastes containing PVC
Scope of investigation Waste management, energy recovery, PVC, gasification
Year of publication 2002
Ref. year(s) of assessment 2001
Institution or Company Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rome La Sapienza
Department of Physics “Roma Tre”
Contractor/ Address Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rome La Sapienza, Via Eudossiana, 18,
00184-Rome, Italy
Department of Physics “Roma Tre”, Via della Vasca Navale, 84, 00146-Rome, Italy
Authors Pochetti, Fausto; Borgianni, C.; De Filippis, P.; Paolucci,M.
Availability/Publisher Fuel, vol. 81, issue 14, pg 1827 to 1833
ISBN No
Keywords Gasification, PVC, gas dechlorination , energy recovery
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data Other life-cycle related data
Short description of the
study
This study is aimed at developing gasification techniques that allow energy recovery from
waste containing PVC.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment.
RANDA IT.010
A 222
Kind of report Journal article, scientific experiment
Title Recycling of PET and PVC Wastes
Scope of investigation Chemical plastic-recycling process
Year of publication 1998
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1996
Institution or Company Centre d’Etudes sur le Recyclage des Matières Plastiques
Contractor/ Address Ecosite de Mece – Route des Salins, BP-118 Mèze 34140, France
Authors Lusinchi, J M; Pietrasanta, Y; Robin, J J; Boutevin, B.
Availability/Publisher Journal of Applied Polymer Science Vol. 69, issue 4, pg. 657 - 666
ISBN No
Keywords
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternati-
ves
PET, mixed PET and PVC
Reported data Method for recycling mixed PET and PVC waste. Experiment results reported.
Short description of the
study
This article describes a chemical plastic-recycling process, but it is not an LCA. The process
can be applied when sorting operations are not possible or are too expensive. The aim was to
find a method that avoids the sorting steps so that waste could be treated directly after collec-
tion. The article concludes that is is possible to obtain materials with acceptable mechanical
characteristics from PET/PVC waste.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, not recommended for systematic characterisation.
RANDA IT.022
A 223
Kind of report Journal article
Title Processing effects on poly(ethylene terephthalate) from bottle scraps.
Scope of investigation Effect on degradation of recycled PET by PVC contamination.
Year of publication 1994
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1992
Institution or Company Instituto Guido Doregani (Enichem), 28100 Novara, Italy
Contractor/ Address University of Naples, 8925 Naples, Italy
Authors Giannotta, Giorgio; Po, Riccardo; Cardi, Nicoletta; Tampellini, Elena; Occhiello, Ernesto;
Garbassi, Fabio; Nicolais, Luigi.
Availability/Publisher Polymer Engineering and Science vol. 34, issue 15, pg. 1219 - 1223
Publisher: Soc of Plastics Engineers
ISBN No
Keywords
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
PET, PVC, mixed PET
Reported data Experiment results: PVC-rich recycled PET reached low melt viscosity after less than 10 min-
utes, while PET retained high viscosity even after 30 minutes.
Short description of the
study
The aim of the study was to investigate how the reprocessing behaviour and final characteris-
tics of recycled PET are influenced by purity. The authors developed a noval dynamic method
of evaluating thermal stability in processing conditions.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100% Comments related to further assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, not recommended for systematic characterisation.
RANDA IT.023
A 224
Kind of report Journal article
Title Recycling of heterogeneous plastics wastes. II - The role of modifier agents.
Scope of investigation
Year of publication 1993
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company
Contractor/ Address
Authors La Mantia, FP
Availability/Publisher Polymer Degradation and Stability vol. 42, issue 2, pg. 213 - 218
ISBN No
Keywords
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data
Short description of the
study
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like
Overall/screening Profound
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
(X) Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, not recommended for systematic characterisation
RANDA IT.024
A 225
Kind of report Journal article
Title Patterns and Sources of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Sediments
from the Venice Lagoon, Italy.
Scope of investigation PCDD/F pollution in Venice Lagoon caused mainly by combustion and chemical manufacture
Year of publication 1997
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1992, 1994
Institution or Company (a) Instituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri” and
(b) Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management
Contractor/ Address (a) Via Eritrea 62, 20157 Milano, Italy;
(b) P.O. Box 20907, 2500 EX The Hague, The Netherlands
Authors Fattore, E., Benfenati, E., Matriani, G., Fanelli, R., Evers, E.H.G.
Availability/Publisher Environmental Science and Technology 31(6); 1777 - 1784
ISBN No
Keywords PCDD, PCDF, pollution
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
None
Reported data No LCA data; reported data includes levels, toxicity equivalents and homologue profiles of
PCDD/F in sediment samples
Short description of the
study
This study was part of a research program regarding pollution of the Venice Lagoon in northern
Italy. The purpose was to evaluate contamination due to PCDD/F caused mainly by combus-
tion due to local marine traffic and chemical manufacture. Six sites were sampled in 1992 and
1994 and results were compared to published data. Contamination was similar to that of indus-
trial effluent from the production of EDC (an intermediate of the vinyl chloride monomer). Other
contamination similar to gasoline and diesel engine emissions, probably due to combustion
from motorboats.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 80%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, not recommended for systematic characterisation
RANDA IT.025
A 226
Kind of report Paper
Title Recycling of PET and PVC Wastes.
Scope of investigation Chemical process recyling method for mixed PET/PVC wastes. Mechanical properties of the
resulted PVC/PU blends.
Year of publication 1997
Ref. year(s) of assess-
ment
1996
Institution or Company Centre d’études sur le Recyclage des Matières Plastiques (CEREMAP)
Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
Contractor/ Address Mr, J. J. Robin (correspondance author)
Centre d’études sur le Recyclage des Matières Plastiques (CEREMAP)
Ecosite de Mèze-Route des Saliins BP118 Mèze 34140 France
Authors Mr, J.J. Robin (correspondance author)
Availability/Publisher Journal of Applied Polymer Science., Vol. 69, 657 – 665 (1998)
1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ISBN see above reference
Keywords PVC, PET, waste, recycling method, mechanical characteristiques, polyurethanes, miscibility,
glass transtion temperature.
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
None
Reported data Other life-cycle related data
Short description of the
study
The aim of the study was to develop a method for recycling PET/PVC wastes, and the evalua-
tion of the mechanical characteristics of the final recycled materials. These properties are
strongly dependent on the E-caprolactone concentration used for the co-oligomer synthesis.
This dependance allows the adaptation of end product mechanical characteristics to the appli-
cation needed.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like
Overall/screening Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100%
Comments related to
further assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment
RANDA FR.013
A 227
A3.2 Building/Construction
Kind of report Documentation
Title Mitteleuropa im Dialog, anlässlich der Messe fensterbau/frontale 2002 in Nürnberg
Scope of investigation Rules in the window/facade industry
Year of publication 2002
Ref. year(s) of assessment 2002
Institution or Company Institut für Fenstertechnik e. V. (ift Rosenheim)
Contractor/ Address Institut für Fenstertechnik e. V. (ift Rosenheim),
Theodor-Gietl-Str. 7 - 9, 83026 Rosenheim Germany
Authors Institut für Fenstertechnik e. V. (ift Rosenheim)
Availability/Publisher Institut für Fenstertechnik e. V. (ift Rosenheim)
ISBN -
Keywords Window, façade
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative Comparison with alternatives
Reported data
Short description of the study The study comprises suggestions for a standardisation of rules in the window/facade industry
for the whole Europe. No LCA data is presented.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: This brochure-like information does not reflect the information standards needed to
be judged as scientific-based information source. Not suggested for further assessment.
IKP D-4
A 228
Kind of report Report
Title Aufschwung schaffen - gesamtwirtschaftliche und ökologische Wirkungen der Förderung von
Investitionen zur Verbesserung der Wärmedämmung von Fenstern
Scope of investigation Heat insulation in window
Year of publication 2002
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1998 to 2001
Institution or Company Gesellschaft für Wirtschaftliche Strukturforschung (GWS) mbH,
Weissenburger Str. 4, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
Contractor/ Address Fenstermarkt-plus.de, Walter-Kolb-Str. 1 - 7, 60594 Frankfurt, Germany
Authors Meyer, Bernd; Wolter, Marc Ingo
Availability/Publisher Fenstermarkt-plus.de, Walter-Kolb-Str. 1 - 7, 60594 Frankfurt, Germany
ISBN -
Keywords heat insulation, window, glass, PANTA RHEI
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives -
Reported data
Short description of the study The objective of the study was to show the ecological and economical effects, with an empha-
sis to this last one, by the improvement of the heat insulation in windows. It does not compare
any material specifically.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: This brochure-like information does not reflect the information standards needed to
be judged as scientific-based information source. Not suggested for further assessment.
IKP D-5
A 229
Kind of report Book
Title Immer im Einsatz PVC im Hoch- und Tiefbau
Scope of investigation PVC in structural engineering and underground engineering
Year of publication 1992
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1991 to 1992
Institution or Company Solvay Kunststoff GmbH, Solingen; Bund Deutscher Baumeister, Architekten und Ingenieure,
Bezirksgruppe Frankfurt/Main e. V.
Contractor/ Address Solvay, Langhansstr. 6, 5650 Solingen 11/BDB: Bezirksgruppe Frankfurt am Main e. V.,
Berger Str. 40 - 42, 6000 Frankfurt am Main 1, Germany
Authors Guy Pierre Fries, Jürgen Mahneke
Availability/Publisher Solvay Kunststoff GmbH, Solingen; Bund Deutscher Baumeister, Architekten und Ingenieure,
Bezirksgruppe Frankfurt/Main e. V.
ISBN -
Keywords
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives comparison of pipes (PVC, clay, cast iron, PE-HD, copper, zinced iron)
comparison of windows (PVC, wood, wood/aluminium
Reported data General description about PVC and not properly LCA
Short description of the study The book focuses on generic information about PVC application in structural engineering and
underground engineering with some technical and material information. Some examples (floor-
ing, window frames, cable isolations, wallpapers, pipes and profiles) are addressed but no
detailed information is available.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 10%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not scientifically based, not suggested
for further assessment
IKP D-18
A 230
Kind of report Commercial brochure
Title Der findes alternative plastmaterialer til PVC for bygge- og anlægssektoren
(There are alternative plastic materials to PVC for the building and construction sector)
Scope of investigation pipes and fittings
Year of publication Unknown
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company International Pipe System A/S, Lægårdsvej 2, DK-8520 Lystrup, Denmark
Contractor/ Address
Authors Unknown
Availability/Publisher Company
ISBN
Keywords
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data None
Short description of the study
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not scientifically based, not suggested
for further assessment IPU 041.0025
A 231
Kind of report Communication from Danish Consumer Agency to company lawyer on marketing of PVC as
environmentally friendly
Title Deres j.nr. 314454 MAD/pth – hvidbog om PVC-vinduer
(Your journal no. 314454 MAD/pth – white book about PVC-windows)
Scope of investigation Documentation for environmental claims
Year of publication 1997
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company The National Consumer Agency, Amagerfælledvej 56 – DK-2300 København S, Denmark
Contractor/ Address
Authors Jørgensen, H.
Availability/Publisher The National Consumer Agency, Amagerfælledvej 56 – DK-2300 København S, Denmark
ISBN
Keywords Environmental documentation, environmental marketing
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data Market information
Short description of the study
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
X NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not scientifically based, not suggested
for further assessment IPU 041.0028
A 232
Kind of report Communication from Danish Consumer Agency to company on marketing of PVC as environ-
mentally friendly
Title Deres pjece “VINDUER OG DØRE I PLAST et godt valg – også for miljøet”
(Your brochure ”WINDOWS AND DOORS IN PLASTIC a good choice – also for the environ-
ment)
Scope of investigation Documentation for environmental claims
Year of publication 1997
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company The National Consumer Agency, Amagerfælledvej 56 – DK-2300 København S, Denmark
Contractor/ Address
Authors Larsen, L.
Availability/Publisher The National Consumer Agency, Amagerfælledvej 56 – DK-2300 København S, Denmark
ISBN
Keywords Environmental documentation, environmental marketing
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data Market information
Short description of the study
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
X NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not scientifically based, not suggested
for further assessment IPU 041.0027
A 233
Kind of report Communication from the Ministry of Environment to the Danish Consumer Agency on market-
ing of PVC as environmentally friendly
Title Deres pjece “VINDUER OG DØRE I PLAST et godt valg – også for miljøet”
(Your brochure ”WINDOWS AND DOORS IN PLASTIC a good choice – also for the environ-
ment)
Scope of investigation Documentation for environmental claims
Year of publication 1997
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Ministry of the Environment, Højbro Plads 4, DK-1200 København K, Denmark
Contractor/ Address
Authors Larsen, L.
Availability/Publisher Ministry of the Environment, Højbro Plads 4, DK-1200 København K, Denmark
ISBN
Keywords Environmental documentation, environmental marketing
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data Market information
Short description of the study
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. Comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. Comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not scientifically based, not suggested
for further assessment
IPU 041.0029
A 234
Kind of report Study
Title Alternativer til blød PVC i byggebranchen
(Alternatives to soft PVC in the construction sector)
Scope of investigation Outline the consumption of building products containing soft PVC in Denmark.
Draw up possible alternatives to these building products.
Year of publication 2002
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Moe og Brødsgaard A/S,
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Andersson, M.
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN
Keywords PVC, soft PVC, building materials
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives Various other plastic materials, various wood materials, cork, steel, aluminium,
Reported data LCA related
Short description of the study All Danish uses of soft PVC in construction and presentation of alternatives to all uses with
respect to environment, technical specifications and construction costs.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment:No LCA; only qualitative information, suggested for systematic characterisation IPU 000.0048
A 235
Kind of report Study
Title Kortlægning af PVC i bygge- og anlægsaffald fra nedbrydning og renovering (Mapping of PVC
in building and construction waste from demolition and renovation)
Scope of investigation PVC in waste from construction and demolition waste
Year of publication 1997
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1995
Institution or Company Demex Rådgivende Ingeniører A/S, Genanvendelsesrådet, Plastindustrien i Danmark
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Lauritzen, Erik K,; Christensen, Niels Trap
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN ISBN 87-7810-882-9
Keywords Construction waste, demolition waste
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alternatives No
Reported data LCA-related
Short description of the study Analyses from one demolition site and 8 buildings representing various building uses.
Estimation of total PVC in building.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: Substance flow analysis, no LCA, not suggested for systematic characterisation. IPU 000.0056
A 236
Kind of report Study
Title Kortlægning af genanvendelse af PVC i byggeaffald
Scope of investigation Building products/waste containing PVC
Year of publication 1996
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1995
Institution or Company Rambøll
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Busch, Niels Juul
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN ISBN 87-7810-570-6
Keywords Building waste, recycling
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data LCA-related
Short description of the study Recording of the amounts of building and construction waste containing PVC that are recycled
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: Substance flow analysis, not LCA, not suggested for systematic characterisation
IPU 000.0060
A 237
Kind of report Brochure
Title Pavimentazioni resilienti ed emissioni di composti volatili organici.
Scope of investigation Presentation of problems with VOC emissions from floors.
Year of publication 2000
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Istituto Centrale per l’Industrializzazione e la Tecnología edilizia (ICITE), Consigliuo Nazionale
delle Riceche (CNR)
Contractor/ Address Centro di Informazione sul PVC: www.pvcforum.it
Authors Dott. Alberto Strini (ICITE CNR)
Availability/Publisher www.pvcforum.it/documentazione.html
ISBN No
Keywords PVC, flooring, VOC emission
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase X End of life Qualitative Qualitative X Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data Other life-cycle related data
Short description of the
study
It is a descriptive brochure that focuses on VOCs emissions of floors
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment
RANDA IT.003
A 238
Kind of report Report
Title Evoluzione e sviluppo dei manufatti in PVC per il settore acqua: innovazioni tecnologiche,
stabilizzazione, riciclabilità.
Scope of investigation This publication qualitatively describes technological innovations, the use of stabilizers and the
recycling of PVC tubes.
Year of publication Unknown
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Centro di Informazione sul PVC
Contractor/ Address Centro di Informazione sul PVC: www.pvcforum.it
Authors Gaetano Gianotti
Availability/Publisher www.pvcforum.it/documentazione.html
ISBN No
Keywords PVC, pipes, LCA
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data LCA, other life-cycle related data
Short description of the
study
The objective of the study was to show the technical advances regarding production, stabiliza-
tion and end of life of PVC water tubes. A brief qualitative résumé of the results of a compara-
tive LCA on PVC and tubes of other materials is also presented.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry X PVC/competitor material
Academia X part of PVC compound
Government Material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Broschure like report with no own data, not suggested for systematic characteri-
sation.
RANDA IT.004
A 239
Kind of report Dossier
Title Il comportamento energetico degli edifici innovativi
Scope of investigation Energy properties of buildings
Year of publication 2002
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Centro di Informazione sul PVC
Contractor/ Address Centro di Informazione sul PVC: www.pvcforum.it
Authors Centro di Informazione sul PVC
Availability/Publisher Centro di Informazione sul PVC: www.pvcforum.it
ISBN No
Keywords PVC, energy, building
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data Other life-cycle related data.
Short description of the
study
A compilation of data (properties, use, environmental issues) regarding applications of PVC in
the building sector.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment.
RANDA IT.011
A 240
Kind of report Brochure
Title I serramenti esterni in PVC requisiti e prestazioni
Scope of investigation Compilation of documents presented to the conference of Italian producers of windows
Year of publication 1998
Ref. year(s) of assessment unknown
Institution or Company Centro di Informazione sul PVC
Contractor/ Address Centro di Informazione sul PVC: www.pvcforum.it
Authors Centro di Informazione sul PVC
Availability/Publisher Centro di Informazione sul PVC: www.pvcforum.it
ISBN No
Keywords PVC, windows
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data Non-LCA data
Short description of the
study
This study focuses on the use of PVC in windows. The environmental issues are examined in
general, and the data are not original.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment.
RANDA IT.012
A 241
Kind of report Book
Title Pieni e vuoti tecnologie dei serramenti in PVC
Scope of investigation PVC windows technical properties
Year of publication Unknown
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Centro di Informazione sul PVC
Contractor/ Address Centro di Informazione sul PVC: www.pvcforum.it
Authors Centro di Informazione sul PVC
Availability/Publisher Centro di Informazione sul PVC: www.pvcforum.it
ISBN No
Keywords PVC, windows, technical properties
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data Non LCA data
Short description of the
study
This study focuses on the use of PVC in windows. The description of related environmental
issues is poor.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment.
RANDA IT.013
A 242
Kind of report Brochure
Title Pavimenti resilenti prestazioni, sicurezza, ecologia
Scope of investigation PVC floor
Year of publication April 2000
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Centro di Informazione sul PVC
Contractor/ Address Centro di Informazione sul PVC: www.pvcforum.it
Authors Centro di Informazione sul PVC
Availability/Publisher Centro di Informazione sul PVC: www.pvcforum.it
ISBN No
Keywords PVC, floor, VOC emission
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data Non-LCA data
Short description of the
study
This study describes PVC flooring from a technical point of view. A small chapter is dedicated
to emissions of VOC
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment.
RANDA IT.014
A 243
Kind of report 7 Information brochures (7 abstracts) (each for different PVC)
Title Contribution du revêtement de sol PVC (semi-flexible, expanse relief –VER, sur mousse –VSM
U3/U4-, sur mousse –VSM U2S-, sur Liège, homogène et heterogène compact) aux impacts
environmentaux et sanitaires d’un ouvrage.
Scope of investigation Building material, flooding, environmental and safety impacts, manufacturing process: sus-
pension PVC, geographical area: France.
Year of publication 2002
Ref. year(s) of assessment 2002
Institution or Company SFEC et ADEME
Contractor/ Address SFEC (Syndicat Français des Enducteurs Calendreurs ),
65 rue de Prony, 75854 PARIS cedex 17, France,
Tel. : +33 1 44 01 16 44 ; fax : +33 1 44 01 16 63 ; e-mail : [email protected]
Authors Tarket Sommer et al. (for semi-flexible, VER, VSM U3/U4, VSM U2S, homogène, heterogène
compact ) ; Tel 03 26 77 30 55
Gerflor (for sur Liège, homogène, heterogène compact ) Tel. 04 74 05 40 00
Availability/Publisher Documentation provided by FORUM PVC France (Mr. Eric Chatelain)
Tel : +33 1 53 32 79 79
ISBN No
Keywords LCA, flooding, flexible PVC, environmental impacts, safety risks, XP01-010.
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase X End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative X Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
The comparison of the seven brochures allows to compare the environmental impacts of the
seven types of PVC grounds.
Reported data LCA, market information
Short description of the
study
The objective of the study was to evaluate the environmental impacts and safety risks for 7
PVC floodings, considering the use phase in construction (to place it, the necessary adhesive
products and the resulting packaging material waste). This study has been carried out under
experimental AFNOR XP01-010, based on ISO 14040. The summary of these brochures will
be used by construction companies to choose the required material according to sustainable
construction.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data 50%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO X PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Brochures, not suggested for systematic characterisation
RANDA FR.012
A 244
A3.3 Consumer goods
Kind of report Study
Title Udvikling af alternativt materiale til PVC i tæppefliser
(Development of an alternative material to PVC in carpet squares)
Scope of investigation Development of carpet squares without PVC
Year of publication 1999
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Danish Technological Institute, Westbond
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Pedersen, Jens Wood
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN ISBN 87-7909-378-7
Keywords PVC, Carpets
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives Development of product without PVC
Reported data Market information
Short description of the study Description of development and testing of non-PVC product including production of testing
equipment
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment
IPU 000.0054
A 245
Kind of report Paper
Title Ecobilan dans les industries agro-alimentaires
Scope of investigation Environmental impact of food industry. Use of the LCA tool in the selection of 13 prod-
ucts/packages. European market.
Year of publication 1994
Ref. year(s) of assessment -
Institution or Company ECOBILAN
Contractor/ Address Ministère de l’agriculture et de la pêche; Ministère de L’enseignement supérieur et de la re-
cherche; groupe de 13 industriels associés au project
Authors ECOBILAN
Availability/Publisher Documentation provided by SPMP (syndicat des producteurs de matières plastiques),
www.proplast.org/spmp, Tel. +33 1 46 53 10 53 (Mr. Leca)
ISBN No
Keywords LCA, société Vittel , PVC bottle, glass bottle, rempliance, energetic valuation.
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Comparison between 3 different scenarios for the packaging of mineral water:
- 1 l glass bottle to be refilled
- 1.5 l PVC bottle returned to France for its recycling
- 1.5 l PVC bottle not re-used
Reported data Other life-cycle related data
Short description of the
study
The objective of the study was to promote the use of LCA tools in order to integrate the envi-
ronmental management as a selection tool for product design. Therefore, a program was
engaged between different Ministeries and 13 industry companies (French and German) One
of these was Société Vittel and incorporated 3 packaging alternatives for mineral water. The
final project confirmed that there were many areas for improvement within the food sector
(industry and distribution).
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data X
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not scientifically based, not suggested
for further assessment.
RANDA FR.010
A 246
A3.4 Packaging Kind of report Study
Title Effects of substitution procedures for rigid PVC film
Scope of investigation Alternatives to PVC for packaging, mainly PP, PET, PS, composites
Year of publication 1990
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1988
Institution or Company GVM, Rheingaustr. 85, 65203 Wiesbaden, Germany
Contractor/ Address Gütegemeinschaft kalandrierte PVC Hartfolien für Verpackungszwecke e. V.
Authors GVM
Availability/Publisher GVM, Rheingaustr. 85, 65203 Wiesbaden, Germany
ISBN -
Keywords Packaging, Rigid PVC film
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives PVC, PP, PET, PS
Reported data
Short description of the study The objective of the study was to analyse suitable substitute materials for the various types of
goods to be packaged and to show the ecological consequences of the use of such materials.
It concludes that, after substitution, total energy consumption will be at least 40% than before.
Conclusions are based on waste volume and energy consumption and are very positive to
PVC.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not scientifically based, not suggested
for further assessment.
IKP D-14
A 247
Kind of report Summary Report
Title Verpacken ohne Kunststoff
Scope of investigation Substitution of plastics in the packaging sector to other materials
Year of publication 1987
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1985 to 1987
Institution or Company GVM, Rheingaustr. 85, 65203 Wiesbaden, Germany
Contractor/ Address Verband Kunststofferzeugende Industrie e. V. (VKE),
Karlstr. 21, 60329 Frankfurt a.M., Germany
Authors GVM
Availability/Publisher Verband Kunststofferzeugende Industrie e. V. (VKE),
Karlstr. 21, 60329 Frankfurt a.M., Germany
ISBN -
Keywords Packaging, plastics
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives PE, PP, PVC, PS, mixed plastic, cardboard, paper, glass, steel, wood, aluminium
Reported data
Short description of the study The objective of the study was to show what would happen in terms of waste and energy
consumption if all plastic would be replaced by other materials. As conclusion, it does not
encourage this substitution.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 90% Specific/own/new data 10%
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment.
IKP D-16
A 248
Kind of report Study
Title Milieubalans van kortcyclische PVC-verpakkingen
Scope of investigation Literature survey of studies in PVC packaging materials
Year of publication 1993
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company VITO - Vlaamsc Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek
Contractor/ Address
Authors D. Ceuterick, V. De Baere, G. Wouters
Availability/Publisher Fechiplast, Vereinigte kunststofverwerkers FCN,
Maria-Louizasquare, 49, 1040 Brussels, Belgium
ISBN -
Keywords literature survey, packaging materials
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data
Short description of the study Literature survey of studies on packaging material before 1993, no own data or assessment
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study (meta-study), no additional issues covered, not suggested for further
assessment
IKP NL-8
A 249
Kind of report Study
Title Ökobilanz von MILLICARB und HYDROCARB 95 T sowie Vergleich mit Polypropylen
Scope of investigation Production of calcium carbonate extenders for plastics in comparison to polypropylene
Year of publication 1994
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1974 to 1994
Institution or Company Eidgenössische Materialprüfungs- und Forschungsanstalt (EMPA),
Unterstr. 11, CH-9001 St.Gallen, Switzerland
Contractor/ Address Omya GmbH, Brohler Str. 11a, 50968 Köln, Germany
Authors EMPA
Availability/Publisher Omya GmbH, Brohler Str. 11 a, 50968 Köln, Germany
ISBN
Keywords LCA, calcium carbonate, extender
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Comparison done between all alternatives
Reported data LCA
Short description of the
study
LCA of the converting of calcium carbonate to typical extender materials for plastics in com-
parison to polypropylene. Only aggregated categories are described in the production phase,
transports are considered, disposal volumes are considered for production wastes. The docu-
mentation is kept general and not very detailed.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 80% Specific/own/new data 20% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
X application PVC/comp. comparison
Other than LCA
Comment: Suggested for systematic characterisation
IKP CH-8
A 250
Kind of report Article
Title The mechanical properties of recycled PVC bottle compounds
Scope of investigation Material quality of PVC bottle material
Year of publication 1996
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Polymers and Composites Centre, Dep. of Mat. Eng, University College of Swansea, UK.
Contractor/ Address
Authors Arnold, J. C.; Maund, B.; Isaac, D. H.
Availability/Publisher Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 56 (1996)
ISBN ISSN 09240136
Keywords Recycling, material quality.
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives
Reported data
Short description of the study Material quality of bottle PVC when recycled
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data X
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment
IPU 000.0069
A 251
Kind of report Article
Title Use of bottle recyclate in rigid PVC foam
Scope of investigation Reuse of PVC recyclate
Year of publication 1995
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company European Vinyls Corporation (UK) Ltd.,
PO Box 8, The Heath, Runcorn, Cheshire, WA7 4QD, UK
Contractor/ Address
Authors Thomas, N. L.; Quirk, J. P.
Availability/Publisher Plastics, Rubber and Composites Processing and Applications, Vol. 24 (1995)
ISBN
Keywords PVC bottles, PVC recycling
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives No
Reported data Other life-cycle related
Short description of the study Testing of material quality when recycling PVC bottles to make PVC-UE formulations.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound X
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment
IPU 000.0075
A 252
Kind of report Study
Title L’envasatge de begudes i el seu impacte ambiental: una aproximació al cas de Catalunya
Scope of investigation Beverage packaging in Catalonia. Bricks, steel cans, aluminium cans, PVC bottles (mineral
water, cooking oil, vinegar, special liquids such as “horchata”) and PVC packaging for ”pâté”,
margarine, ice cream, PET bottles, PE and glass packaging
Year of publication 1995
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1993
Institution or Company Organització de Consumidors i Usuaris de Catalunya OCUC (Organization of Consumers and
Users of Catalonia) and Centre d’Ecologia i Projectes Alternatius CEPA (Centre of Ecology
and Alternative Projects)
Contractor/ Address OCUC, Departament de Medi Ambient i Consum Responsible,
Avda. República Argentina, 29, 1er, 08023 Barcelona, Spain, www.ocuc.org,
Authors OCUC, CEPA
Availability/Publisher It can be ordered from OCUC.
ISBN No
Keywords Packaging, beverages, PVC, consumption, Catalonia
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative X Qualitative X Qualitative X
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Comparison done between all alternatives (see scope of the study)
Reported data Market information. Generic/Literature data on environmental impacts of packaging materials.
Own data on market information: production, consumption and packaging of beverages in
Catalonia (data from industrial associations and surveys carried out by the contractor).
Short description of the
study
The three basic goals of the study were:
To study the status of “take-back” packaging in Catalonia (Spain).
To compile data on beverage production and consumption in Catalonia, types of packaging
and the environmental impacts associated with the consumption of these packaging materials.
To compare data collected and analysed with data from other regions in Spain and Europe.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts X
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data X Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment
RANDA SP.001
A 253
Kind of report Study
Title Migración en envases de PVC utilizados en el envasado de agua mineral
Scope of investigation Migration PVC packaging for bottles of mineral water
Year of publication 1997
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos - CSIC
Contractor/ Address Asociación Nacional de Empresas de Aguas de Bebida Envasadas (ANEABE)
Authors
Availability/Publisher Study was not provided (CONFIDENTIAL?)
ISBN No
Keywords
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data Other life-cycle related data
Short description of the
study
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like
Overall/screening Profound
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: Not provided
RANDA SP.005
A 254
Kind of report Journal article
Title Reprocessing and re-stabilisation of PVC recycled from bottles
Scope of investigation PVC end of life
Year of publication 1997
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company
Contractor/ Address
Authors La Mantia, F. P.; Curto, D.
Availability/Publisher Polymer Recycling vol. 3, Issue 4, pg. 275 - 280
ISBN No
Keywords
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data Non LCA data
Short description of the
study
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data X Specific/own/new data X
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, not recommended for systematic characterisation
RANDA IT.016
A 255
Kind of report Journal article
Title Containers for liquid foods: current state and prospects.
Scope of investigation
Year of publication 1980
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company
Contractor/ Address
Authors De Rossi, F.; Rizzo, R.
Availability/Publisher Industrie Alimentari, vol. 19, issue 2, pg. 85 - 98
ISBN No
Keywords
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data
Short description of the
study
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like
Overall/screening Profound
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
Application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: Article, not recommended for systematic characterisation
RANDA IT.018
A 256
Kind of report Journal article
Title Healthy Cap for protection of cans.
Scope of investigation
Year of publication 2000
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company
Contractor/ Address
Authors Giannangeli, G.
Availability/Publisher Imballaggio vol. 526, pg. 38 - 40
ISBN No
Keywords
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase X End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data
Short description of the
study
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like
Overall/screening Profound
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, not recommended for systematic characterisation
RANDA IT.019
A 257
Kind of report Journal article; scientific experiment
Title Competition between degradation and chain extension during processing of reclaimed
poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Scope of investigation Behaviour of recycled PET from post-consumer water bottles when treated in a melt mixer
under different conditions.
Year of publication 1998
Ref. year(s) of assessment 1997
Institution or Company (a) Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimìca, Chimìca Industriale e Scienza dei Materiali, Universi-
tà de Pisa;
(b) Dipartimento di Ingegneriadei Processi e dei Materiali, Università de Palermo
Contractor/ Address (a) Via Diotisalvi 2, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
(b) Viale delle Scienze 90128 Palermo, Italy
Authors (a) Paci, M.;
(b) La Mantia, F. P.
Availability/Publisher Polymer Degradation and Stability vol. 61, issue 3, pg. 417 - 420
Publisher: Elsevier Sci Ltd
ISBN No
Keywords
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
PET
Reported data Effects of temperature, mixing time, mixing rate, type of atmosphere, etc. on polymer viscosity.
Contains no LCA data.
Short description of the
study
This study examines the degradation of PET and the influence of contaminants such as PVC in
the process. The study aims to improve the process to reduce or avoid hydrolytic chain scis-
sion.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening Profound
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data 100% Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
X Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, not recommended for systematic characterisation.
RANDA IT.020
A 258
A3.5 Electric and electronics
Kind of report Study
Title Alternativer til PVC i kabler og tilknyttede bygningsinstallationer
Scope of investigation Practical testing of non-halogenated cables against same standards as PVC cables.
Year of publication 1995
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company Delta, Elektronikcentralen A/S and NKT Kraftkabler
Contractor/ Address Danish EPA, Strandgade 29, DK-1401 København K, Denmark
Authors Hasermann, V.
Availability/Publisher On website www.mst.dk
ISBN
Keywords PVC, cables, non-halogenated cables
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase X End of life Qualitative Qualitative X Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives Non-halogenated cables
Reported data LCA related
Short description of the study Practical testing of non-halogenated cables against same standards as PVC cables. Further-
more an assessment of other factors governing selection of alternative materials; market pos-
sibilities, material possibilities, material characteristics, economic factors, other construction
elements.
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like X
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: Only qualitative information, not suggested for systematic characterisation
IPU 000.0049
A 259
Kind of report Information brochure
Title Es geht auch ohne PVC - Halogenfreie Kabel und Elektro-Installationsmaterialien
Scope of investigation Halogen free PVC wires and electric installation materials
Year of publication 1999
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Greenpeace Austria, Siebenbrunnenstr. 44, A-1050 Vienna, Austria
Contractor/ Address Greenpeace Austria, Siebenbrunnenstr. 44, A-1050 Vienna, Austria
Authors Thomas Fertl, Thomas Belazzi, Henrik Schreiber, Manfred Krautter, Judit Kanthak
Availability/Publisher Greenpeace Austria, Siebenbrunnenstr. 44, A-1050 Vienna, Austria
ISBN -
Keywords halogen free, PVC, wire, electric installation materials
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase X End of life Qualitative Qualitative X Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alterna-
tives
No
Reported data
Short description of the
study
Information brochure about the environmental impact of PVC wires as well as in comparison to
the environmental benefit of halogen free PVC wires and electric installation materials with
focus on the use phase.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
X NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not scientifically based, not suggested
for further assessment
IKP AT-3
A 260
Kind of report Commercial brochure
Title Med NKT Cables’ halogenfri program vil du altid forbinde kabler med et godt miljø (With NKT
Cables’ non-halogen program you will always associate cables with a healthy environment)
Scope of investigation Cables
Year of publication Unknown
Ref. year(s) of assessment Unknown
Institution or Company NKT Cables A/S, Toftegårdsvej 25, DK-4550 Asnæs, Denmark
Contractor/ Address
Authors Unknown
Availability/Publisher Company
ISBN
Keywords
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data None
Short description of the study
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data 100% Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not scientifically based, not suggested
for further assessment
IPU 041.0026
A 261
A3.6 Medical
Kind of report Workshop discussions
Title Workshop-rapport for medikorpodukt. Brancheindsats: Medikoprodukter, kateter fra Coloplast
A/S.
(Workshop report for medical products. Branch: Medical products, catheter from Coloplast A/S)
Scope of investigation Discussion of ideas for further agenda for cleaner products
Year of publication 2001
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company
Contractor/ Address Plastindustrien i Danmark, Nørre Voldgade 48, DK-1358 København K, Denmark
Authors Unknown
Availability/Publisher Available from internet: http://www.plastindustrien.dk/printtekst.asp?printfil=425
ISBN No
Keywords PVC, catheter.
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase X Use phase End of life Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative X Quantitative Quantitative
Comparison with alternatives None
Reported data Other life-cycle related data
Short description of the study Discussions of pros and cons of various ideas for development of cleaner products within
medical products.
Expert judgement Brochure-like X Scientific-like
Overall/screening X Profound
Selected/limited impacts X Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
X Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, not suggested for systematic characterisation
IPU 000.0005
A 262
Kind of report Technical Report
Title Medical Application of PVC: Benefits and Risks. Technical Report
Scope of investigation Medical applications of PVC
Year of publication 2001
Ref. year(s) of assessment
Institution or Company Environmental and Health Dept. Mario Negri Pharmacological Research Institute, Milan
Contractor/ Address Centro di Informazione sul PVC
Authors Dr. Roberto Fanelli, Dr. Ettore Zuccato
Availability/Publisher NOT RECEIVED
ISBN No
Keywords
Life-cycle phases
Qualitative/Quantitative
Production phase Use phase End of life X Qualitative Qualitative Qualitative
Quantitative Quantitative Quantitative X
Comparison with alterna-
tives
Reported data Non-LCA data
Short description of the
study
Expert judgement Brochure-like Scientific-like
Overall/screening Profound
Selected/limited impacts Main/high variety of impacts
Generic data/literature data Specific/own/new data
Comments related to further
assessment
Initiator LCA
Industry PVC/competitor material
Academia part of PVC compound
X Government material PVC/comp. comparison
NGO PVC/competitor application
application PVC/comp. comparison
X Other than LCA
Comment: No LCA study, no additional issues covered, not suggested for further assessment.
RANDA IT.015