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EXCRETORY SYSTEM
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Function:
To eliminate waste
To maintain water and salt
balance
To maintain blood pressure
WHY DO WE NEED AN EXCRETORY SYSTEM?
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These wastes include:
Carbon dioxide
Mostly through breathing
Mineral salts, Na, Cl, K
Nitrogenous wastes from digestion
like urea and uric acid (from breakdown of
proteins)
Water
Heat
WHAT KIND OF WASTES?
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HOW DO WE GET RID OF WASTE?
1. Breathing
Get rid of: carbon dioxide
and water
2. Sweating
Get rid of: water,
salt and minimal
amount of urea
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HOW DO WE GET RID OF WASTE?
3. Liver
Gets rid of: toxins and
poisons
Converts ammonia (from
breakdown of amino
acids) into urea
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4. Kidneys
Responsible for
helping our bodies to
get rid of :
Urea and uric acid
Excess salt
Excess water
HOW DO WE GET RID OF WASTE?
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PARTS OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
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PARTS OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Aorta
Kidney
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
Vena Cava
Renal artery
Renal vein
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KIDNEYS
Cortex
Renal
pelvis
Medulla
Renal artery
Renal vein
Ureter
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KIDNEYS
-Blood enters kidneys through renal
artery
-Blood leaves kidneys through renal
vein
-Urine (waste product) leaves kidneys
through the ureters
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KIDNEY STRUCTURES AND FUNCTION
Structure Function
Renal
Capsule
Tough outer “skin” that protects the
kidneys
Cortex contains most of the nephron
(Bowman’s capsule and twisted
tubules). Filters the blood.
Medulla Inside the cortex. Contains the
Loop of Henle. Reabsorbs water
and salt. Carries urine to the Calix.
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KIDNEY STRUCTURES AND FUNCTION
Structure Function
Calix and
Renal Pelvis
Collects urine and carries it away to
the Ureter
Ureter 2 tubes that drain the kidneys into the
Bladder
Bladder A muscular sac that stores urine and
stimulates the urge to pee when it
contains 0.5 to 1 litre of urine
Urethra A tube that empties the bladder, to
eliminate wastes from the body.
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KIDNEYS -> NEPHRONS
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NEPHRON STRUCTURES AND FUNCTION
Structure Function
Glomerular
Capillaries
(Glomerulus)
Under high pressure from the
arteries they filter out the
plasma. (Squeeze the fluid out
of the blood through the tiny
holes in the capillaries).
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NEPHRON STRUCTURES AND FUNCTION
Structure Function
Proximal/
distal
Convoluted
renal tubule
This is where glucose, amino
acids, lipids, water and salt
(minerals) are reabsorbed
into the blood stream.
Secretes poisons, drugs and
H+ ions for pH control.
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NEPHRON STRUCTURES AND FUNCTION
Structure Function
Loop of
Henle
Reabsorbs water and salt
(NaCl)
Collecting
ducts
Carries urine to the Ureters.
More water and salt is
reabsorbed into the blood
here.
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A NEPHRON
Proximal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted
tubule
Loop of Henle
Bowman’s capsule
Glomerulus
Distal convoluted
tubule
Proximal
convoluted tubule
Capillaries
Loop of Henle
Collecting
duct
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Nephrons:
Each kidney has
1,000,000 nephrons
Bowman’s Capsule filters
the blood. It squeezes
water, glucose, vitamins,
salt, urea, uric acid out of
the blood into the
nephron.
OVERVIEW: NEPHRON
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Nephrons:
Loop of Henle
reabsorbs any glucose
and salt it needs . The
water follows the salt
by osmosis.
OVERVIEW: NEPHRON
Functional unit of the kidneys: nephron
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This is the control of the
body’s internal environment.
It needs to be kept in balance.
Need to control water levels
lungs, sweat, kidneys (urine)
HOMEOSTASIS
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Need to control electrolyte levels (salts)
sweat, urine
Need to control body temperature
Controlling blood flow to skin, sweating,
shivering, urine
Need to control blood sugar levels
Release and storage of glucose controlled
by insulin
HOMEOSTASIS
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1) Eating salty foods
High reabsorption
To balance salt levels
Low urination
Less water in blood
EFFECTS ON WATER REABSORPTION &
URINE PRODUCTION
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2) Exercising
High reabsorption
To counteract water used and lost
through sweating
Low urination
Less water in blood
EFFECTS ON WATER REABSORPTION &
URINE PRODUCTION
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3) Drinking a 2L bottle of water?
Low reabsorption
Too much water
High urination
Need to get rid of excess water in blood
EFFECTS ON WATER REABSORPTION &
URINE PRODUCTION
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The kidneys are about the size of a small bar
of soap or your fist
The kidneys are behind the liver and under the
last two ribs for protection.
They are surrounded by fat
¼ of your entire blood supply goes through the
kidneys every minute.
In 24 hours it filters 150 - 180 litres of blood.
In 24 hours you only make 1 - 1.8 L of Urine
SOME FACTS ABOUT THE EXCRETORY
SYSTEM
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TOTAL VOLUME OF WATER IN THE BODY
Intracellular
fluid
Extracellular fluid
~40% of body
weight
~20% of body weight
(~15 L)
(~25 L) Interstitial fluid
~12L
Blood plasma
~3L
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AVERAGE DAILY INPUTS AND OUTPUTS
Average Daily Inputs Average Daily Outputs
250 ml metabolism 100 ml feces
750 ml Food 200 ml sweat
1500 ml Beverages700 ml lungs & skin
1500 ml urine
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GIfISN4-G8
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Excess Water
Urea (from digesting
proteins)
Uric acid (from digesting
nucleic acids)
WHAT’S IN PEE?
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Excess electrolytes
(potassium, sodium, chloride)
Excess vitamins (C, B
complex)
Urochrome (Yellow pigment)
Heat
WHAT’S IN PEE?
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Glucose
Proteins
Blood cells
Lipids
WHAT’S NOT IN PEE?
If you have any of these
substances in your urine it
is likely an indication of a
health problem!
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Proteinuria
When proteins (ex: albumin) are in
the urine
- This can happen due to damage to
the kidneys or an overproduction of
proteins
POSSIBLE HEALTH CONCERNS
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Diabetes
when the body does not produce
enough insulin there may be excess
blood sugar levels
- The glucose is then excreted in the
urine
POSSIBLE HEALTH CONCERNS
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Hyperuricosuria
too much uric acid in the urine will
cause the pH to drop below 7
This could be a sign of kidney
stones or gout
POSSIBLE HEALTH CONCERNS
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THE LIVER
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Responsible for breakdown and removal
of toxins from the body (detoxification)
Nutrition: produces bile
Used in the emulsification of various
nutrients (fats) and wastes (ammonia,
ethanol)
Produces urea
Also helps regulate glucose levels in the
blood
THE LIVER
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Alcohol (ethanol) is
considered a toxin to
the body – it is the
liver’s job to break it
down and remove it
Too much alcohol can
damage the liver
though
ALCOHOL AND THE LIVER
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Alcohol can interfere with the function
of the liver
It can cause inflammation of the cells
and the buildup of fat in the liver
The liver can also undergo oxidative
stress
This is when it is working too hard to
break down alcohol and results in cell
damage and scar tissue
ALCOHOL AND THE LIVER
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How the kidneys work
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ctGkLYuUCvU
How the kidneys filter blood
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWsdcfGta4k
How kidneys make urine
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vqce2dtg45U
How do we pee?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rheO1tVyB0U
EXTRA VIDEOS