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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Evolution of Day Surgery in the UK:
A Vision for Surgical AmbulatoryEmergency Care
Doug McWhinniePast-President BADSPresident-Elect IAAS7 February 2018
Consultant General and Vascular SurgeonMilton Keynes University Hospital NHSFT
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
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British Association of Day Surgery
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Historical Timeline
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Father of Modern Day Surgery
• 1899-1908 reported on 8988 ops
• performed at the Sick Children’sHospital & Dispensary, Glasgow
BMJ 2:753, 1909
James H. Nicoll(1864–1921)
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Ralph Waters
(1883–1979)
1919: The Down-Town Anesthesia
Clinic, Sioux City, USA
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
USA: First Hospital Based Day Surgery Units
Opened in
1951: Grand Rapids, Michigan
1952: Los Angeles
Fiscal benefits drove the progress of ambulatory surgery
in the USA and Australia, in 50s, 60s and 70s
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Little progress
British Medical Journal in 1948:
“Any surgeon who allows a patient to leave hospital within 14 days of an abdominal operation (this
would include hernia repair) would be in a difficult position should complications occur”.
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Day Case Inguinal Hernia 1955
458 Consecutive Day Case Inguinal Hernia RepairsFarquharson EL, Lancet
1955;ii:517-9Eric L Farquharson
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Early UK Day Surgery
Late 1970s – early 1980s
– Pioneering enthusiasts
– Local developments
– No coordinated approach
– Medical & nursing establishment apathetic
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Early UK Day Surgery
Late 1970s – Early 1980s
– Pioneering enthusiasts
– Local developments
– No coordinated approach
– Medical & nursing establishment apathetic
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Royal College of Surgeons
Published 1985
– revised 1992
Considered 50% elective
surgery as day case
achievable
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
1989South MimmsServices
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Timeline1989 “A Study of the Management and
Utilisation of Operating Departments” NHSME VFM Unit
1990 “A Short Cut to Better Services”
Audit Commission
1991 “Day Surgery – Making it Happen”
NHSME VFM Unit
1991 “Measuring Quality: The Patient’s
View of Day Surgery”
Audit Commission
1993 “ Day Surgery – Report by the Day
Surgery Taskforce”
NHS Executive
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Audit CommissionBasket of Procedures 1990
Inguinal Hernia Repair
Excision Breast Lump
Anal Fissure Excision
Varicose Vein Surgery
Cystoscopy
Circumcision
Excision of Dupuytren’s Contracture
Carpal Tunnel Decompression
Arthroscopy
Excision of Ganglion
Cataract Extraction
Squint Correction
Myringotomy
Sub Mucus Resection
Reduction of Nasal Fractures
Bat Ear Correction
D&C
Laparoscopy+/- Sterilisation
Termination of Pregnancy
Orchidopexy
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Audit Commission’s Basket of Procedures 2001
Cataract Extraction
Excision Breast Lump
Carpal Tunnel Decompression
Bat Ears
R/O Metalwork
Bunion Operations
Laparoscopy
Tonsillectomy
TURBT
Squint Correction
Orchidopexy
Anal Fissure
D&C / Hysteroscopy
Nasal Fractures
Myringotomy
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Excision of Ganglion
Hernia Repair
Varicose Veins
Dupuytren’s Contracture
Haemorrhoidectomy
Circumcision
Arthroscopy
SMR
Termination of pregnancy
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Government Initiatives
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
75% Of Elective Surgery To Be Performed On A Day Case
Basis
White Paper, 2000
Alan Milburn 1999-2003
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Why 75%
1967 - 40% Ministry of Health
1985 - 50% Royal College of Surgeons
1994 - 60% NHS Executive
2001 - 75% NHS Plan
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Alan MilburnNHS Plan (2002)
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Day Surgery Definition
“Day surgery is the admission of selected patients to hospital for a planned surgical procedure, returning home on the same day.
Day Surgery:Operational Guide. DoH,
London,2002
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Government Initiatives
NHS Modernisation Agency
– 2002–5
– Clinical Champions
– BADS Collaboration
– Benchmarking exercise with other Trusts
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
10 High Impact Changes
NHS Modernisation Agency, 2004
John Reid 2003-5
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Service Improvement and Delivery
Top High Impact factor:
Treat day surgery (rather than in-patient surgery) as
the norm for elective surgery
NHS Modernisation
Agency, 2004
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
“The NHS Plan envisages that 75% of all Elective Surgery will be carried out as a day case in the
near future”
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
To support improvement in systemic productivity and efficiency
Patricia Hewitt 2005-7
2006
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Productivity IndicatorsSeptember 2006
Clinical productivity
Finance
Prescribing
Procurement
Workforce
www.productivity.nhs.uk
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
A focus for the greatest productivity and efficiency gains
Reduce avoidable emergency admissionsReduce unnecessary outpatient appointments, follow-
ups & DNA’sAvoid unnecessary proceduresImprove day case performanceReduce wasted bed daysImprove the accuracy of clinical codingReduce variation in length of stayImprove staff productivityActively manage staff and recruitment costs
NHS Institute for Innovation & Improvement, 2006
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
“Delivering a fair,
personalised,
effective and
safer NHS”
Lord Darzi , 2007
Alan Johnson 2007-9
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
2009
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Enhanced Recovery Programme
A Clinical Pathway to Accelerate Recovery after Colonic Resection. Ann Surg 2000: 232; 51-57
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Day Surgery and Enhanced Recovery
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
2009 DoH Enhanced Recovery Programme
Pre OperativeOptimise health Preassessment
Patient information
Patient expectation Discharge Planning
Intra OperativeMinimally invasive Regional anaesthesia
Goal directed fluid therapy
Post OperativePlanned mobilisation Regular analgesia
Avoid opiates Minimal drains
DischargePlanned Patient Information Follow up if required
Andy Burnham 2009-10
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Quality Ambulatory Principles
Pre-assessment
Optimised Health
Patient information
Discharge Planning
Minimally invasive
Regional anaesthesia
Goal directed fluid therapy
Planned mobilisation
Regular analgesia
Avoid Opiates
Nurse Led Discharge
Discharge information
Follow up if required
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Enhanced Recovery Programme
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Payment by ResultsBADS/PbR Steering Group
2009
Inpatient > DC funding
No incentivisation
2010
Same tariff for DC and IP Best Practice tariff for DC laparoscopic cholecystectomy
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
The Development of ‘Best Practice’ Tariff
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Promoting Quality Day Care
Best Practice Tariff – Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
2012/13 Daycase
tariff (£)
Elective spell
tariff (£)
GA10D Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with length of stay 1 day or more without
CC
- 1,367
GA10E Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with length of stay 0 days without CC 1,662 1,367
Planned as day caseDischarged day of surgery
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British Association of Day Surgery
Impact of Best Practice Tariff
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2007 2008 2009
%Lap
Choleas
Day Case
2010
Best practice tariff
Howard, et al. J One-day Surg 21: 4, 2011
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Liberating the NHS 2010
Information Revolution
Greater Choice & Control
Health and Social Care Act
Clinical commissioning Groups
Andrew Lansley 2010-12
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
4 hour A&E Wait and 2 Week Cancer Targets Remain
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
•CCG’s
•Failing Trusts
•Hospital Closure
•Trust Amalgamation
•Junior Doctors’ Strikes
•Care Quality CommissionJeremy Hunt 2012-
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Lessons for Surgical Ambulatory Emergency Care
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Is day surgery better than in-patient surgery ?
Not evidence based
re clinical outcomes
but…
Day Surgery is a
process not a
procedure
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Day Surgery Definition
“Day surgery is the admission of selected patients to hospital for a planned surgical procedure, returning home on the same day.
Day Surgery:Operational Guide. DoH,
London,2002
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
• Unselected
• Unplanned
• Day or Night
Ambulatory Emergency Surgery
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Ambulatory Emergency Surgery
Definition
“Ambulatory emergency surgery is the management of an emergency patient according to an ambulatory surgical pathway, avoiding overnight stay following their surgical procedure.”
International Association of Ambulatory Surgery Oct 2017
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
The Ambulatory Pathway
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Out-Patient Clinic
House Officer ClerkingWard Visit by Surgeon
and AnaesthetistOperation
Recovery
Surgical Ward
Discharge
Pre-operative
Care
Peri-operative
care
Post-operative
care Follow-Up
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Pathway Re-Design
TOPICS:
• Patient Referral
• Patient Selection
• Preoperative assessment
• Booking for surgery
• The day of surgery
• Patient Discharge and support
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Out-Patient Clinic
Selection Criteria
Preassessment
Admission
Operation
Recovery
Day Case Facility
Discharge
Follow-up
Pre-assessment
Pathway
Peri-operative
care
Post-operative
care
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Emergency 12 hour post- appendicectomy
pathwayEmergency Admission
Investigations and diagnosis
Preopassessment by anaesthetist
Discharge plan
Early laparoscopicappendicectomy
No sepsis
Discharge on day of surgery
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Protocol-Based Discharge
Discharge Criteria:
•Vital signs stable
•Orientation
•Pain controlled
•Oral analgesics supplied
•Understands medication
•Ability to dress and walk
•Minimal nausea & vomiting
•Minimal wound bleeding
•Responsible adult to take them
home
•Carer at home for next 24 hrs
•Driving after surgery
•Passing urine before discharge
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Passing Urine
“Passing urine for patients at low risk of post-operative urinary retention is not essential before going home.”
Jackson I, McWhinnie D, Skues MThe pathway to success.
BADS London 2012
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Passing urine before discharge
High Risk
Men > 50
Inguinal hernia repair
Anorectal Surgery
Prostatic proceduresNo need to
pass urine before
discharge unless high risk
patient
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Responsible Adult
- ill-defined
- accountable and competent
Maximum Journey Time
- one hour’s travel
Avoid Public transport ?
Transfer Home
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Carer at Home
Official UK National Health Service guidance
www.nhs.uk/Conditions/surgery/Pages/after-surgery.aspx
‘It’s a good idea to have an adult available to help you for at least 24 hours after surgery’
Many patients falsely claim to have a carer at home the first night after surgery
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Essential
Elderly
Invasive surgery
Airway at risk
Pragmatic
Non-invasive surgery
Carer at Home
Practice guidelines for post-anesthetic care .Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 742-52.
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Follow-up
Do patients require a follow-up telephone call 24 hours after day surgery ?
Telephone follow-up
549 patients
Routine 17 patients
(3%)
On-demand 532 patients
(97%)
Used by 23 patients (4%)
4/17 failed to answer
telephone
Eastwood L, Richardson K. ‘Don’t call us; We’ll call you’ -Evaluating the need for a 24 hour follow-up call. J One-Day
Surg 2014;24(S):15
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Patients Like Day Surgery
• Quality Care
– early recovery
– minimal disruption
– comfort of own home
• Patient-centred Pathway
• Better Care, Safer Care ?
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Patient Satisfaction Questionnaires
Good for…..
Routine monitoring
of an existing system
Bad for…..
Identifying areas for
improvement
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
The Patient Experience
5069 patients – 13 hospitals – 5 specialties
85% Satisfaction
15% Dissatisfaction
* Postoperative pain
* Waiting times between admission, operation
and discharge
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
The Patient ExperienceLemos P et al
Patient satisfaction following day surgery
J Clin Anesth 2009;21(3):200-5
251 consecutive patients
95% satisfaction
5% Dissatisfaction
* Waiting time for surgery
* Postoperative pain control
* Patient information
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
The Patient Experience
Fregene T, et al. BMJ Open Quality 2017;6:e000079. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2017-000079
Patient QuestionnairesSemi-structured InterviewsAudio or Video Interviews
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
The Patient Experience
Dissatisfaction
* Batching of Admissions
* Prolonged Fasting
* Delayed Starts
* Lack of information
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
The Patient Experience
PDSA Cycle 1
Engage with the
Multidisciplinary Team
- Staggered Admissions
- ‘Golden Patient’
- Maximise WHO Briefing
- Single Point of Contact
PDSA Cycle 2
Manage Patient
Expectations
- Preadmission Letter
- Preassessment
- Patient Journey Video
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
PDSA Cycle 1
PDSA Cycle 2
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Benchmarking
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Audit Commission’s Basket of 25 Procedures 2001
Cataract Extraction
Excision Breast Lump
Carpal Tunnel Decompression
Bat Ears
R/O Metalwork
Bunion Operations
Laparoscopy
Tonsillectomy
TURBT
Squint Correction
Orchidopexy
Anal Fissure
D&C / Hysteroscopy
Nasal Fractures
Myringotomy
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Excision of Ganglion
Hernia Repair
Varicose Veins
Dupuytren’s Contracture
Haemorrhoidectomy
Circumcision
Arthroscopy
SMR
Termination of pregnancy
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Problems with index procedures: “Basket Problems”
• Not representative
• The Basket represents only 30% of all Day Surgery activity
• No recognition of the Short Stay Pathway
• No recognition for innovation
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Short Stay Equation
Scenario I– 100 Laparoscopic Cholecystectomies
• 50 Day Cases
• 30 Overnight Admission
• 20 Two Night Admission
Total 70 Inpatient Bed Days
Scenario II– 100 Laparoscopic Cholecystectomies
• 40 Day Cases
• 50 Overnight Admission
• 10 Two Night Admission
Total 60 Inpatient Bed Days
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Day Case Nephrectomy
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
BADS Directory 5th Edition (2016)
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Surgical Sub-Specialties
OrthopaedicsPaediatric SurgeryUrologyVascular SurgeryMedical ProceduresEmergency Surgery
Breast SurgeryENTGeneral SurgeryGynaecologyHead and Neck SurgeryOphthalmology
10 sub-specialties>200 procedures
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
British Association of Day Surgery Directory of Procedures
Literature review
National day
surgery data
Networking
Specialist organisations
Aspirational %’s for
Procedure Room
Zero night stay
(Day Surgery 12 hours)
One night stay
(23 hour surgery)
Two night stay
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Skues M. (2016) BADS Directory of procedures: National data set calendar year 2015, London, BADS
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
Ambulatory Emergency Surgery
Visions for SAEC in the UK:
• Minimise chaos management
• Identify a baseline
• Pathways re-design
• Collect Local and National Data
• Benchmark performance
• Specialised commissioning
• Accreditation of services
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British Association of Day Surgery www.bads.co.uk
There’s no place
like home !