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Examples of Evolution by Natural SelectionExamples of Evolution by Natural Selection
Microevolution vs. MacroevolutionMicroevolution vs. Macroevolution
Microevolution is intraspecific evolution, Microevolution is intraspecific evolution, evolution WITHIN a species.evolution WITHIN a species.
Macroevolution is speciation. One species Macroevolution is speciation. One species evolves into a new species. evolves into a new species.
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Examples of Evolution by Natural Examples of Evolution by Natural SelectionSelection
Example #1: Antibiotic ResistanceExample #1: Antibiotic Resistance This is a famous example, known by almost everyone but This is a famous example, known by almost everyone but
rarely called “evolution.” rarely called “evolution.” But it is !!! We hear “resistance develops” or resistance But it is !!! We hear “resistance develops” or resistance
emerges” etc. In fact, resistance evolves.*emerges” etc. In fact, resistance evolves.* AR is a fine example of very fast evolution ANDAR is a fine example of very fast evolution AND A fine example of one way Darwinian evolution is important A fine example of one way Darwinian evolution is important
to to youryour health and well-being. health and well-being.
*They DO NOT “become immune to the antibiotics.” *They DO NOT “become immune to the antibiotics.”
This phenomenon is NOTHING like you getting a flu shot!! This phenomenon is NOTHING like you getting a flu shot!!
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Examples of Evolution by Natural Examples of Evolution by Natural SelectionSelection
Example #1: Antibiotic ResistanceExample #1: Antibiotic Resistance AR is the “poster-child” for rapid evolution.*AR is the “poster-child” for rapid evolution.* If we develop a new antibiotic this year and…If we develop a new antibiotic this year and… a resistant strain of bacteria develops in a London a resistant strain of bacteria develops in a London
hospital …hospital …• resistant strains will evolve and be in all London resistant strains will evolve and be in all London
hospitals in 6 months and…hospitals in 6 months and…• they will be observed in Hong Kong in two years, i.e. they will be observed in Hong Kong in two years, i.e.
they will have moved around the Earth in two years.they will have moved around the Earth in two years.
How does that happen?How does that happen?
*Steven Sterns, Yale U.
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Examples of Evolution by Natural SelectionExamples of Evolution by Natural SelectionExample #1: Antibiotic ResistanceExample #1: Antibiotic Resistance
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Examples of Evolution by Natural SelectionExamples of Evolution by Natural Selection
Example #2: Pesticide ResistanceExample #2: Pesticide Resistance Insecticides, Fungicides, Herbicides Insecticides, Fungicides, Herbicides (see first page of chapter 13)(see first page of chapter 13)
Consider DDT, the first widely usedConsider DDT, the first widely used
synthetic insecticide.synthetic insecticide.
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Examples of Evolution by Natural SelectionExamples of Evolution by Natural Selection
Example #2: Pesticide ResistanceExample #2: Pesticide Resistance Insecticides, Fungicides, HerbicidesInsecticides, Fungicides, HerbicidesConsider DDT, the first widely used synthetic insecticide.Consider DDT, the first widely used synthetic insecticide. Species Resistant to InsecticidesSpecies Resistant to Insecticides
• 1948:1948: 1414• 1956:1956: 6969• 1970:1970: 224 224• 1976:1976: 364 364• 1984:1984: 447 447• 1989:1989: 504 504
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Example #2: Pesticide ResistanceExample #2: Pesticide ResistanceHerbicide Resistance in 6 Species of Plants in Czech RepublicHerbicide Resistance in 6 Species of Plants in Czech Republic
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Examples of Evolution by Natural SelectionExamples of Evolution by Natural Selection
Example #3: The Peppered MothExample #3: The Peppered MothBiston betulariaBiston betularia
Industrial Melanism in a Night-flying MothIndustrial Melanism in a Night-flying Moth
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Fig. 18-6a1, p.288
The Peppered Moth, The Peppered Moth, Biston betulariaBiston betulariaan example of directional selectionan example of directional selection
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Natural Selection in the Peppered MothNatural Selection in the Peppered Moth
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H.B.D. KettlewellH.B.D. KettlewellMark and Recapture ExperimentsMark and Recapture Experiments (using caged females w/ pheromones)(using caged females w/ pheromones)
%Recaptured %Recaptured
Woodland Melanics Pepper Woodland Melanics Pepper
Urban 27.5% 13.0% Urban 27.5% 13.0%
Rural 6.3% 12.5%Rural 6.3% 12.5%
This shows a difference but does not This shows a difference but does not prove that birds CAUSED it.prove that birds CAUSED it.
Differential Predation Observations
(freshly killed moths placed on trees and watched)
# moths eaten by birds Woodland Melanics Pepper
Urban 15 43 Rural 164 26
Science is “roll up Science is “roll up your sleeves” your sleeves” process…process…
HBD doesn’t even HBD doesn’t even wear a shirt !!!wear a shirt !!!
;-);-)
Industrial melanism is seen in more than 70 species of British moths; Industrial melanism is seen in more than 70 species of British moths;
all show patterns similar to that seen in all show patterns similar to that seen in B. betulariaB. betularia..
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Evolution by Natural Selection: The Peppered MothEvolution by Natural Selection: The Peppered Moth
Left: Kettelwell, 1956Left: Kettelwell, 1956 Right: Grant et.al. 1998Right: Grant et.al. 1998
Grant's comments on these maps: "The maps show a before-after comparison of the geographic distribution of melanic phenotypes in peppered Grant's comments on these maps: "The maps show a before-after comparison of the geographic distribution of melanic phenotypes in peppered moth populations in Britain based on Kettlewell's 1956 survey (left map) and that conducted 40-years later (1996) by my colleagues and me (right moth populations in Britain based on Kettlewell's 1956 survey (left map) and that conducted 40-years later (1996) by my colleagues and me (right map). The black segments of the pie charts indicate the percentage of melanics at the various locations. Clearly melanism has declined everywhere map). The black segments of the pie charts indicate the percentage of melanics at the various locations. Clearly melanism has declined everywhere it was once common." (Grant, personal communication, February 11, 2002)it was once common." (Grant, personal communication, February 11, 2002)The source publication for these maps: Grant, B. S., Cook, A. D. , Clarke, C. A., and Owen, D. F. 1998. Geographic and temporal variation in the The source publication for these maps: Grant, B. S., Cook, A. D. , Clarke, C. A., and Owen, D. F. 1998. Geographic and temporal variation in the incidence of melanism in peppered moth populations in America and Britain. Journal of Heredity 89:465-471.incidence of melanism in peppered moth populations in America and Britain. Journal of Heredity 89:465-471.
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Examples of Evolution by Natural SelectionExamples of Evolution by Natural Selection
Example #4: Sickle-cell Anemia and MalariaExample #4: Sickle-cell Anemia and Malaria
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Example #4: Sickle-cell Anemia and MalariaExample #4: Sickle-cell Anemia and Malaria
Okay, let’s simplify it…Okay, let’s simplify it…HbHbA A = “N” = normal= “N” = normalHbHbS S = “S” = sickle cell= “S” = sickle cell
NN = “normal”NN = “normal” Ns = “normal but carrier”Ns = “normal but carrier”
sN = “normal but carrier” sN = “normal but carrier” ss = sickle-cell anemiass = sickle-cell anemia
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The Genetic Basis of Sickle Cell AnemiaThe Genetic Basis of Sickle Cell AnemiaHbA vs HbHbA vs Hbββ: Everyone has HbA (141), and Hb-non-A (146)”: Everyone has HbA (141), and Hb-non-A (146)”
HbS is a mutant form of HbA HbS is a mutant form of HbA
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The Genetic Basis of Sickle Cell AnemiaThe Genetic Basis of Sickle Cell Anemia
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less than 1 in 1,600
1 in 400-1,600
1 in 180-400
1 in 100-180
1 in 64-100
more than 1 in 64
Fig. 18-13b, p.293
The Distribution of the Sickle-Cell GeneThe Distribution of the Sickle-Cell Gene
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Malaria: Malaria: the the PlasmodiumPlasmodium parasite parasiteSickle cell anemia is a genetic disease of the blood.Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease of the blood.
Malaria is parasitic disease of the blood. Malaria is parasitic disease of the blood. What is the relationship between these two diseases?What is the relationship between these two diseases?
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Fig. 18-13a, p.293
The Distribution of Falciparum MalariaThe Distribution of Falciparum Malaria
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Geographic Distribution of Malaria vs. Sickle-cell AnemiaGeographic Distribution of Malaria vs. Sickle-cell Anemia
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Sickle-Cell Trait: Sickle-Cell Trait: Heterozygote AdvantageHeterozygote Advantage
or heterosis or hybrid vigoror heterosis or hybrid vigor
Allele Allele HbHbSS causes causes sickle-cell anemia sickle-cell anemia when homozygous when homozygous
Heterozygotes Heterozygotes (NS)(NS)
are more resistant to are more resistant to malaria than malaria than homozygotes homozygotes (SS or NN) (SS or NN)
less than 1 in 1,600
1 in 400-1,600
1 in 180-400
1 in 100-180
1 in 64-100
more than 1 in 64
Malaria case
Sickle-cell trait
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What Is Our View of Darwin’s Idea Today?What Is Our View of Darwin’s Idea Today?The Modern Synthesis: Darwinism Meets GeneticsThe Modern Synthesis: Darwinism Meets Genetics
To his credit, his idea has withstood the scrutiny of about 150 To his credit, his idea has withstood the scrutiny of about 150 years of scientific testing.years of scientific testing.
But a lot has happened in 150 years.But a lot has happened in 150 years.
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What Is Our View of Darwin’s Idea Today?What Is Our View of Darwin’s Idea Today? Neo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesis Neo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesis
Neo-Darwinism Neo-Darwinism Darwin + Modern Darwin + Modern GeneticsGenetics
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What Is Our View of Darwin’s Idea Today?What Is Our View of Darwin’s Idea Today? Neo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesis Neo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesis
Neo-Darwinism Neo-Darwinism Darwin + Modern Darwin + Modern GeneticsGenetics
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What Is Our View of Darwin’s Idea Today?What Is Our View of Darwin’s Idea Today? Neo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesis Neo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesis
Neo-Darwinism Neo-Darwinism Darwin + Modern Darwin + Modern GeneticsGenetics
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What Is Our View of Darwin’s Idea Today?What Is Our View of Darwin’s Idea Today? Neo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesis Neo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesis
Neo-Darwinism Neo-Darwinism Darwin + Modern Darwin + Modern GeneticsGenetics
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What Is Our View of Darwin’s Idea Today?What Is Our View of Darwin’s Idea Today? Neo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesis Neo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesis
Neo-Darwinism Neo-Darwinism Darwin + Modern Darwin + Modern GeneticsGenetics
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What Is Our View of Darwin’s Idea Today?What Is Our View of Darwin’s Idea Today? Neo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesis Neo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesis
Neo-Darwinism Neo-Darwinism Darwin + Modern GeneticsDarwin + Modern Genetics
And also every other branch of biology that has grown since 1859 And also every other branch of biology that has grown since 1859 and contributes to our understanding of Darwin’s idea, and contributes to our understanding of Darwin’s idea, i.e. all of i.e. all of them. Especially...them. Especially...
All the “Comparatives” All the “Comparatives” Comparative Anatomy Comparative Anatomy (morphology)(morphology) Comparative Embryology Comparative Embryology (development)(development) Comparative Ethology Comparative Ethology (behavior)(behavior) Comparative Biochemistry Comparative Biochemistry (molecular biology: proteins and DNA)(molecular biology: proteins and DNA)
Biogeography Biogeography (where do they live and why?)(where do they live and why?)
Paleontology Paleontology (the fossil record)(the fossil record)
Vestigial Structures Vestigial Structures (the “scars” of evolution)(the “scars” of evolution)
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Neo-Darwinism = The Modern SynthesisNeo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesis evidence from evidence from
Comparative Anatomy (morphology)Comparative Anatomy (morphology)
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HumanCat Whale Bat
Figure 13.8
Comparative AnatomyComparative Anatomyhomologous structures (vs analogous structures)homologous structures (vs analogous structures)
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HumanCat Whale Bat
Figure 13.8
Comparative AnatomyComparative Anatomyhomologous structures (vs analogous structures)homologous structures (vs analogous structures)
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Comparative EmbryologyComparative Embryology
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Neo-Darwinism = The Modern SynthesisNeo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesisevidence fromevidence from
Comparative Embryology (development)Comparative Embryology (development)
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Post-anal
tail
Human embryoChicken embryo
Pharyngeal
pouches
Figure 13.9
Comparative Embryology
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Neo-Darwinism = The Modern SynthesisNeo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesis evidence from evidence from Molecular BiologyMolecular Biology
((Comparative Biochemistry)Comparative Biochemistry)
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Neo-Darwinism = The Modern SynthesisNeo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesis evidence from evidence from ComparativeComparative Biochemistry Biochemistry
(= comparative molecular biology)(= comparative molecular biology)
What mutation could cause isoleucine (Ile) to change to phenylalanine (Phe)?And what mutation can change Leucine (Leu) to Arginine (Arg)
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Percent of selected DNA sequences
that match a chimpanzee’s DNA
Chimpanzee
100%96%92%
Human
Gibbon
Orangutan
Gorilla
Primate
Old World
monkey
Figure 13.10
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Neo-Darwinism = The Modern SynthesisNeo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesis evidence from evidence from Comparative BiochemistryComparative Biochemistry
We can calculate rates of mutation particularly in very stable We can calculate rates of mutation particularly in very stable genes or pseudogenes and use them as clocksgenes or pseudogenes and use them as clocks
Cytochrome C: yeast, wheat, humanCytochrome C: yeast, wheat, human
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Neo-Darwinism = The Modern SynthesisNeo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesis evidence from evidence from BiogeographyBiogeography
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Pangaea
Pre
se
nt
Pa
leo
zoic
Ce
no
zoic
Me
so
zoic
25
1 m
illi
on
ye
ars
ag
o1
35
65
Laurasia
Gondwana
Eurasia
India
Madagascar
North Americ
a
Africa
South
America
Antarctica Australia
Figure 14.17
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Neo-Darwinism = The Modern SynthesisNeo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesisevidence from evidence from Paleontology (fossils)Paleontology (fossils)
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Neo-Darwinism = The Modern SynthesisNeo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesis
evidence from evidence from Paleontology: The Fossil RecordPaleontology: The Fossil Record
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Fossil Fossil RecordRecord
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Neo-Darwinism = The Modern SynthesisNeo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesis
evidence from evidence from Vestigial StructuresVestigial Structures
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The Recurrent Laryngeal NerveThe Recurrent Laryngeal Nervevestiges, the “scars” of evolutionvestiges, the “scars” of evolution
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The Recurrent Laryngeal NerveThe Recurrent Laryngeal Nervevestiges, the “scars” of evolutionvestiges, the “scars” of evolution
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Neo-Darwinism = The Modern SynthesisNeo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesis
evidence from evidence from Vestigial StructuresVestigial Structures
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Neo-Darwinism = The Modern SynthesisNeo-Darwinism = The Modern Synthesis
evidence from evidence from Vestigial StructuresVestigial Structures
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Does Evolution occur by Does Evolution occur by mechanisms other than mechanisms other than
natural selection?natural selection? YES. Evolution can…YES. Evolution can…
be slow or fast;be slow or fast; and it can be helpful, harmful or neutral.and it can be helpful, harmful or neutral.
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Does Evolution occur by mechanisms Does Evolution occur by mechanisms other than natural selection?other than natural selection?
OK, how about this question…OK, how about this question…
Does Evolution Does Evolution notnot occur? occur?
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What’s necessary for equilibrium?What’s necessary for equilibrium?
NO mutation NO mutation
NO gene flow NO gene flow
NO genetic drift NO genetic drift
NO nonrandom mating (i.e. totally random mating)NO nonrandom mating (i.e. totally random mating)
NO natural selectionNO natural selection
A large population.A large population.
ALL OF THESE CONDITIONS OCCURRING SIMULTANEOUSLY IS UNLIKELY!ALL OF THESE CONDITIONS OCCURRING SIMULTANEOUSLY IS UNLIKELY!
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Analyzing Gene PoolsAnalyzing Gene Pools The gene pool is a reservoir from which the next The gene pool is a reservoir from which the next
generation draws its genes.generation draws its genes. Alleles in a gene pool occur in certain frequencies.Alleles in a gene pool occur in certain frequencies. When thinking about evolution, think When thinking about evolution, think gene pool gene pool !!
Evolution is a change in the genetic make-up of a POPULATION (gene pool)
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Does Evolution occur by Does Evolution occur by mechanisms other than mechanisms other than
natural selection?natural selection? The 3 main causes of evolutionary change are:The 3 main causes of evolutionary change are:
• Genetic driftGenetic drift• Gene flowGene flow• Natural selection (only natural selection is adaptive)Natural selection (only natural selection is adaptive)
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Does Evolution occur by Does Evolution occur by mechanisms other than mechanisms other than
natural selection?natural selection? Let’s look at Let’s look at Genetic DriftGenetic Drift.. Just consider the two words:Just consider the two words:
Natural Natural SelectionSelection
vs.vs. Genetic Genetic DriftDrift
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Genetic DriftGenetic Drift Genetic driftGenetic drift is: is:
• A change in the gene pool of a small populationA change in the gene pool of a small population• Due to Due to chance events..• Compare the words: “drift” vs “selection.”Compare the words: “drift” vs “selection.”
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Genetic DriftGenetic Drifte.g. Founder Effect and Bottleneck Effecte.g. Founder Effect and Bottleneck Effect
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Genetic DriftGenetic Drift
Oreaster reticularum Oreaster reticularum in Bahamas…in Bahamas… Non-random matingNon-random mating
Examples from textbook…Examples from textbook… Non-random mating (small population of Non-random mating (small population of
flowers)flowers) Bottleneck Effect (cheetahs)Bottleneck Effect (cheetahs) Founder Effect (humans on Tristan da Cahuna)Founder Effect (humans on Tristan da Cahuna)
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The Caribbean Cushion StarThe Caribbean Cushion Star• A change in the gene pool of a A change in the gene pool of a smallsmall population population• Due to chanceDue to chance
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Figure 13.19
Flower Example from TextFlower Example from Text
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Only 5 of
10 plants
leave
offspring
RR
rr
Rr
RR
RR
RR
RR Rr
RR
Rr
Rr
Only 2 of
10 plants
leave
offspring
RR
rr RR
Rr
rr
RR
Rr
Rr Rr
rr
RR
RR
RR
RR
RR
RR
RR
RRRR
Generation 1
p (frequency of R)) 0.7
q (frequency of (r) 0.3
Generation \22
p 0.5
q 0.5
Generation 3
p 1.0
q 0.0
Figure 13.22-3
Genetic Drift is: A change in the gene pool of a small
population, …due to chance
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The Bottleneck EffectThe Bottleneck Effect The The bottleneck effectbottleneck effect::
• Is an example of genetic drift Is an example of genetic drift • Results from a drastic reduction in population size Results from a drastic reduction in population size
often due to some catastrophic event.often due to some catastrophic event.
Original
population
Bottlenecking
event
Surviving
population
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The Bottleneck EffectThe Bottleneck Effect The The bottleneck effectbottleneck effect::
• Is an example of genetic drift Is an example of genetic drift • Results from a drastic reduction in population sizeResults from a drastic reduction in population size• The hunting of large cats like the cheetahThe hunting of large cats like the cheetah
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Bottlenecking in a population usually reduces Bottlenecking in a population usually reduces genetic variation because at least some alleles are genetic variation because at least some alleles are likely to be lost from the gene pool.likely to be lost from the gene pool.
Cheetahs appear to have experienced at least two Cheetahs appear to have experienced at least two genetic bottlenecks in the past 10,000 years.genetic bottlenecks in the past 10,000 years.
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The Founder EffectThe Founder Effect The The founder effectfounder effect is likely when a few individuals is likely when a few individuals
colonize an isolated habitat and represent genetic colonize an isolated habitat and represent genetic drift in a new colony.drift in a new colony.
The founder effect explains the relatively high The founder effect explains the relatively high frequency of certain inherited disorders among frequency of certain inherited disorders among some small human populations.some small human populations.• Huntington’s Disease around Lake Maracaibo VenezuelaHuntington’s Disease around Lake Maracaibo Venezuela• Hereditary blindness on Tristan da CuhanaHereditary blindness on Tristan da Cuhana• Galapagos species (drift + selection)Galapagos species (drift + selection)
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Founder EffectFounder Effect
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South
America
Tristan da
Cunha
Africa
Figure 13.25
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Gene FlowGene Flow
Gene flow:Gene flow:• Is genetic exchange with another population Is genetic exchange with another population • Tends to reduce genetic differences between populationsTends to reduce genetic differences between populations
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Three General Outcomes of Three General Outcomes of Natural SelectionNatural Selection
Directional selection:Directional selection:• Shifts the phenotypic “curve” of a population Shifts the phenotypic “curve” of a population • Selects in favor of some extreme phenotypeSelects in favor of some extreme phenotype
Disruptive selection:Disruptive selection: • can lead to a balance between two or more contrasting can lead to a balance between two or more contrasting
phenotypic forms in a population.phenotypic forms in a population.
Stabilizing selection:Stabilizing selection:• Favors intermediate phenotypes Favors intermediate phenotypes • Is the most commonIs the most common
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Original
population
Evolved
population
Phenotypes (fur color)
Fre
qu
ency
of
ind
ivid
ual
sOriginal
population
(a) Directional selection (b) Disruptive selection (c) Stabilizing selection
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Sexual SelectionSexual Selection Sexual dimorphismSexual dimorphism is: is:
• A distinction in appearance between males and femalesA distinction in appearance between males and females• Not directly associated with reproduction or survivalNot directly associated with reproduction or survival
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Sexual selectionSexual selection is a form of natural selection in which is a form of natural selection in which inherited characteristics determine mating preferences.inherited characteristics determine mating preferences.
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(a) Sexual dimorphism in
a finch species
(b) Competing for mates
Figure 13.29
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(a) Sexual dimorphism in a finch species
Figure 13.29a
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(b) Competing for mates
Figure 13.29b
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Population Genetics and Health SciencePopulation Genetics and Health Science The Hardy-Weinberg formula can be used to The Hardy-Weinberg formula can be used to
calculate the percentage of a human population that calculate the percentage of a human population that carries the allele for a particular inherited disease.carries the allele for a particular inherited disease.
Go over this in book on your own.Go over this in book on your own.
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END OF CHAP 13END OF CHAP 13ON TO CHAP 14ON TO CHAP 14
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Old slidesOld slides
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PKU:PKU:• Is a recessive allele that prevents the breakdown of the Is a recessive allele that prevents the breakdown of the
amino acid phenylalanineamino acid phenylalanine• Occurs in about one out of every 10,000 babies born in the Occurs in about one out of every 10,000 babies born in the
United StatesUnited States
INGREDIENTS: SORBITOL,
MAGNESIUM STEARATE,
ARTIFICIAL FLAVOR
INGREDIENTS: SORBITOL,
MAGNESIUM STEARATE,
ARTIFICIAL FLAVOR
ASPARTAME† (SWEETENER),
† PHENYLKETONURICS:
CONTAINS PHENYLALANINE
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The Hardy-Weinberg formula can be The Hardy-Weinberg formula can be used to calculate the frequencies of used to calculate the frequencies of genotypes in a gene pool from the genotypes in a gene pool from the
frequencies of alleles.frequencies of alleles.
((pp++qq))22 = = pp22 + + 2pq2pq + + qq22 = 1 = 1
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Let’s do a simple analysis of a gene poolLet’s do a simple analysis of a gene pool::
Set these conditions: Set these conditions: Just one trait, (let’s say fur color)Just one trait, (let’s say fur color) With just two alleles, B + rWith just two alleles, B + r And one dominant (B) and the other recessive (r)And one dominant (B) and the other recessive (r)
Let’s say the genes exist the in the gene pool at 50-50.Let’s say the genes exist the in the gene pool at 50-50.
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The Hardy-Weinberg formula can be The Hardy-Weinberg formula can be used to calculate the frequencies of used to calculate the frequencies of genotypes in a gene pool from the genotypes in a gene pool from the
frequencies of alleles.frequencies of alleles.
((pp++qq))22 = = pp22 + + 2pq2pq + + qq22 = 1 = 1
((BB++rr))22 = = BB22 + + 2Br2Br + + rr22 = 1 = 1
So, p = B = black, the dominant gene
And q = r = red the recessive gene
Shuffle up and deal…
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HardyHardy WeinbergWeinberg
What is YOUR genotype?What is YOUR genotype? What is YOUR phenotype?What is YOUR phenotype? What alleles do YOU have?What alleles do YOU have? What is the population’s gene frequencies What is the population’s gene frequencies
for B? for r?for B? for r?
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Hardy-Weinberg EquilibriumHardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
OK, mate (randomly). Give a gamete to OK, mate (randomly). Give a gamete to anyone else until everyone has two. anyone else until everyone has two.
Has anything changed in the gene pool?Has anything changed in the gene pool?
Has anything changed? Has anything changed? Has the population evolved?Has the population evolved?
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•
Genotype frequencies:Genotype frequencies:• Can be calculated from allele frequencies Can be calculated from allele frequencies • Are symbolized by the expressions Are symbolized by the expressions pp22, 2, 2pqpq, and , and qq22
To refresh our memories, consider the more complex but To refresh our memories, consider the more complex but familiar multiple-allele Human ABO Blood Types…familiar multiple-allele Human ABO Blood Types…
Neither A nor B is dominant to the other, o is recessive.Neither A nor B is dominant to the other, o is recessive.
A, B, O are the A, B, O are the three allelesthree alleles
AA, Ao, BB, Bo, AB, oo are the AA, Ao, BB, Bo, AB, oo are the six genotypessix genotypes
Type A, Type B, Type AB and Type O are the Type A, Type B, Type AB and Type O are the four four phenotypes.phenotypes.