Download - Exploring Potential Products
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Exploring Potential Products from willow and poplar plantations
May 1st, 2012; Edmonton
™
Eric Phillips Researcher, Silvicultural Operations
Tony Sauder Doug Singbeil Marian Marinescu Grant Nishio
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Outline
General economic factors Solid wood products Pulp Heat energy
– Direct combustion – Chips or pellets – Co-firing
Heat process products – Bio-char – Bio-oils – Syn-gas – Ethanol – Ash
General economic factors
What factors influence the value of your product? – Product itself
• What are the customer requirements? • Pre-harvest size of trees • Harvested cost at roadside • Contaminants • Bark • Moisture content • Material form – does it need further reduction to
meet a market requirement? • Energy content
– Location – distance to market
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Minimize transport costs
Transport represents a significant portion of the delivered product costs – Decrease distance – Improve transport efficiency – Decrease moisture content – Increase density
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Proximity to processing facility
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Lyonsdale Biomass • Commercial power plant • $21.50/t chips • 100 k source
Improve transport efficiency
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Increase efficiency through Truck/trailer configuration selection Increase Density
Moisture content – decrease weight through roadside drying
Dry chips
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Dry chips to meet customer requirements
Business planning and decisions
Business plan? Cost/revenue estimates? Short or longer rotation? Potential products? Economies of scale?
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8 www.esf.edu/willow/download.htm
Business planning: tools and guides
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Short verses “long” rotations
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willow poplar
• Short rotation ~ 3 years • Energy crop
• 20-25+ year rotation • Pulp + energy • Lumber + pulp + energy • Carbon credits?
costing example – extended rotation + value added
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Costs commodity + value addedsite prep & maintenance $605 $605plant $1,176 $1,176taxes $247 $247rent $1,236 $1,236prune & sort $2,002harvest & transport $5,560 $5,560total costs $8,824 $10,825
Revenuespulp paper and OSB $12,973 $8,649veneer & furniture stock $7,413total revenue $12,973 $16,062
profit $4,149 $5,236
Poplar 20 yr rotation 370 m3/ha $/ha
Solid wood products
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furniture
acoustic fence
whips
Solid wood products
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live fencing
animal bedding
Extended Rotation - example
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• Saw-logs (veneer) + pulp chips + energy chips • Plantations grown for pulp chips
Other values?
Snow fence Wildlife use Visuals Carbon credits? Bio-Chemicals Others?
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Reduction Processes
Direct combustion Pellets Pulp Syngas Bio-ethanol
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Direct combustion: Indian Head, Saskatchewan example
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Harvest natural willow Air dry
Grind <2” (5cm)
Direct combustion: Indian Head, Saskatchewan 2
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Burn
• Anderson WB55 Biobaler • Hay Buster tub grinder • Fink Machine / KOB
Viessmann furnace
Agro-Forestry Development Centre
Energy
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Energy calculator
http://www.fpinnovations.ca/FPJoule/Views/Report.aspx
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Pellets
Used to create a dense uniform product for direct combustion. Consumer as well as industrial market but residential requires
low ash and therefore low bark content. Tops and branches may yield higher ash content. Lower lignin makes pellet production more difficult. Status: commercial
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Co-fire
Wood biomass can be added to other feed-stocks such as coal.
Up to 50% additions are reported to not affect combustion.
Particle size and moisture are critical. Other types of commercial burners may have different
requirements.
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Pulp requirements
Chip thickness and size – Uniform size with few
pins/fines and thick chips Bark content
– <1% Rule of thumb:
– <3” (8cm diameter) = energy only
– 3”-10” (8-28cm diameter) = 75% pulp, 25% energy
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Wood conversion with heat
Heat wood in the absence of oxygen to produce secondary products: – Densified wood – Bio-char – Pyrolysis oil – Syngas
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Biomass conversion w/o Oxygen comparison of processes
Torrefaction Pyrolysis Gasification
Process Temp: 200 – 350 C 350 – 500 C > 600 C
Primary product:
Value-added product:
Dense wood
Biocarbon, biochar
Pyrolysis oil
crude oil
Syn-gas
diesel + other products
Heating value of primary product*: 18-21 MJ/kg 17 MJ/kg 4 MJ/kg – 15 MJ/kg
Yield/bdt wood: max 700 kg max 750 kg
or 625 L variable depending on
gasifier design
*Compare to: Natural gas: 43 MJ/kg Diesel/fuel oil: 42 MJ/kg Coal: 33 MJ/kg Ethanol: 30 MJ/kg Wood: 14-17 MJ/kg From Doug Singbeil - FPInnovations
Torrefaction
Mild pyrolysis (200-4000 C) Briquettes hydrophobic Coal like properties Higher energy than pellets Yields affected by bark, species (lignin), MC% Status: pilot/demonstration stage
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Pyrolysis
< 7000 C Lower char output for hardwoods High bark content may reduce oil output Status: energy is at pilot plant stage;
specialty chemicals is commercial
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Gasification
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• “Town gas/syn-gas/producer gas” since 19th C • Popular during fuel shortages
Syngas
>6000 C Process: heat in the absence of
oxygen (controlled oxygen) and collect the gas
Status: pilot to commercial
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Gasification: Nexterra
Outputs: Steam Heat and power Hot water
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Ash – asset or liability?
Principle “uses”: – Landfill – Soil amendment
• Soil type – has value on some soils • Environmental concerns: heavy metals etc. • Reference:
“Introduction to spreading wood ash on forest soils in Canada – Ash spreading primer” by Grant Nishio, FPInnovations [email protected]
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Ethanol
Hardwood species better than softwood because of lower lignin content.
Similar requirements as for pulp chips: – Size – Bark – Contamination
Status: demonstration
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Summary
With current state of technologies, willow has the greatest use as an energy crop.
Extended rotation popular can produce chips for pulp plus other products.
Bark content, product size and moisture content are universal themes.
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Questions / Discussion
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