Download - Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11-3
Exploring Mendelian Genetics
11-3
http://www.eslkidstuff.com/images/tallshort.gif
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm
GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought
____________________________ the ________________________.
= ________________________
Genes ________ the ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also _______ on ______________conditions.
“Nature vs Nurture”
ENVIRONMENT influences
expression of genes
provide plan
depends environmental
GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought
Some traits have ____________ allele __________
= ____________________
EX: blood type
Allele choices ___ ___ ___
MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT
A B O
MORE than 2 choices
GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought
Some traits are determined by ____________________________= __________________
EX: human height. intelligence,
skin & eye colorhttp://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG
POLYGENIC TRAITMORE THAN ONE GENE
GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought
Traits determined by ____________ _________ have _____“___________” phenotypes
http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm
There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________________of intelligences in-between
MORE thanONE gene many
in-between
whole range
GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought
KINDS OF DOMINANCE
____________________
____________________
____________________
COMPLETE DOMINANCEINCOMPLETE DOMINANCECO-DOMINANCE
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
__________ allele _______ the ___________ one
PATTERN ?____________ allele ________
in a _____ratio in the ____ generation
Dominant masks recessive
Recessivereturns
3:1F2
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
__________ expected
_____ ratio in
F2 generation
_____________ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ in-between traitBLENDED
DON’T SEE
3:1
Heterozygous
Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html
CO-DOMINANCE_______ traits are expressed at ___________
(_____________________) in heterozygote
A ________HORSE has ______________ hair and __________ hair side by side
BOTH SAME TIME
ROAN
BOTH RED WHITE
NO BLENDING
CO-DOMINANCEBoth traits are expressed together
(NO BLENDING) in heterozygote
Persons with an A alleleAND a B allele have blood type AB
Membrane proteins with _______ attached that help cells recognize self
= ______________GLYCOPROTEINS
http://www.mannanw.com/super-sugars.htm
REMEMBER
sugars
BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices= _________________________
The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes
Allele choices are:
_____ ____ ____ A B O
MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT
BLOOD TYPESAn A allele tells
the cell to put
“A” glycoproteins
on its surface
BLOOD TYPES
A B allele tells
the cell to put a
different “B”glycoprotein
on its surface
BLOOD TYPES
An O allele tells
the cell NOT to put anything on the surface
A and B are CO-DOMINANT
A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH“A” and “B” glycoproteins on its
surface
BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES
GENOTYPEPHENOTYPE
(BLOOD TYPE)
AA
AO
BB
BO
OO
AB
A
A
B
B
O
AB
B and O see Aas Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM
ATTACKS!Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
A and AB see Aas “like me”
DONORBLOOD
A and O see Bas Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM
ATTACKS!Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
B and AB see Bas “like me”
DONORBLOOD
Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE!
____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________
Nothing on surface to recognize as “NOT SELF”
UNIVERSAL DONOR
O
DONORBLOOD
A, B, and O see AB as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS!Body images modified from:
http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
Only AB sees ABas “like me”
DONORBLOOD
Body image modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
______ can RECEIVE FROM EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ________________________UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
AB
AB can only GIVE to ABBUT . . .
BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA
http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/BldTyping.html
A 40%B 10%
AB 4%O 46%
ABO SYSTEM is NOT THE ONLY ONE
Rh+ Rh-
MOM is _____& BABY is ____
OTHER BLOOD TYPES____________________ IF:
Image modified from: http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif
MOM is _____& BABY is _____
Rh+
Rh+
Rh+
Rh-
NO PROBLEMS
Can be a ___________ IF: Mom is _____ Baby is _____
Image modified from: http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif
1st baby OK but few baby cells entering mom’s bloodstreamput mom’s immune system on alert for + cells.
Next + baby, mom’s immune system can attack baby as it isgrowing
Mom given shot after 1st birth prevents this
Rh+
PROBLEM
Rh-
DIHYBRID CROSSES(2 traits)
http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/BIOBK/BioBookgenintro.html
Mendel also asked the question?
Does the gene that determines if a seedis round or wrinkled have anything todo with the gene for seed shape?
Must a seed that is yellow also be round?
MAKING A CROSS with ___________________=____________________
A Punnett square for a DIHYBRID CROSS looks like this:
DIHYBRID CROSSTWO gene traits
Go to Section:
Section 11-3
Figure 11-10 Independent Assortment in Peas
1. ___________ what _________________ are2. ________correct__________ square __________3. ______ possible_______________________4. ______ boxes with _____________________5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________
LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSSHOMOZYGOUS
YELLOW ROUND
rryy
HOMOZYGOUSGREEN WRINKLED
Figure out parent allelesChoose Punnett sizePut in parent gametesFill in offspring combinations probabilities phenotypes
genotypes
RRYY
LAW OF __________________________
the factors are distributed to gametes independently of other factors
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
Image modified from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_1.htm
R R Y Y
HOMOZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETESWHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE?
Each gamete shouldget one of each kindof gene
___________ ____________ _____________ _____________R Y R Y R Y R Y
r r y y
HOMOZYGOUS WRINKLED GREEN
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETESWHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE?
Each gamete shouldget one of each kindof gene
___________ ____________ _____________ _____________r y r y r y r y
R r Y y
HETEROZYGOUSROUND YELLOW
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETESWHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE?
Each gamete shouldget one of each kindof gene
___________ ____________ _____________ _____________R Y r y r Y R y
ry ry ry ry
RY
RY
RY
RY
100% of offspring = _______ genotype _______________________ phenotype
RrYyROUND YELLOW
RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy
R r Y y R r Y y
HETEROZYGOUSROUND YELLOW
HETEROZYGOUSROUND YELLOW
MAKE ANOTHER CROSS
X
POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES?
RY ry RyrY
RY Ry rY ry
RY
Ry
rY
ry
Sign of a ______________________ cross is a_____________ ratio in offspring.9:3:3:1
____ Round & Yellow
____ Round & green
____ Wrinkled & yellow
____ wrinkled & green
9
3
3
1
RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy
RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy
RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy
RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy
heterozygous dihybrid
__________ratio is a clue that it’s a ____________________________cross
____ ____________ TRAIT 1 ; ____________ TRAIT 2 ____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2
____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2
____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2
9
3
3
1
9:3:3:1
HETEROZYGOUS TWO gene
dominant dominant
dominant recessive
recessive dominant
recessive recessive
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETESfor DIHYBRID CROSSES
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html
pure round & pure tall = __________
____ ____ _____ ______
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
R R T T
R T R T
R T R T
Heterozygous Tall = __________
& pure round
____ ____ _____ ______
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
T t R R
T R T R
t R t R
Hybrid tall = __________
& pure wrinkled
____ ____ _____ ______
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
T t r r
T r T r
t r t r
Heterozygous tall = __________
& hybrid round
____ ____ _____ ______
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
T t R r
T R T r
t r t R