Download - Exterior Walls (Wood)
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Exterior Walls (Wood)
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Framing Techniques in Light Frame Construction
General Terms & Methodology Platform Framing Balloon Framing Post & Beam
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Forces on Exterior Wall Construction
Wall had their own dead load Walls support vertical loads (LL + DL) from
– roof– ceiling– floors
Must also resist lateral forces due to
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Wind--Horizontal/Lateral Load
Wind causes both horizontal & vertical movement with vertical forces called uplift– Use of wind speed
map to determine wind speed (70 to 110 miles per hour)
Palm tree pierced by plywood missile, Hurricane Andrew
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Wind Forces
Horizontal forces are treated like seismic
Vertical forces are called uplift– Wind blowing across the
structure creates a negative pressure (sucking force)
– Wind blowing thru an opening increases inside pressure (lifting force)
Suckingforce
Liftingforce
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Earthquakes
Shock waves cause lateral and vertical motion in a building
Usual design, for vertical forces, will take care of the vertical seismic forces
Major factors effecting seismic forces:
– The type of structure (material its made of)
– Nature of soil under the building Building are not designed to be earthquake-proof, but
to be earthquake resistant
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Exposed Earthquake Module
Connections called “ductile” are designed to give the building the ability to move, bend or stretch without snap and breaking apart during earthquakes
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Typical Wall Construction
One and two story framing– 2” x 4” @ 16” O.C.– Occasionally 2” x 6” @ 24” O.C.
Three story framing(load bearing walls)– lower floor = 2” x 6” @ 16” O.C.– other floors = 2” x 4” @ 16” O.C.
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Window Framing Terms
Header– supports structure above
windows
Header Jack– supports header
Cripple Studs Double Plate Rough Sill Trimmer
– additional stud to trim out window
Double Plate
Cripple Studs
Header
Header
Jack
Cripple Studs
Rough Sill
Trimmer
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PlatformFraming
Foundation
Sill (Mud Sill)
Floor Joist
Girder
Subfloor isPlatform
DoublePlate
Blocking
Sway Bracing
(cornerbracing)
Rafter or Truss
Also called
Western
Framing
Sheathing
Ledger
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BalloonFraming
Studs extend
from sill to
roof line (full length)
Also called
Eastern Framing
Terms similar to Platform Framing
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Balloon Framing
Used primarily for 2 story construction Less chance of shrinkage or movement
– recommended for masonry veneer & stucco 2nd floor supported by wall with
– let-in 1x4 called a ribbon Less overall material Longer members usually more costly Firestop blocking required
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Balloon Framing Terms
Ribbon Firestop
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Framing Construction at Corners 3 full studs
– good with super insulated buildings
3 full studs and blocking
3 full studs and 1/2” shim
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Post & Beam
Relatively new
and less
common in residential
construction
Used in heavy
timber const
for years
Beam and Posttypically 4’-8’ OC
beam
post
T&G planks2x6 or 2x8
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Tongue & Groove Planking Used for Roof or Floor when structure is space 24” or more O.C.
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Shear Wall Design
Resistance to lateral forces resulting from earthquakes or wind
Connections:– 1 sheathing to joist– 2 joist to top wall– 3 edge nailing– 4 tie-down straps– 5 anchor/shear bolts
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Detailing areas of Shear Walls
Diaphragm transfer
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Exterior Finishes
Siding– Wood Siding– Metal Siding
» Steel» Aluminum
– Vinyl Siding Stucco Exterior Finish System--a nylon mesh & plaster
over insulation board
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Wood Siding
Various sizes and Shapes– Solid wood– T1-11
(plywood)» 4’x8’ sheets
– Masonnite Lap board
» 8-12” x 16’
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Steel & Vinyl Siding Higher in Cost Lower in Maintenance
– no painting Long lasting Concerns when using this siding
– expansion– denting– cracking– rusting
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Cement Stucco
Least expensive
building paper
wire fabric lath
furring nails
drip screed
sheathing vs. open frame
3 coats of plaster
brownfinish
scratch} 7/8”
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Interior Finishes
Plaster & Lath Wood Paneling Dry wall
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Plaster & Lath
Old technique - not in common use today– 3/8” - 1/2” thick lath– 1/2” coat plaster– uses a ground board at edges
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Wood Paneling
4’ x 8’ sheet panels vertical/horizontal/angle pieces solid boards wide range of wood types and colors
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Drywall
Commonly called sheet rock, gypsum board (GB), or plaster board
typically 1/2” on wall, 5/8” on ceiling Nail directly to studs, nails commonly 8”
OC Tape - 3 coats/ texture Green/blue board or cement board for
bathrooms
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Assignment Sheet A-4 Dimension the enlarged entry plan Add restrooms to match A-1 & A-2 Reference door and window (A-1 & A-2) Hatch or poche’ as needed Using elevation 1/A-4 create elevations for
A/A-4 and B/A-4
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Drawing Assignment Wall Section
5/8”dia x 12”AB @ 32” 8” Min from backfill to top FDN 4” concrete slab w/ 6x6 10/10 wwf
or wwm (wire welded fabric or mess)
Blocking 6-8”compact fill 95% density foundation wall 8” with normal
footing size (w x 2w) 30” frost depth
Foundation insulation
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Drawing Assignment Wall Section Cont.
2”x4” wood studs Treated wood plate Found. (2) #5 bars top and bottom
and (1) #5 @ 18” o.c. vertical 12”x18” cont. conc. footing w/ (2)
#4 bars x cont. #4 ties @ 18” o.c. (50% 2’-6” &
50% 1’-6”) T&G plywood subfloor (second
level)
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Wall Section Drawing Cont. Slope 3:12 5/8” GB inside wall Beam bearing @ 8’-0” Roof beam 3x10 3/4” CDX plywood sheathing 3/4” T1-11 siding (brick,
stucco, etc.) Overhang 18” 2x2 starter board 1-1/2” from
edge