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EvolutionEnvironmental Biology
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Who was Charles Darwin?
• Father of evolution• Went to the
Galapagos Islands in South America
• Wrote On the Origins of Species when he came back
• Went against religious beliefs
• Suffered from making findings
• 25 years later, people honored and believed his works and theories
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Who was Charles Lyell?
• American geologist• Studied how
the Earth changes over the years
• Ex: mountains, river, etc
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Who was Thomas
Malthus?• Sociologist, scientist and
politician• Observed why weren’t
available resources used up?
• Disease, starvation, and natural disasters, all wiped out a large chunk of the population
• He wanted to know why some people lived and some died
• He believed in survival of the fittest!• Wealthy white males were
the “fittest”
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Who was Alfred
Wallace?• British man, did his
research many years after Darwin
• Studied in South America and Asia
• 1858 – send Darwin a manuscript and they both had the same conclusion
• Darwin contacted Wallace• They published
articles separately and together
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What were Darwin’s Two Main Points?
• If non-living things changed over time, why cant living things change too?1. Descent with
Modification – due to the build of mutations over million of years, new organisms form• New species evolved
2. Natural Selection - nature chooses the more desirable traits to pass to their offspring (beneficial mutations)
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What is a fossil?
• The remains of a previously existing creature from many years ago
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What is a fossil record?
• Time line of when organisms existed in relation to other organisms• 2 ways to determine how old
something is:
1. Relative dating – “this is older/younger than that” based on position without a timeframe
2. Absolute dating/carbon dating – directs to a specific time period more than relative dating does
• Half life – the amount of time it takes for half an element to break down and disappear
• Ex: carbon’s half life is 5730
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What does extinct mean?
• When the last of the species dies and the living things in non existent
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What are Homologous Structures?
• Look the same but do different things
• Ex: cat’s front and human’s hand
• This suggests a common ancestor branching off to different species
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What are Analogous Structures
• Look different but do the same thing (opposite of homologous pairs)
• Ex: birds, butterflies, and bats all have wings but don’t look alike
• This does not a common ancestor but have a similar path
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What is Vestigial
Structures?• Structure in the
body that has been used once in the past but is no longer being used in current time
• Ex: appendix, eye brows and tail bone in humans
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What is variation?
• The differences within 1 type in natural or excepted differences
• Ex: size and height
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What is Natural vs. Artificial Selection?
• Nature selects more desirable vs. selection in organisms to help or not help living things
• Ex: Teacup poodles• Bulldogs born by C-
section
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What are Pesticides and Antibiotics?
• Natural selection in action
• Overuse in antibiotics will cause medications to stop working• Organisms that adapt them
are called natural variation• Bacteria changes when in
different environments and has natural variation
• Pesticides are similar to bacteria• Farmers put them on their
crops – some bugs live and some will die
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What are speciation?• Decent with
medication – when new species from because of mutations
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What is geographic isolation?
• A weakness to evolve or be created
• Setting makes it harder to produce offspring
• Can be a form of reproductive isolation
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What is reproductive
isolation?• Two individuals not
having a similar reproductive cycle
• Able to breed but decide not to
• Ex: skunks
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What is a genetic drift?
• The undertaking or alteration in genes from each generation
• Ex: Swedish people mainly have blue eyes
• If a brown eye was added to the population, the eye colors would shift
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What is a bottleneck?• When a disease
or natural disaster happens• Usually wipes out
a large amount of the population
• Makes a smaller gene pool
• Genes are lost forever
• Ex: Beads in a bottle – stuck at the bottom
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What is the founder effect?
• The people that are give will be the only ones to give genes to their future offspring
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What is adaptive
radiation?• Life will always
be found even in the most extreme areas
• If something can live, something will live
• Ex: Hawaii/ albatross bird
• Nature wants to fill – hates a vacuum
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What is a cost-benefit
analysis?• Measuring pros
and cons to figure out the next step in action
• Ex: Going to a party – getting grounded or being popular?
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What is a gene pool?
• All of the genes in the entire population
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What is gradualism?• Gradually,
mutations and changes will happen and organisms will evolve at a slow pace
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What is punctuated equilibrium?
• The theory that organisms stay the same for a long time, then changes for a short about of time due to the environment
• Organisms quickly change and then remain the same for a long time (repeats the process)
• Ends when gradualism is reached
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What is co-evolution?
• Many species that evolve together – change over time
• Ex: Hummingbird and flower makes nectar – the longer the flower gets the longer the beak gets
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What is parallel
evolution?• Organisms the
evolve on a pathway that is parallel but don’t have to have a common ancestor
• Ex: Fish and whale – similar body that is able to move through water but they aren’t related (evolved in a similar way)
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What is divergent evolution?
• Organisms that have a similar ancestor and evolve together at a certain point • They branch and
develop• Split in different
directions
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What is convergent evolution?
• Very similar to parallel evolution
• Organisms develop on separate paths• Through mutations
now have a common ancestor
• Converged
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What were the first organisms
on Earth?• They were anaerobic –
didn't’t need oxygen• Able to make their
own food – autotrophs• Gave off oxygen for
millions of years• They became more
complex, Multicellular, and then were able to breath oxygen
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What is the Endosymbiotic
theory?• Hypothesis• Mitochondria and
chloroplasts were once free-living
• They combined with a simple cell and were helped from the relationship
• Mutualistic relationship over time became dependent • Able to use each other to
survive
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Who was Miller and
Urey?• Theory of life
• Miller’s flask
• Made experiments and concluded that the surroundings in the atmosphere, it was likely to create “the building blocks of live”• Primordial soup