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Biology SPM
4551/2
Biology
(Revisio
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Tissue
Orga
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Differentiation
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Contraction and relaxationfor peristalsis.
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Digestive
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To break down complex
food substances intosimpler / soluble
molecules small enough
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P1:(Islet) cells in pancreascannot secrete insulin
P2:Glucose cannot be convertedto glycogenP3:Increase in blood glucose
Diabetes
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Frequent urination
Blurred visionDizzinessAlways feel thirsty
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Tertiary
Secondary
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Hydrolysi
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X
X
Z
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The temperature in refrigerator
is low.Enzyme(in bacteria) is inactive.
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Control the temperature at 40 0C.
40 0C is an optimum temperature forenzyme activities.Enzymes catalyse the reaction at
maximum rate.
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G1: Growth
phase
S: Synthesis
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R : Cell grows by synthesisingproteins and new cytoplasmic
organelles/chromosomes becomechromatin.
S : Synthesis of DNA.
U : Cell division takes place //
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P1: The chromosomes arepulled towards the oppositepoles.(shortening of the spindlefibres)P2: Each pole receives only one
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P1: Caused by severe disruption to the
mechanism that control cell cycle.P2: Cancerous cells divideuncontrollably
P3: Cancer cells compete with
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* via the cytoplasmvia the vacuolevia the cell wall
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P1 : Cytoplasm of root hair cells arehypertonic compared to surrounding soil
water.P2 : Water enters the root hair cells viaosmosis.P3 : The root hair cells become hypotoniccompared to adjacent hypertonic cells.P4 : Water diffuse into adjacent cells viaosmosis (cortex to endodermis to xylem
vessel)
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P1 : The narrow diameter of xylemvessels increase the forces generated bycapillary action.
P2 : Water molecules adhere to oneanother by cohesive force (hydrogenbond)
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P1 : Light stimulates photosynthesis inthe guard cellsP2 : The guard cells start producing
glucose.P3 : Potassium ions are accumulatedfrom adjacent cells through active
transport.P4 : Guard cells become hypertonicand water moves in by osmosis.
P5 G d ll ll / b