![Page 1: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Excretion and osmoregulation
![Page 2: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Universal needs
![Page 3: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Bioenergetics Osmoconformers: must live in stable environment
Osmoregulators: use energy to maintain homeostasis
![Page 4: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Adaptations: salt water Ocean fish:
Gills get rid of NaCl. Active pump Cl- Na+ follows Kidneys get rid of Nitrogenous waste as ammonia with very little water
Shark: keeps high concentration of urea (to balance water loss thru osmosis) Will actually take on water and have to urinate Must soak shark meat in fresh water before eat it
![Page 5: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Adaptations: fresh water Fresh water animals:
Constantly gain water and lose salts Make large amounts of dilute urine Gills actively transport Cl
Anhydrobiosis: life without water: some critters do this in times of dehydration: go into dormant state
![Page 8: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Adaptations: land Land animals
shell or fur or skin: waxy coat to decrease water loss by evaporation Eat and drink water Kidneys make concentrated urine
![Page 9: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Circulation Insects and others: open circulation. Hemolymph baths all cells
Closed circulation: cells bathed in interstitial fluid: controlled indirectly by composition of blood.
![Page 10: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Transport epithelium May face the outside environment directly
OR may line channels and tubes.
Control movement of solutes.
![Page 12: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Nitrogenous waste Ammonia: aquatic animals… flush it away
Very soluble Very toxic
Urea: land animals, sharks, some fish 100,000 times less toxic Produced in LIVER from ammonia, requires energy
Uric acid: insects, snails, birds Paste, insoluble in water Most energy to produce
![Page 13: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Making urine Filtration of blood
Selective reabsoption of water
Secretion of solute
![Page 14: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Taxonomy Flatworms: flame bulb system: protonephridia: tubules throughout body
(filtration happens at the ends)
Earthworms (annelids): metanephredia: have 2: have osmoregulation and excretory functions
![Page 15: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Mammalian kidney Liver: makes urea, from ammonia
Kidney – ureter - bladder – urethra
Kidney: filters blood, excretes solutes, reabsorb water Creates hyperosmotic urine
![Page 16: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The Sodium-Potassium pump represents a common mechanism in maintenance of water and electrolyte balanceShark Rectal Gland and NaCl SecretionOsmoregulatory Activity in Marine and Freshwater Fish GillMammalian Kidney Function
![Page 17: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The ability to form a concentrated urine is critical to the success of animals in terrestrial habitats
The countercurrent multiplier activity of the loop of Henle in the mammalian nephron creates an osmotic gradient for water reabsorption and production of a concentrated urine
.Regulation of water and electrolyte balance is energetically demanding.
![Page 18: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Water Conservation Terrestrial animals must always be concerned with conserving water
The skin is one of the primary water conservation organs - it keeps the water in and prevents evaporation
The kidney, however, also prevents water loss while still filtering the blood
![Page 19: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Regulation of Blood Volume and Concentration The total volume of blood plasma and interstitial fluid is regulated by the
degree of filtration and reabsorption in the kidney
The solute concentration and many nutrient levels are also regulated by the excretory system
![Page 20: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The loop of Henle has three distinct regions
Descending limb: thin wall the thin-walled: highly permeable to water. Impermeable to solutes As the filtrate travels down the descending loop, water will flow from the loop into the surrounding medium via osmosis. When the filtrate reaches the hairpin turn
Lower portion of the ascending limb: highly permeable to NaCl
Ascending Limb As it travels up into the less-concentrated regions of the medulla, Na+ and Cl- will passively diffuse across the membrane. As the filtrate continues up the thick portion of the loop of Henle, Na+ and Cl- are actively pumped out of the filtrate into the surrounding medium. This requires energy, but helps to maintain the osmotic concentration gradient in the medulla.1200 mosm/L)
![Page 21: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Controls: Anti diuretic Hormone ADH Present –
Made in Hypothalamus Stored in posterior pituitary
Duct is VERY permeable to water
SMALL volume of urine is produced
![Page 23: Excretion and osmoregulation. Universal needs All cells need aqueous environment Problems: Balance water and solutes= osmoregulation Nitrogenous waste](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032414/56649ef05503460f94c00825/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Controls: renin - angiotensin Also ANTI diuretic! Conserve water
Renin is secreted by kidneys when blood pressure is Low
Stimulates: Angiotensin release 1. constrict blood vessels 2. stimulate aldosterone release from adrenal cortex
Reabsorb sodium and water from kidney