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Exam 1 is next weekWed. March 2rd
Practice questions will be posted on the webpage this Friday
Review session on Tuesday (3/1) evening- time/room TBA
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Major groups within Eudicots
Monocots BasalEudicots
Caryophyllids Rosids Asterids
Eudicots
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Next: Caryophyllidae
Caryophyllaceae
Opuntia
Lewisia
Polygonaceae Chenopodium
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More floral terms
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connate/fusedsyncarpous
free and distinctapocarpous
Gynoecium fusion examples
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Fusion of the gynoecium
monocarpousapocarpoussyncarpous (fused carpels)
1 carpel multipleunfused carpels
increasingly fused carpels -->each with 3 locules (chambers)
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Placentation (arrangement of ovules within ovary)
lateral axile parietal free central
basal
apical
loculeseptum
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Subclass Caryophyllidae
Monocots BasalEudicots
Caryophyllids Rosids Asterids
Eudicots
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Next: Caryophyllidae
Caryophyllaceae
Cactaceae
Lewisia
Polygonaceae Chenopodium
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Key featuresIn Montana: 9th largest --> 14 genera, ~65 species
Life history: annual or perennial herbs, several weedy
Caryophyllaceae - Carnation (Pink) family
SaponariaSilene acaulis
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Leaves: opposite, simple & entire
nodes often swollen
Caryophyllaceae - Carnation (Pink) family
Arenaria
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Caryophyllaceae - Carnation (Pink) family
Inflorescences: often solitary
Flowers: regular, usually bisexualsome Silene unisexual (dioecious)
Silene
Stellaria
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Flower charactersSepals: 5, often connate
Petals: 5, unfused
Stamens: 5 or 10; usually free & distinct
Caryophyllaceae - Carnation (Pink) family
Agrostemma
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blade
Distinctive “clawed” petals in some genera
claw
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Notched or “pinked” petalsone petal
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Carpels: 2-5; connate or fused => 1 ovary
superior ovary w/ free central placentation
Caryophyllaceae - Carnation (Pink) family
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Caryophyllaceae - Carnation (Pink) family
Fruit type: capsule = dry, dehiscent fruit from a gynoecium w/ >2 carpels
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Calyx sometimes inflated
Silene (or Lychnis)
Flowers may be unisexual
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Key featuresIn Montana: 7 genera, 16 species
Habit: herbs; sometimes fleshy/succulent
often w/corms, rhizomes or taproots
Leaves: basal, alternate or opposite; usually simple
“Portulacaceae” - Purslane family
Claytonia Portulaca
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Lewisia rediviva- Bitterroot - leaves basal, thickened- round in cross-section
- large taproot
- flowers solitary from base- flowers bisexual, regular
- The root was an important food resource for native peoples
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Lewisia rediviva - Bitterroot Sepals: 2 - 10, subtended by bracts
Petals: many, unfused, straplike
Stamens: many, unfused
Gynoecium: ovary superior
1 fused pistil w/ multiple styles
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Lewisia rediviva- Bitterroot Fruit type: a capsule
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Worldwide: widespread in temperate/tropical New World
In Montana: 2-3 genera, <10 species
Habit: spiny succulents of deserts, dry places; epiphytes
Cactaceae - Cactus family
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Stems: modified for photosynthesis and H2O storage
Leaves: usually lacking (or modified into bristles)
**Use Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis to conserve H2O --> only open stomates to fix CO2 at night
Cactaceae - Cactus family
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areolae
clusters of bristles and spines
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Inflorescences: often solitary
Flowers: usually regular
bisexualsunken into modified stem
Cactaceae - Cactus family
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Flower charactersSepals: ; distinct
Petals: ; distinct
Stamens: ; distinct
Agrostemma
Cactaceae - Cactus family
spiralled
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Flower characters
Carpels: 3 - ; fused
stigma often lobed
Agrostemma
Cactaceae - Cactus family
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Hypanthium
(floral cup)
Inferior ovary Agrostemma
Cactaceae - Cactus family
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CactaceaeFruit type: berry
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Opuntia - Prickly Pear Cactus - flowers radially symmetric, large & usually yellow
- stems usually flattened
- native species low-growing
O. fragilis
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Opuntia - Prickly Pear Cactus
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Amaranthaceae - Amaranth family(includes Chenopodiaceae)
Key featuresIn Montana: 17 genera, <50 species (most in Chenopodium)
Habit: mostly herbs, some shrubs
Often in disturbed areas, poor soils (e.g. Atriplex)
Atriplex (Saltbush) Chenopodiumsalt glands
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Amaranthaceae - Amaranth familylots of crops
spinach
beets
amaranth
amaranth seeds
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Habit: herbs, very branchy
Stems: ridged, angular
Leaves: alternate, simple
Agrostemma
Chenopodium - Goosefoot, Lamb’s Quarters
leaf shape variableoften w/white undersides
C. album
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Flowers
Mostly bisexual; radial; reducedArranged in dense, “mealy” spikesSepals: 5Petals: 0 or 5Stamens: 2-5Pistil: 1 superior ovary, 2-3 styles
Agrostemma
Chenopodium - Goosefoot
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Kochia scoparia (burning bush or summer-cypress)
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PolygonalesNepenthaceae -
tropical pitcher plantsDroseraceae -
sundews and venus flytraps
Drosera - 2 species in Montana
Carnivorous plants -- get nutrients from trapped insects as well as soil
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Polygonaceae - Buckwheat family
In Montana: 12th largest -- 5 genera, ~55 species
Habit: mostly herbs, some shrubs
Leaves: simple; alternate or basal
Eriogonum Rumex
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Polygonaceae - Buckwheat family
Sheathing stipule (ocrea)
Rumex
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Polygonaceae - Buckwheat family
Inflorescences: variable
Flowers: regular, often bisexual
Tepals: 3 - 6 (look like sepals)
Stamens: 3 - 9
Gynoecium:1 pistil, 1-3 stylessuperior ovary
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Polygonaceae - Buckwheat family Fruit type: achene- usually triangular Rumex
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Polygonum - Knotweeds
~20 species in Montanaseveral non-native/invasive
- tiny flowers - sheathing stipules at nodes
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Eriogonum - Buckwheats E. flavum
~20 species in Montana>50 species in Rockies!
Habit: perennial herbs - often mat-like or creeping - taproot/woody root crown
Leaves: basal, simple, entire- often hairy/fuzzy- no ocreas
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Eriogonum - Buckwheats Inflorescence:compound umbel w/involucres(bracty cup at base)
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umbel compound umbel
involucre = cup of bracts at base of inflorescence
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Eriogonum
Flowers:regular, bisexual
Tepals: 6, connate or distinct
Stamens: 9
Gynoecium:1 pistil, 3 styles
Color: very variable, even within species (white, pink, yellow)
Fruit: 3-angled achene
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Exam 1 – next Wednesday
primarily short-answer questionsdefine/use terminology and concepts
-- don’t forget the systematics/taxonomy lecture material!
identify parts/terms in drawings
-- life histories/habits, roots, leaves & stems, flowers, fruits
identify families/genera from descriptions
-- Plants-to-know list up to & including today’s plants
distinguish families/genera using key features
recognize families/genera from line drawings
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GENUS ECOLOGY/LIFE HISTORY LEAV ES CONES/SEEDS OTHER NOTES
TAXACEAE
Taxus understory trees/large shrubscoastal disjunct species (wet)dioecious
flat, dark green needlesappear 2-ranked
no coneseed surroundedby fleshy red aril
source of taxolred, peeling bark
CUPRESSACEAE
Thuja large forest treescoastal disjunct species (wet)monoecious
tiny flattened scale-likeleaves infan-shaped sprays
small (1”) conescones point up
timber tree (W.Red Cedar)
Juniperus understory/alpine shrubs orsmall trees of open rangedioecious
1 sp. scalelike1 sp. more needlelikefoliage often silvery
small, berrylikecones (bird-dispersed)
PINACEAE
(all monoecious)Pinus
(>5 species)trees, often largesome subalpine speciesothers in dry montane
needles in fascicles (2-5long needles in bundle)P. ponderosa = 3 (or 2)P. contorta = 2 (short)P. albicaulis = 5P. monticola = 5P. flexilis = 5
female coneslarge and woody
seeds an importantfood source forwildlife
Larix trees, often large1 alpine sp., one montanedeciduous
needles short (< 2”),triangular,in clusters of >15
cones small(<1.5”) w/conspicuous 3-pointed bracts
Tsuga trees, often large1 sp. coastal disjunct (wet)
short flattish needles(different lengths)
cones small (1”)roundish
Pseudotsuga large forest trees, very broadgeographic and climate range
flat needles (in bottlebrush usually)
cones skinny w/conspicuous 3-pointed bracts
buds red/brown,bark furrowed onolder trees
Abies treessubalpine sp. (A. lasiocarpa)often stunted or spire-like
flat needles w/ blunt endwhite stripes on back ofneedles
cylindrical conespoint upcone-scales drop(no whole coneson groud)
buds and conesoften covered inwaxy resin
Picea large trees short, sharp needlesdiamond-shaped in crosssection
cones hang downcone scalesflexible
bark grey, flatscales