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Experiences with RPC Detectors in Iran and their Potential Applications
Tarbiat Modares University
Ahmad Moshaii
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12): Neutrino
Physics and AstrophysicsSchool of Physics, IPM, Tehran, Iran
September 26-October 1, 2012(5-10 Mehr, 1391)
(TMU)Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Introducing Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) detector
Simulation of RPC performance
Experimental activities with RPC detector
Potential Applications of RPC detector
Outlines
A. Moshaii, First IPM Meeting on LHC Physics, Isfahan 20-24 April, 2009A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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HIGH RESISTIVITY ELECTRODE
GAS GAP
GRAPHITE COATINGINSULATOR (Myler)
READOUT STRIPS Y
READOUT STRIPS X
HV
GNDSPACER
Introducing Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) Detector
Transverse slice through RPC:
Resistivity of the plates should be more than 1010 .cm
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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Two 2 mm thick float glassesseparated by 2 mm spacers
2 mm thick spacer
Glass plates
Graphite coating on the outer surfaces of glass
Signal pickup strips for X-Y readout
An Introduction to RPC
3D View:
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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An Introduction to RPC
Layout of CMS RPCs:
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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High Resistive Plates Gas Gap
Ionization Beam
+ -
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
extE
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Principles of Operation
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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High Resistive Plates Gas Gap
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
extE
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Principles of Operation
+
_
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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High Resistive Plates Gas Gap
+ + + + - + - - + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
- - - - - + + - + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
locE
t
t eQQ
)0()(
extE
Principles of Operation
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
extE
TimeRelaxation
High Resistive Plates Gas Gap
1s for Glass
10ms for Bakelite
Principles of Operation
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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electric field
electric field
electric field
extEA. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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RPC Operation Regions
I
I. RecombinationII. IonizationIII. ProportionalIV. Limited ProportionalV. Geiger-MullerVI. Discharge
II III IV V VIV1 V3V2 V5V4 V6
Applied Voltage
Puls
e Am
plitu
de (l
og sc
ale)
Modes of Operation
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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RPC Streamer Mode
RPC Avalanche Mode
Breakdown Point
I
I. RecombinationII. IonizationIII. ProportionalIV. Limited ProportionalV. Geiger-MullerVI. Discharge
II III IV V VIV1 V3V2 V5V4 V6
Applied Voltage
Puls
e Am
plitu
de (l
og sc
ale)
Modes of Operation
A. Moshaii, First IPM Meeting on LHC Physics, Isfahan 20-24 April, 2009
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Space Charge Becomes Important
I
I. RecombinationII. IonizationIII. ProportionalIV. Limited ProportionalV. Geiger-MullerVI. Discharge
II III IV V VIV1 V3V2 V5V4 V6
Applied Voltage
Puls
e Am
plitu
de (l
og sc
ale)
Modes of Operation
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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Space Charge Effect:
The electrons are collected relatively quickly (ns) at the anode leaving behind the positive ions that move much more slowly. The positive ions form a space charge that appreciably distort the electric field and the process of electron avalanche inside the gap.
Modes of Operation
Space charge is the main factor restricting the avalanche growth
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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Simulation of RPC performance
Based on Transport Equations:
Stxntxntxnxt
txneee
e
),(),(),(
),(
Stxnttxn
e
),(),(
Stxnttxn
e
),(),(
ne is the number density of electrons
n+ and n- are the number densities of positive and negative ions
S is photon contribution for the electrons avalanche
Townsend Coefficient : Attachment Coefficient: Drift Velocity :
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Dynamic Simulation
xtxtxE
),(),(
g
txxtx
),(),(
2
2
),(),(),(),( 0 txntxntxnetx e
Dynamic Simulation
Based on Transport Equations:
),(),(),(),(
txntxntxnxt
txneee
e
),(),(
txnttxn
e
),(),(
txnttxn
e
Space charge field:
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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Simulation Input:
MAGBOLTZ (Townsend Coefficient, Attachment Coefficient, Drift Velocity) Steve Biagi
Dynamic Simulation
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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Dynamic Simulation
Space Charge:
xd
AnodeCathode
x
R
x
d
xPREd
xEd
Origin
r
xdRxx
xxEIm
xxdiscx
2201 12
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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r
Gap
AnodeCathode
P
Dynamic Simulation
Space Charge:
d
d
d
x
x
dtotx IIIIEE
2
110
1
0
1chargeSpace
x
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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= Initial condition= Boundary condition = Interior point
Finite Difference Method (Lax Numerical Scheme):
Time
Distance
Dynamic Simulation
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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Dynamic Simulation
1) Avalanche Mode
2) Avalanche to Streamer Transition
3) Streamer Mode
R. Cardarelli, V. Makeev, R. Santonico,Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A382 (1996) 470
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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Dynamic Simulation
Initial Conditions:
1) Avalanche Mode
sStepsTime
kVHVSFHCiHFC
10
6104242
101
103.0/3/7.96//
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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Monte Carlo Simulation & Results
Charge Spectrum:
3.0/3/7.96// 6104242 SFHCiHFC
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Dynamic Simulation
Spatiotemporal Growth:
1) Avalanche Mode
approximate analytical solution.
Compared to:
P. Fonte, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Science, 43:2135–2140, 1996
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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Dynamic Simulation
1) Avalanche Mode
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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Dynamic Simulation
Space Charge Field:
1) Avalanche Mode
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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Dynamic Simulation
1) Avalanche Mode (5 Clusters)
Initial Conditions:
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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Dynamic Simulation
1) Avalanche Mode (5 Clusters)
Spatiotemporal Growth:
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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Dynamic Simulation
1) Avalanche Mode (5 Clusters)
Spatiotemporal Growth:
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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Dynamic Simulation
1) Avalanche Mode (5 Clusters)
Spatiotemporal Growth:
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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Dynamic Simulation
1) Avalanche Mode (5 Clusters)
Spatiotemporal Growth:
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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1) Avalanche Mode (5 Clusters)
Spatiotemporal Growth:
Dynamic Simulation
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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1) Avalanche Mode (5 Clusters)
Total Electric Field:
Dynamic Simulation
Still not enough to distort the applied field
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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1) Avalanche Mode (5 Clusters)
Dynamic Simulation
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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2) Avalanche to Streamer Transition
Dynamic Simulation
sStepsTime
kVHVSFHCiHFC
10
6104242
101
04.113.0/3/7.96//
Spatiotemporal Growth:
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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2) Avalanche to Streamer Transition
Dynamic Simulation
Space Charge Field:Space Charge is becoming
comparable to the applied field
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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3) Streamer Mode
Dynamic Simulation
Spatiotemporal Growth:
sStepsTime
kVHVSFHCiHFC
10
6104242
101
42.113.0/3/7.96//
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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Dynamic Simulation
3) Streamer Mode
Pre-Pulse
Streamer Pulse
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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Main Simulation outputs:
Monte Carlo Avalanche Simulation
Space Charge
Avalanche Mode
Saturated Avalanche Mode
Streamer Formation
Dynamic Simulation
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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Window glass HIGH RESISTIVITY ELECTRODE
Window glass
Experimental activities with RPC detector
GAS GAP
Silicone glue
38 cm45 cm
GRAPHITE COATING
Graphite coating
20 kΩ
HV connection
INSULATOR
Mylar sheet
READOUT STRIPS X
READOUT STRIPS Y
Resistor R=50 ΩFaraday
cage
Aluminum foil
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Gas Mixing System Diagram
Construction of the Gas Mixing System for RPCs
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150
cm
50 cmConstruction of the Gas Mixing System for RPCs
2- States Valve: To allow the gas flow
Regulator: To adjust the input gas pressure
Pressure Gauge: to show the input gas pressureTemperature Gauge: to show the input gas temperatureMixer: to mix the used gases (Ar/CO2)Low Range Flow Meter( 0-20 L/H)3-States valve: To select the output gas mixtureGas Mixture OutputsBubbler: To have a uniform flow in RPCPressure Gauge: to show the mixed gas pressure
Gas Connector
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Glass RPC
HV Supply
ground
+HV
-HV
Digital oscilloscop
e
signal
Gas inputGas output
Gas mixin
g syste
mAr
50 Ω
CO2bubbler
Experimental Setup
Experimental Study of the RPCs Time Resolution
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1/16/2010TMU44
Glass RPC
HV Supply
ground
+HV
-HV
Digital oscilloscop
e
signal
Gas inputGas output
Gas mixin
g syste
mAr
50 Ω
CO2bubbler
Charged particles
Rise Time: Electron Component Fall Time: Ion Component
Experimental Study of the RPCs Time Resolution
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1/16/2010TMU45
2-mm glass RPC2-mm Gas GapHV= 3.5 kvAr
-4 16 36 56 76 96 1160
1
2
3
4 mean=49.6365𝜎=16.7244
time resolution=49.6∓16.7
interval time(ns)
coun
ts
2-mm glass RPC2-mm gas gapHV=3.5 kv
pure Ar
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1-mm glass RPC1-mm Gas GapHV= 4, 5 kvAr/CO2 50/50
HV= 4 kv
HV= 5 kv
-30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 1500
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5 mean=55.3354𝜎=28.2876
time resolution=55.3∓28.2 ns
Interval time(ns)
Cou
nts
Ar/CO2 50/50
-30 -10 10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 1700
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5 mean=59.5𝜎=29.43
time resolution=59.5∓29.4
Interval time(ns)
Cou
nts
Ar/CO2 50/50
HV= 4 kv HV= 5 kv
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2-mm glass RPC1-mm Gas GapHV= 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4 kvAr/CO2 50/50
HV= 2.5 kv
HV= 3.5 kvHV= 4 kv
HV= 3 kv
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
time resolution=16.8∓5.7 nsAr/CO2 50/50
Interval time(ns)
Coun
ts
mean=16.8564𝜎=5.782252 ns
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 450
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Interval time(ns)
Cou
nts
Ar/CO2 50/50mean=17.896 ns𝜎=4.9722 ns
time resolution=17.8∓4.9 ns
-3 2 7 12 17 22 27 320
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 mean=14.6975 ns𝜎=5.0743 ns
Interval time(ns)
Cou
nts
time resolution=14.6∓5.05 ns
Ar/CO2 50/50
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 300
1
2
3
4
5
6 mean=15.2458 ns𝜎=3.9580 ns
time resolution=15.2∓3.9 ns
Interval time(ns)
Cou
nts
Ar/CO2 50/50
HV= 2.5 kv
HV= 4 kv HV= 3.5 kv
HV= 3 kv
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2-mm glass RPC1-mm Gas GapHV= 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4 kvAr/CO2 70/30
HV= 2.5 kv
HV= 4 kv HV= 3.5 kv
HV= 3 kv
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4 mean=15.68 ns𝜎=4.30 ns
time ∓resolution=15.64.3 ns
Interval time(ns)
Cou
nts
Ar/CO2 70/30
-5 0 5 10 15 20 250
0.51
1.52
2.53
3.54
4.55 mean=12.16 ns𝜎=3.58 ns
Interval time(ns)
time resolution=12.6∓3.5 nsAr/CO2 70/30
Coun
ts
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 300
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5 mean=14.765𝜎=4.12
Interval time(ns)
Cou
nts
time resolution=14.6∓4.1Ar/CO2 70/30
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 300
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Interval time(ns)
Cou
nts
Ar/CO2 70/30 mean=16.165 ns𝜎=3.9855 nstime resolution=16.1∓3.9 ns
HV= 2.5 kv
HV= 3.5 kvHV= 4 kv
HV= 3 kv
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2-mm glass RPC1-mm Gas GapHV= 2, 3, 3.5 kvAr/CO2 85/15
HV=2 KVHV=3 KVHV=3.5 KV
-12 -7 -2 3 8 13 18 23 28 33 380
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Interval time(ns)
Cou
nts
mean=22.72 ns𝜎=3.7373 nsAr/CO2 85/15
time resolution=22.7∓3.7 ns
-7 -2 3 8 13 18 23 28 330
0.51
1.52
2.53
3.54
4.55 mean=16.915𝜎=3.561
time resolution=16.9∓3.5 ns
Interval time(ns)
Cou
nts
Ar/CO2 85/15
-13 -8 -3 2 7 12 17 22 27 320
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 mean=20.022𝜎=2.54
time resolution=20∓2.5 ns
Interval time(ns)
Cou
nts
Ar/CO2 85/15
HV=2 kvHV=3 kv
HV=3.5 kv
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2-mm glass RPC1-mm Gas GapEntries: 200HV= 3 kvAr/CO2 50/50
-5 0 5 10 15 20 250
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50 mean=11.257𝜎=3.5848Ar/CO2 50/50
time resolution=11.2∓3.5 ns
interval time(ns)
entries=200
Coun
ts
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Applications: CERN as a trigger detector Cosmic Ray Detection TOF Measurements PET
RPC Applications
Importance: Economically Efficient High Efficiency Simple Configuration Good Time Resolution
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
![Page 52: Experiences with RPC Detectors in Iran and their Potential Applications](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062812/568163d5550346895dd522f4/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
CMS Forward RPCs
Disk RE4/1 RE4/2 RE4/3No. of Chambers 18*2 36*2 36*2
Four stations in each endcap
Three rings in each station
Disk RE3/1 RE2/1 RE1/1
No. of Chambers 18*2 18*2 36*2
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
![Page 53: Experiences with RPC Detectors in Iran and their Potential Applications](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062812/568163d5550346895dd522f4/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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Conclusion
• All works are going to schedule and progressing well
Thanks for your attentions
And thanks to all colleagues and students collaborating in the works:
Pezeshkian, Doroud, Khosravi, Eskandari, Radkhorami, Hosseini, and Jamali
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
![Page 55: Experiences with RPC Detectors in Iran and their Potential Applications](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062812/568163d5550346895dd522f4/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
• Preparing a dedicated gas mixing system for RPCs equipped with digital MFCs
• The system now is equipped by two different gases and is ready to use for test of RPCs
GAS MIXING SYSTEM
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
![Page 56: Experiences with RPC Detectors in Iran and their Potential Applications](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062812/568163d5550346895dd522f4/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Experimental activities at CERN (ISR lab)Construction of a prototype RE1/1 RPC in collaboration with Korean colleagues
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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Production of 4 prototypes Front End Board (FEB) for CMS RPCs
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)
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FEB production at IPMThe board has about 250 electronics components
A. Moshaii, IPM international school and workshop on Particle Physics (IPP12)