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Evolutionary Microbiology
Chapter 6. Bacteria – Planet Conqueror
Jong-Soon Choi
Chungnam National Univ. GRAST
University of Science and Technology
Korea Basic Science Institute
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Characteristics of Bacteria (4U)
-Unicellular
-Ubiquitous
-Uncountable number
-Utmost recycler
Single celled organisms
Very small
Need a microscope to see
Can be found on most
materials and surfaces
Unicellular Filamentous
The largest procaryoteThiomargarita namibiensis
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Characteristics of Bacteria (4U)
-Unicellular
-Ubiquitous
-Uncountable number
-Utmost recycler
Soil bacteria (a teaspoon of compost)
~100 Billion
Acidic hot spring (~100℃)
Radioactive waste (D. radiodurans)
Sea water (Sargasso Sea)
Earth crust (2 km deep)
Human body (10 times of Human cells)
D. radiodurans(Source: www.google.com)
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Characteristics of Bacteria (4U)
-Unicellular
-Ubiquitous
-Uncountable number
-Utmost recycler
Soil bacteria (a teaspoon of compost)
~100 Billion
Acidic hot spring (~100℃)
Radioactive waste (D. radiodurans)
Sea water (Sagasso Sea)
Earth crust (2 km deep)
Human body (10 times of Human cells)
Human bacterial flora (Source: www.google.com) 107
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Characteristics of Bacteria (4U)
-Unicellular
-Ubiquitous
-Uncountable number
-Utmost recycler
More than 50% biomass
~40 M bacteria/g soil
1 M bacteria/ml fresh water
~10 times of bacteria cells on human
A total of 5x1030 bacteria on Earth
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Characteristics of Bacteria (4U)
-Unicellular
-Ubiquitous
-Uncountable number
-Utmost recycler
Decomposer of food chain
Continuous recycling of materials
* If they are gone, what will happen?
What would happen to
the world if all bacteria
were gone suddenly?
-Tiny recycler
-Bacteria and the body
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History of Bacteriology
-Antonie van Leewenhoek (1676) observed first bacteria using a single-lens
microscope. He called them "animalcules".
-Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1828)
introduce the name bacterium, derived from
the Greek word bacterion, meaning "small staff".
RobertHooke’sMicroscope &Cork cells(1696)
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History of Bacteriology
-Louis Pasteur (1859) demonstrated the fermentation by the growth
of microorganisms, not due to spontaneous generation.
Swan neck experiment by Pasteur
“Against Spontaneous Generation”
“Spontaneous Generation”
The generation of life from
nonliving matter was introduced by
Aristotle 350 BC
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History of Bacteriology
-Robert Koch (1905), a pioneer in
medical microbiology and worked
on cholera, anthrax and
tuberculosis, awarded a Nobel
Prize by germ theory & Koch’s
postulates
Koch’s Postulates
1. Pathogen must be
ASSOCIATED with disease
2. Pathogen must be
ISOLATED by pure culture
3. INOCULATION of the isolate
must reproduce same
symptom
4. Pathogen must be
REISOLATED from inoculate
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History of Bacteriology
-Paul Erlich (1908) developed the first antibiotic by changing dyes that
selectively stained Treponema pallidum. He was awarded a Nobel Prize by the
immunological work, being the basis of the Gram stain and the Ziel-Neelsen
stain
Gram(+) bacteria : thick peptidoglycan
Gram (-) bacteria : very thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane
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History of Bacteriology
-Carl Woose (1977) recognized that the archaea have a separate line of
evolutionary descent from bacteria. This new phylogenetic taxonomy was
based on the sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA, and divided prokaryotes into
two evolutionary domains, as part of the three-domain system.
Stromatolite 3.6BY
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Bacterial Morphology
Medical Microbiology Outlines
by Morphology
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Bacterial StructurePlasmid : small independent
pieces of DNA, horizontal gene
transfer, antibiotic-resistant,
virulence factor
Ribosomes : the site of protein
synthesis
Pili : bacterial conjugation
Capsule : impermeable structure,
protein & polysaccharides,
antigenic, biofilm
Flagella : whip-like structure for
bacterial motility
In Cytoplasm : cytoskeleton, gas
vesicles, carboxysomes,
endospore, etcCell Wall : peptidoglycan layer composed of
polysaccharide chains cross-linked by unusual
peptides. D-alanine / penicilin (D-Ala analog)(Source: Wikipedia)
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Bacterial Classification
(Source: Wikipedia) 117
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Bacterial Metabolism
Nutritional
type
Source of
energySource of carbon Examples
Phototrophs Sunlight
Organic compounds
(photoheterotrophs) or
carbon fixation
(photoautotrophs)
Cyanobacteria,
Green sulfur
bacteria, Chloroflexi,
Purple bacteria
LithotrophsInorganic
compounds
Organic compounds
(lithoheterotrophs)
or carbon fixation
(lithoautotrophs)
Thermodesulfobacteria,
Hydrogenophilaceae,Nitrospirae
OrganotrophsOrganic
compounds
Organic compounds
(chemoheterotrophs) or c
arbon fixation
(chemoautotrophs)
Bacillus, Clostridium,Enterobacteriaceae
Phototroph
Cyanobacteria
Lithotroph
Sulfur-reducing
Bacteria
Organotroph
Bacillus anthrax
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Competition between Bacteria
SRB
Sulfur
Reducing
Bacteria
MB
Methanogenic
Bacteria
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Competition between Bacteria
Anaerobic bacteria : Sulfur-reducing bacteria & Methanogenic bacteria
SRB outcompetes MB!! Then, where do MB live??
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Bacterial GeneticsAvirulent R colony and Virulent S colony
of S. pneumoniae
Griffith’s Bacterial Transformation (1928)
Griffith Experiment
-F. Griffith (2918)
suggested that bacteria are
capable of transferring
genetic information through
a process known as
“transformation”.
-Griffith’s findings were
followed by research in the
late 1930s and early 40s
that isolated DNA as the
material is the genetic
information.
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Bacterial Genetics
DNA is Identified as the ”Transforming
Principle” (Avery, 1944)
H&C Proved that transforming element is
DNA (1944) (Source: www.google.com) 122
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Bacterial Genetics
Transformation
Directly acquired DNA from another cells
Conjugation
DNA transfer by cell-
to-cell contact (e.g.,
pili)
Transduction
Gene transfer via
bacteriophage
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Bacterial Genetics
E. coli Long-term Evolution
After 30,000 generation, one
population evolved ability to use
citrate (Salmonella-like)
Cit+ and Cit- types coexist!
Experimental Evolution: 50,000
Generations in the Life of E. coliDr. Richard Lenski
Michigan State University
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Bacterial Disease
(A) Tetanus
(파상풍)
(B) Cholera
(dehydration)
(C) Syphilis
(cranial
deformation)
(D) Leprosy
(Hansen’s disease)
(E) Tuberculosis (결핵)
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Bacterial Disease
Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis)
is a parasite of rodents and a primary
vector of bubonic plaque.
Unit 731 and Japanese Imperial
Army’s Biological Warfare Program
(1933~1945). 850 victims in 1943.
Yersinia pestis
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