Download - Evolutionary Milestones
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Major evolutionary
events,Prokaryotes
Ch 14, 12 (time line)
Ch 16 (prokaryotes)
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Major steps in formation of cells
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Metabolism
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First Cells
First cells were prokaryotic
3.5 bya
They were photosyntheticdidntproduce O
2
right away
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Early prokaryotes
Cyanobacteria
modified atmosphere 2.5 bya
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Eukaryotes
Origin approximately 2bya
Cells more complex
Theory of Endomsymbiosis
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Endosymbiosis
Theory proposed by Lynn Margulis
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Prokaryotic origins
of energy organelles They have double the number
of membranesinner membranes
are like prokaryotic membranes
Have their own, circular DNA
RNA, DNA and ribosomes are
similar to prokaryotes
Replicate themselvessimilar
process to binary fission
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Evolution of Multicellularity
Arose 1.2 bya
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Terrestrial organisms
~ 400mya
Origin of vascular tissue
Invertebrate animals moved on land
with them
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Cambrian Explosion 500mya
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First Cells
Prokaryotes were only cells for
1.5-2 billion years
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Prokaryotic Domains
Archaea
Bacteria
Prokaryoticno nucleus/organelles
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Prokaryotic Size
Small~1-10 m
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Prokaryotic cell parts
Glycocalyx
The outer most layer
Composed of carbohydrates and orproteins
Protects bacteria from wbc phagoctytosis
Enable cell to adhere to surfaces, stopsdehydration
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Cell Wall
Protects contents of cell
Stops nutrients leaving
Keeps cell shape
Domain Bacteria contain a lattice called a
peptidoglycan (not found in Archaea) Peptidoglycan is part of the cell wall
Amino acids and Carbohydrates
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Peptidoglycan in Domain Bacteria
monosaccharides
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Flagella (pl), Flagellum (sing.) = tail
Diff bacteria have different numbers
Some dont have one
Structure is different to sperm tail
Rotates like a boat motor, doesntwhip like a real tail
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Flagella
http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/Thumbnails/showimage.cfm?File_name=Bact009b&File_type=gif -
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Basal body
Hook
Filament
http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/Thumbnails/showimage.cfm?File_name=Bact009b&File_type=gifhttp://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/Thumbnails/showimage.cfm?File_name=Bact009b&File_type=gifhttp://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/Thumbnails/showimage.cfm?File_name=Bact009b&File_type=gif -
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Axial Filaments
Spiral shaped bacteria have axialfilaments
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Pili
Projections from the cellshorterthan flagella
Roleto adhere to surfaces
Sex Pili - used for DNA transfer(plasmid)
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Sex Pili
Horizontal
Gene Transfer
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ReproductionBinary Fission
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Endospore
Some bacteria can make an endospore
Bacillus anthracis - Anthrax
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Endospore
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Shape
Three basic shapes
Round - Cocci
Rod - Bacilli
Curved or SpiralSpirilla, Spirochete,Vibrio
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Cocci
Streptococcusin a chain
Diplococcustwo
Staphylococcusclustered
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Bacilli
Solitary Diplobacilli
Streptobacilli
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Curved or Spiral
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Nutrition
Pg326
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Photoautotrophs
Cyanobacteria
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Prokaryotes
Branched off early onvery different
Bacteria (D)
Euryarchaeota (Phylum)
Crenarchaeota (Phylum)
Eukaryota (D)
Archaea (D)
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Prokaryotic Domains
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Archaea
Phylum Euryarchaeota inc. Halophilesneed >9% NaCl Methanogensanaerobicmake CH4 from CO2, H2
or organic acidsPresent in cows, sheep, goats stomachs Phylum Crenarchaeota inc. Thermophilesvolcanic areas, V. hot, >45oC
Many live in extremeconditions
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Where do prokaryotes live?
Everywhere!
On and in all animals, plants..,surfaces, soil, streams
Also,
In extreme places - Archaea
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What do prokaryotes do?
Participate in Symbiotic relationships
Cause Disease
Decomposers/Nutrient Cycling
Environmental/Waste Clean up
Cosmetic uses
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SymbioticRelationships
E. coli present in our intestine
Produces Vitamin K and B vitamins in
intestine Some strains are bad, cause diarrhea
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Disease Causing Bacteria
Pathogenic
Cause disease by two mechanisms
1) Exotoxinsa secreted substance
2) Endotoxinslipid in
bacterial cell wall
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Exotoxin
Exampletetanus (Clostridium tetani)
Usually produces a neurotoxin
(tetanospasmin)released whenbacteria dies
Toxin attaches to skeletal muscle
causes uncontrollable musclecontraction, spasms
Can make vaccines using exotoxin
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Endotoxin
Food poisoning
Salmonella
All endotoxins cause fever, aches, chills
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NitrogenCycle
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Oil Slick Clean up aidedby prokaryotes
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Cosmetic Industry
BotoxClostridium botulinum
Paralyzes muscles for 3-6 months
Same bacteria that can cause botulismwhole body paralysis
Molecular
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MolecularOrganization
Amino acids mayhave beenattracted to RNAnucleotidesformed a polymer
Polymer may act as
an enzyme,attractingcomplementarynucleotides
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Lipid Spheres (Liposomes)
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Protocell
If a sphere of lipidand the
RNA/polypeptidecooperation gottogether
Bit like a cell!!