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EXPRESS SERVICE
EXPRESS SERVICE
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JAMBO BOX: SIZE 676 X 766 X 342
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Table of Content
1. Introduction 2
2. OSH Legislation and General Responsibilities of Employers and Employees 3
3. What is Logistics? 4
4. Common Occupational Safety and Health Problems in Logistics Industry and Control Measures 6
5. Manual Handling Operations 7
6. Musculoskeletal Disorders of Professional Drivers 9
7. Machinery and Equipment 11
8. Stacking of Goods 12
9. Work Stress 13
10. Use of Display Screen Equipment 14
11. Transportation of Dangerous Goods 15
12. Conclusions 16
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1 Introduction
Situated at the Asian hub, Hong Kong has the advanced and well-established
international airport and container port, of which both passenger and cargo
traffic volumes have become one of the busiest international airlines centres
and container ports in the world. Following China's accession to the World
Trade Organization, both passenger and cargo transportation industries and the
ancillaries in Hong Kong will experience even stronger development, backed
by the giant market in China. Recent statistics show that the logistics industry is
growing fast and has become one of the major economic activities in Hong Kong.
The HKSAR Government has planned to enhance the development of the logistics
industry, with the aim of developing Hong Kong as an international logistics
centre, and expecting the industry to become an important pillar of economy for
Hong Kong.
With the robust growth of the logistics industry, the occupational safety and
health (OSH) problems of the practitioners in the industry are gaining widespread
public concerns. This booklet describes the
common hazards in the workplaces of
the logistics industry, and provides some
recommendations and mitigation measures
for reference.
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Occupational Safety and Health Ordinance, Factories and Industrial
Undertakings Ordinance and their subsidiary regulations are the major OSH
legislations that safeguard the occupational safety and health of employees, both
in industrial and non-industrial sectors. The clauses on general duties state that
proprietors, employees and occupiers of premises are required to ensure safety
and health at work.
i. Proprietors should take care of the safety and health at work of all persons employed
•Provideandmaintainplantandsystemsofworkthatdonotendangersafetyorhealth;
•Makearrangementforensuringsafetyandhealthinconnectionwith
theuse,handling,storageortransportofplantorsubstances;
•Provideallnecessaryinformation,instruction,training,andsupervision
forensuringsafetyandhealth;
•Provideandmaintainsafemeansofaccesstoandegressfromthe
workplaces;
•Provideandmaintainasafeandhealthyworkenvironment.
ii. Employees should also observe and comply with the following measures
•Takecareforthesafetyandhealthofthemselvesandotherpersonsattheworkplace;
•Usinganyequipmentorfollowinganysystemorworkpracticesprovidedbytheproprietors.
iii. Responsibilities of occupiers of premises
•Ensurethepremises,themeansofaccesstoandegressfromthepremises,andanyplant
or substance kept at the premises are safe and without risks to health to any person
working on the premises.
iv. Proprietors of container handling should establish the safety management system
•Proprietorsofcontainerhandling,employing50to99workers, shouldcomplywith
therequirementsoftheFactoriesand IndustrialUndertakings (SafetyManagement)
Regulation by establishing a safety management: system and conducting not less than
one safety review in every 12-month period.
•Proprietorsofcontainerhandling,employing50to99workers,shouldcomplywiththe
requirementsoftheFactoriesandIndustrialUndertakings(SafetyManagement)Regulation
by establishing a safety management: system and conducting not less than one safety audit
in every 12-month period.
v. Employees of container handling are required to undertake safety training
•AccordingtotheFactoriesandIndustrialUndertakingsOrdinance,workersofcontainer
handlingshouldcompletetheMandatoryBasicSafetyTrainingCourse(commonlyknown
as "Container Industry Green Card" course).
2 OSH Legislation and General Responsibilitiesof Employers and Employees
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3 What is Logistics?
�J� � �6 �t� � � � Brief chart of the flow of goods and materials
Local markets
Foreign markets
Local supply chain management
Materialsuppliers
Materialsuppliers
Sales and delivery of products
Procurementcompanies /
agents
Retailers
Retailers
Productmanufacturers
Productmanufacturers
Wholesalers
Wholesalers /distributors
Consumers
Consumers
Export supply chain management
Logistics refer to the flow of products to retailers and users through the
manufacturing industry, in which freight handling, collection of information,
procurement and storage, distribution and processing, packaging, warehousing,
loading and unloading, transportation and delivery, etc are involved. It aims at
creating value and satisfying customers and social requirements in a cost effective
manner. In other words, the logistics industry is a trade that provides support
services during product distribution.
Currently, the "logistics services" in Hong Kong can be classified into three types:• Publiclogisticsservices,providedbycompaniesspecializinginlogisticmanagementservices.
• Logisticsdistributionservices, inwhichwarehouseandtransportationcompanieshave
undergone structural reforms and set up the delivery centre with original warehouse facilities.
• Doorsteplogisticsservices,providedbyexpresscompanies,couriersorcargotransportation
companies that have enlarged their scope of operations.
The logistics services can manage the flow of materials systematically.
Capitalizing on the advanced communication equipment, computerized
warehouse management system, information transmission via internet and
technical supports, logistics service operators can provide tailor-made and effective
freight delivery services according to customers' needs.
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"Logistics services" is a comprehensive and all-rounded service activity where
service suppliers would ensure smooth operations of all the processes involved,
including freight forwarding (via sea, land or air), warehousing, inventory,
distribution, labeling, packaging, assembling and collection of goods, through
the effective means such as goods management and transportation arrangement.
Logistics service itself is a value-added and cost-effective service, as the clients can
simply concentrate their resources on business development rather than logistic
hustles, which reduce operation cost for greater economic gains.
Structural Components of Logistics
Delivery
Transportation
PackagingLogistics
Distributionand
Processing
Warehousing
This is the major activity in logistics service, and no delay should be allowed
P r o t e c t i on andpackaging of goods for the del ivery and transportation processes
Loading and unloading of goods
A t t a c h p r i c e labels and wrap up i tems upon client's request
Storage of goods
Structural components of logistics
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4 Common Occupational Safety and Health Problemsin Logistics Industry and Controlling Measures
This mission of logistic services is to deliver the goods to the recipients within
the shortest time in the most efficient manner. Therefore, logistic practitioners
have to compete with the time. As a result, practitioners may overlook the
importance of OSH when they are in a hurry to work.
During thedelivery,placement, storageand collectionofgoods, it is
inevitable to involve manual handling, and apply various mechanical aids to assist
the carrying, such as fork-lift, trolley, hand pallet truck and tool cart. Inappropriate
posture, improper use of equipment, and unsafe work environment will induce
highter risk of accidents which threatens not only the OSH of workers, but also
affects the work progress.
Logistics practitioners also face other OSH problems, such as:• Vocationaldriversbecomefatigueafterworkingforlonghoursandinhigherrisktosuffer
from musculoskeletal disorders.
• Incorrectoperationofmachinerymayleadtoinjuries.
• Inappropriatestackingofgoodsmayleadtoaccidents/incidents.
• Hastyworkpacewillincreaseworkstress.
• Prolongedandimproperuseofdisplayscreenequipmentcantriggerhealthproblems.
• Otherpotentialhazardsintheworkenvironment.
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5 Manual Handling Operations
Inappropriate lifting or carrying postures when moving, placing and
collecting goods, or applying excessive force in pushing or pulling objects, carrying
an object for a long distance with bare hands, or even performing certain frequent
and repetitive movement, all of these can lead to higher risk in musculoskeletal
disorders and bodily injury.
a) Causes of manual lifting injury
i. Unsafe environment and conditions • Wetfloor
• Limitedspaceformovingobjects
• Wrongsequenceandarrangementofthegoods
• Heavy,bulkyorslipperysurfaceobjectorobject
itself containing are hot or corrosive substance
ii. Wrong lifting postures • Theobjectistoofarawayfromthebody
• Losebalancewhenliftingtheobject
• Failtocomprehendthebiomechanicsprinciples
and movements are not in harmony
iii. Overloading of lumbar vertebra • Theweightofobjectsisunderestimated
• Fatigueandabruptaccidents
iv. Prolonged movement • Maintainthesamepostureforalongperiodoftime
• Inappropriateposture
• Musculoskeletaldisorders
b) Suggestions for improvement
• Improvetheobject(improvethe
packing or reduce the weight)
• Rearrangetheworksequence
• Makeuseofmechanicalaids
• Improvetheenvironmentalfactors
• Automatedoperations
• Makeuseofproperpersonalprotectiveequipment
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c) Points to note when lifting / moving an object manually
i. Before lifting the object • Evaluatethesizeandweightoftheobjectanddecide
how to lift it up
• Checkifthereisanynailorsharpcorneronitssurface
to avoid body harm
• Makesureyouknowthepassageof transportation
and the destination to unload the object, and remove
any obstacle on the way
• Ifindoubtaboutyourownabilitytomovetheobject,
your should seek help from others
ii. When lifting the object • Squatdownwithboth legs separatedandbended.
Keep the waist and back straight
• Holdtheobjecttightwiththepalmsandfingers.Your
arms should stay close to the body and your jaw also
close to the chest. Keep the waist and back straight
• Liftwiththelegs.Drawtheobjectasclosetothebodyaspossibleandminimizethe
distance from it. Stand up slowly
iii. When moving the object • Usemechanicalaidsifpossibletoreducetheneedofmanualhandling,forinstance,
trolley, roller track, sliding chute and hand pallet truck
• Ifyouneedtochangedirectionwhenpassingtheobjecttoother,useyourfeetto
turn your body rather than twisting your waist
• Whenyoupass theobject toother,makesurehe/sheholds it firmlybeforeyou
release your hands
Points to Note When Engaging in Manual Handling Operations
Think before you start moving the object . I s i t too heavy? Any further hands needed?
Hold the object tight with the palms and fingers. Yourarmsshouldstaycloseto the body and also your jaw to the chest. Keep the waist and back straight.
Pull theobjectnear to thebody and minimize the distance with the object. Apply force to your legs and lift up the object in a rhythmical way.
S q u a t d o w n w i t h separated and bended legs. Keep the waist and backstraight.Maintainbody balance.
Stand right behind the object. Separate the legs and the feet should be on two sides of the object.
Donotwalkhastilyafterlifting up the object. If you need to turn around, use your legs and avoid twisting of your waist.
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6 Musculoskeletal Disorders of Professional Drivers
Freight transportation by land is one of the main activities in the flow of
logistics.Duetothe jobnature,professionaldriversusuallyhavetosit inthe
drivers'seatsforlonghours.Eventually,theymaysufferfromwaistorbackpain,
and musculoskeletal disorders.
i. Health problems related to prolonged driving
• Neck,backandshoulderspain
• Bloodcirculationmaybeblockedasbothlegsandhiphavebeenunderstressforalong
time. Spasm may occur as a result
• Liftingofobjectimmediatelyafterdrivingmayleadtowaistandbackinjuries
• Potentialhazardssuchasdegeneratingandherniatedintervertebraldiscinthevertebra
ii. Causes of bodily injuries
• Ifthebackis lackofappropriatesupportduringthelonghours'driving,thevertebra
may be deformed and the intervertebral disc under stress
• Remainingintheseatfora longtimewouldstretchandloosentheligaments inthe
spinal column, which may suffer injury when lifting a heavy object suddenly
• if theseat isnotproperlyadjustedforthedriver, thewaistandthebackwouldbe
prone to musculoskeletal disorders. The hip and the back of both legs would be under
stress and impede the circulation of blood
• Asthedriverhastokeeptheneckstraight
in the bumpy compartment, the upper
back and the neck muscles are kept
strained which eventually may result in
musculoskeletal disorders
• Prolongedsteppingon thegasandthe
clutch pedal may lead to stiffening legs,
waist and back, and even spasm
• Thetwistingor stretchingofbodyfora
clear front view may become a bad driving
posture
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iii. How to prevent musculoskeletal disorders?
• Conduct frequent inspectionandmaintenanceonthevehicle suspensionsystemto
ensure proper functioning
• Makecorrespondingadjustmenttotheseat,thesteeringwheelandotheradjustable
items, for a natural and comfortable driving
• Putacushionontheseattoreducebumpiness,ifnecessary
• Ensuresufficientsupportofthedriver seatforthebody.Useapadto improvethe
support for the waist and the back
• Driveatlowspeedwhenontheruggedroads
• Chooseflatroadswheneverpossible.Avoiddrivingoverditchesandmiscelleneousitems
• Takeenoughrest.Dosomesimplestretchingexercisesbeforework
Musculoskeletal Disorders of Professional Drivers
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7 Machinery and Equipment
All machinery and equipment have sets of rules concerning their use and
operations. Workers without proper training may incur accidents, work-injuries,
damage of goods.
i. Points to note when operating machinery and equipment
• Operatorsshouldreceiverelevanttraining. Inorderto learnthecorrectuseofthe
equipment and become aware of the dangerous parts and the safety devices
• Operatorsshouldwearclothingthatfittheirbodies.Sleckclothingmayhavetheriskof
being caught by the dangerous parts of the machinery
• Performregularinspectiononthemachinerytoensuregoodcondition
• Neveroperatethemachineryorequipmentwithoutpriorapproval
• The dangerous parts of
the machinery should be
equipped with protective
guards before use, such as
fixed guard, interlocking
guard, automatic guard,
trip guard and two-hand
control device
ii. Points to note when operating a fork-lift truck
• Operatorshavetocompletetherecognizedtrainingcourse,obtainavalidcertificate
and have been authorized to operate the fork-lift
• Inspectthefork-liftregularlyandpriortooperation
to ensure that it is in good condition
• Applythecorrectpracticeoftransportinggoods
• Thegoodsshouldbeplacedonthepalletproperly
to prevent it from falling down when being
transported
• Payattentiontotheoperatingenvironment.Do
not drive the fork-lift at an excessive speed
• Thefork-liftshouldnotbeusedtocarryperson
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8 Stacking of Goods
Warehouse and stacking yard are the two major workplaces or accessing
places for logistics practitioners. Therefore, the stacking and placing of goods in
warehouseandworkshoparedirectlyaffectingtheefficiencyofworkersandthe
OSH level in the work environment.
Basic rules for safe storage and stacking:• Rollingmaterialshouldbefixedwithawedge.Heaviergoodsshouldalwaysbestacked
below
• Inspectregularlyforanydamageinthepallets,containersandracks
• Palletitemsshouldbepiledupverticallyonaflatgroundbuttheyshouldnotbestacked
too high to avoid losing balance and falling from height
• Goodsinuniformsizeshouldbepiledupinthewayofconstructingabrickwall
• Userackswithfirmfootingforplacingthegoods
• Donotallowanypartofthematerialsextendingtothepassageway,particularlythesharppart
• Donotusetherackasaladdertoclimbupordown,anddonotclimbtheracktopickup
goods from above
• Donotallowanyheavymaterialleaningontheunstablestructure
• Donotpickuporunloadthegoodsbywayofthrowingorpullingthemfromabove
• Donotputtoomanygoodsontherackwhichmayresultinoverloading
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9 Work Stress
The hasty work of logistic practitioners means that practitioners have to
seizeeverysecondtocompletethetasks.Byworkingona24-hourshiftschedule,
practitioners have to work through day and night while overtime work is very
often. All these conditions impose stress on the body and mind, and may trigger
other health problems as well.
To alleviate the work stress:• Reflectopiniontothemanagement,andraisesuggestionstoalleviatethesourceofworkstress.Forinstance,purchasingcarryingequipment,improvingworkflow,etc.
• Prioritizeworktasksandimprovetimemanagement
• Facetheproblemandworkoutthesolutionswithcolleaguesandsuperiorsproactively
• Establishgoodrelationshipwithcolleagues,familymembersandfriendsfordevelopingaback-up network
• Acceptthesupportfromtheothersandofferhelptoothersaswell
• Strikeabalancebetweenworkandrest. Join leisureactivitiesafterworkanddeveloppersonal hobbies
• Maintainahealthybodybydoingexerciseregularly
• Maintainabalancedandsufficientdiet
• Haveenoughsleepandrestyourmindbeforesleep
• Learntherelaxationtechniques
• Sharetheworrieswithsomeonereliable,orseekhelpfromprofessionalcounselorsorpsychologists
• Consultadoctorwhensymptomofanxiety,distressordepressionappears
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Forcolleaguesworkingintheoffice,theymayhavetooperatecomputersfor
long hours every day. Inappropriate working postures may be detrimental to their
health, leading to fatigue, soreness, numbness and stiffness of shoulders, hands
and wrists, upper arms, back and neck. As computer operation is a monotonous
and repetitive work, the adverse health effects could become worse if the
software interfaces are not designed perfect enough, which ultimately constitute
invisible work stress and mental burden on the operators.
Conduct risk assessment:• Theresponsiblepersonoftheworkplaceshouldconduct
risk assessment for frequent computer users and retain
the assessment records according to the Occupational
SafetyandHealth(DisplayScreenEquipment)Regulation
• Theresponsiblepersonshould, ifanyrisk is identified
after the assessment, adopt relevant measures to reduce
the risk to the minimum level that is reasonably and
reasonably-acceptable practicable
Use computers properly:• Payattentiontothedesk,chairandotherfurnitureaccessories,andmakesuretheycan
support the forearms, wrists, elbows, back and feet, etc.
• Equipmentaroundcomputerterminalshouldbeplacedproperly,sothattheoperatordoes
not need to stretch the body excessively
• Lamp,lighting,temperatureandventilationshouldbeappropriate
• Useotheraccessoriessuchasdocumentholder,whichreduce
the eyes' movement and distance with the computer screen
• Maintain sufficientworking spaceandavoid toomany
objects under the desk that impede legs movement
• Adjust thekeyboardtoanappropriateheight.Usewrist
padsandtypesoftlytoavoidstrainingthefingerstoomuch
• Donotextendthearmsexcessivelywhenusingthemouse.
Ensureadequatesupportfortheforearms
• Sitstraight,anddonotmaintainthesamepostureforalong
period of time
• Maintainenoughrestbreaks
10 Use of Display Screen Equipment
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The logistics industry also includes the loading, unloading and transportation
ofdangerousgoods,suchasinflammable,explosiveorcorrosivechemicals.
Points to note:• AsstipulatedintheDangerousGoodsOrdinance,vehiclescarryingdangerousgoodsof
Categories2and5arerequiredtoobtainalicensebeforehand
• PursuenttotheapprovedDangerousGoods(Amendment)Ordinance,vehiclescarrying
other categories of dangerous goods will be required to obtain a license in the future.
Driversofthesevehicleshavetoundertakeandcompletetherequiredtraining
• Thegoodscompartmentofthetruckshouldbeenclosedtoavoiddirectsunlightorrain
• Avoidoverloadingthevehicle
• Thegoods shouldbe fixedandstacked inan
orderly manner to prevent tilting and failing
down
• Donot smokeoreat in thevehicles carrying
dangerous goods
• Alwaysequipwitha fireextinguisheron the
vehiclecarrying inflammablegoods.Driversor
vehicle attendants should learn how to use the
fireextinguishercorrectly
11 Transportation of Dangerous Goods
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12 Conclusions
Apart from a well-prepared safety management plan for the workplace,
thorough implementation of the plan is also important for preventing accidents
from happening in the workplace, in order to improve the OSH performance
and let everyone works safely and healthily. The support of employers and
the participation of employees are of equal significance, since an effective
implementation of safety management depends on the cooperation of both
employers and employees.