University of Massachusetts Amherst
From the SelectedWorks of Angelika Kratzer
May 5, 2016
Evidential Moods in Attitude and Speech Reports(Slides).Angelika Kratzer
Available at: https://works.bepress.com/angelika_kratzer/10/
Eviden(alMoodsinA/tude&
SpeechReports
AngelikaKratzer,UMassUConnColloquiumSeptember9,2016
Towardsacombinatorics
• Whatarethebuildingblocksforconstruc(nga/tudeandspeechreports?
• Wanted:acombinatoricsofbuildingblocksthatpredictsthetypologyofpossiblea/tudeandspeechreportsinnaturallanguages.
3
Thetextbookanalysis
RalphbelievesthatOrtcuSisaspy.• Verbslikebelieveselectproposi(onalargumentsaspartoftheirmeaning.
• Proposi(onalargumentsareprovidedbyCPs. 4
Thetextbookanalysis
[[believe]]=λpλxλw∀w’(Doxx(w,w’)→p(w’))• A/tudeverbsandverbsofspeechareaspeciesofmodaloperators.
5
What’sahead
6
Thetextbookanalysis
Overlookedconstruc(onpieces
Moods,modals,andeviden(alsinthele_peripheryoftheembeddedclause.
7
Theplan
• Someproblemsforthetextbookanalysis.• That-clausesasnominalmodifiers.• That-clausesasverbalmodifiers.• TheGermanreporta(vesubjunc(veasaprobeintothesyntax&seman(csofsenten(alcomplementa(on.
8
TroubleFortheTextbooks
Theac(onisintheembeddedclause
9
Forcingspeechreportinterpreta(ons
• Thepresenceofathat-clausecanforceaspeechreportinterpreta(onwithunerga(veverbs.
• Itmustbepossibleforthat-clausestocontainasourceforspeechinterpreta(ons.
10
Speechreport
Ralphtobte,dassmanihnnicht Ralphragedthattheyhimnot
informierthabe.informedhave.SUBJ.
Ralphragedthattheyhadn’tinformedhim.
11
Speechreport
Ralphseufzte,dasserbetrogenworden Ralphsighedthathebetrayedbeen
sei.was.SUBJ.
‘Ralphsighedthathehadbeenbetrayed.’
12
Verbsofmannerofspeaking
• Babble,bark,bawl,bellow,bleat,boom,bray,burble,cackle,call,carol,chant,chaSer,chirp,cluck,coo,croak,croon,crow,cry,drawl,drone,gabble,gibber,groan,growl,grumble,grunt,hiss,holler,howl…
• CompletelistinLevin1993.
13
Nominalmodifiers
• That-clausescanappearwithnounswheretheydon’tfillargumentposi(ons.
• Theidea,themyth,thestorythatOrtcuSisaspybafflesme.
• Stowell1981,Grimshaw1990,Moulton2009.
14
Needed
Ananalysisofthat-clausesthatallowsthem• tobeverbalmodifiers&containthesourceforspeechreports.
• tobenominalmodifiers&containthesourceforthemodalseman(csoftheconstruc(on.
15
Harmonicembeddedmodals
Thetextbookanalysisdoesnotpredictthetwoavailablereadingswithharmonicembeddedmodals.
16
Harmonicdeon(cmodals
He{mo(oned,proposed,insisted,suggested,recommended,advised,demanded,pe((oned,urged,begged,requested,required,wanted,pleaded}thatweshouldsetupanemergencyfund.
17
Harmonicreporta(vemodal
DieLegendesagt,dassereinSpion Thelegendsaysthatheaspygewesenseinsoll.beenbesaidis.‘Thelegendsaysthathewasaspyaccordingtohearsay.’ 18
Harmonicreporta(vemodal
OrtcuSsagt,erwill OrtcuSsayserreporta(vemodalimKinogewesensein.in+thecinemabeenbe.‘OrtcuSsaysthathewasatthemoviesaccordingtowhathehimselfreports.’ 19
BuildingA/tudeandSpeechReports
That-clausesasnominalmodifiers
20
Nextstep
Takethenominalmodifica(onconfigura(onofthat-clausesasastar(ngpointandseehowfarittakesus.
21
Alwaysnominalmodifiers?
“…whatwethinkofassenten(alcomplements(orsenten(alsubjectsortopics)arebesttakentoberela(veclausestructures…”• Kayne2008.
22
Alwaysnominalmodifiers?
“Thoughfurtherstudyisneeded,languagesofferpuzzlingexamplessugges(ngthatcertaininstancesofsenten(alcomplementa(oninvolverela(viza(on.”Aboh2010.
23
Historicaldevelopment
OldHighGermanthazdevelopedfromarela(vepronounintoarela(viza(onpar(cle.
Senten(alcomplementsdevelopedfromrela(veclausesmodifyingadummynoun.
24
Axel-Tober2009,2012
Nounmodifica(on
• That-clausescandenoteproper(esofthingsthathaveproposi(onalcontent.
• Moulton2009UMassdisserta(on.Moulton2015.Kratzer2006.
25
Nounmodifica(on
theNP[rumorCP[thatOrtcuSisaspy]CP]NP• TherumorsuchthatOrtcuSisaspyinallworldscompa(blewithitscontent.
• Modaliza(oncomesfromthethat-clause.
26
S(llnounmodifica(on
HebelievesNP[thingCP[thatOrtcuSisaspy]CP]NP• HebelievessomethingsuchthatOrtcuSisaspyinallworldscompa(blewithit.
• Modaliza(oncomesfromthethat-clause.
27
Sourceofmodaliza(on?
Whichelementinthethat-clausehoststhemodalelementthatisresponsibleforthemodalseman(csofa/tudeandspeechreports?
28
Suggestedanswer
• Thehighestlayerofaclausecanhostavarietyofmodalelements:moods,harmonicmodals,eviden(als,covertmodalityininfini(ves…
• Amoredifferen(atedle_periphery.Rizzi1997;Aboh2004,2006;Saito2010.
29
Syntac(cRegions
30
Davidsonianregion:belowAspect
Le_periphery:
Mood
Schemaforle_peripheralmodality
• [[Mood]]=λpλx∀w’(w’∈f (x)→p(w’))
31
Freevariablerangingoverdomainprojec(onfunc(ons
Modalanchor
Projec(ngmodaldomains
• Hacquard2006&later.Kratzer2006.
• Modaldomainsareprojectedwithfixedrecipesfromthingsandeventuali(esintheworldofevalua(on.
32
Content-relateddomainprojec(on
• TherumorthatOrtcuSisaspy
• Content(x)=thesetofworldsthatarecompa(blewiththecontentofx.Undefinedifxdoesn’thaveinten(onalcontent.
• Defeasiblenormalcyassump(ons.
33
Factualdomainprojec(on
• ThefactthataYe(walkedby
• fact(x)=thesetofworldsthathaveacounterpartofx.
• Defeasiblenormalcycondi(ons.
34
Composi(on
[[NP[rumorCP[Mood[OrtcuSisaspy]]CP]NP]]=λxλwrumor(x)(w)⊕λx∀w’(w’∈f (x)→spy(OrtcuS)(w’))
35
Composi(on
[[NP[rumorCP[Mood[OrtcuSisaspy]]CP]NP]]=λxλw(rumor(x)(w)&∀w’(w’∈f (x)→spy(OrtcuS)(w’)))
36
Composi(on
[[believeNP[thingCP[Mood[OrtcuSisaspy]]CP]NP]]=λxλsbelieve(x)(s)⊕λxλw(thing(x)(w)&∀w’(w’∈f (x)→spy(OrtcuS)(w’)))
37
Composi(on
[[believeNP[thingCP[Mood[OrtcuSisaspy]]CP]NP]]=λsλw∃x(believe(x)(s)&thing(x)(w)&s≤w&∀w’(w’∈f (x)→spy(OrtcuS)(w’)))• Restrict(Chung&Ladusaw2001).Thedirectobjectposi(onisrestricted&existen(allyquan(fied.
38
Consequence
• Thethat-clausepar(cipatesinsatura(ngthedirectargumentposi(onofbelieve.
• But:thethat-clausedoesnotprovideaproposi(onalargument.
• That-clausesrelatetothenominalargumentsofa/tudeverbsandverbsofspeech.
39
Nominalarguments
• Believerumors,myths,claims• Tellmestories,phonenumbers,interes(ngfacts• Explainfacts• Saysomethinginteres(ng
40
Accomplished
• Ananalysiswherethat-clausesarenounmodifiers.✓
• Ananalysisthatlocatesthemodalseman(csofa/tudeascrip(onsinthecomplementclauseandthusaccountsforharmonicembeddedmodals.✓
41
S(lltodo
• Ananalysisthatexplainshowthat-clausesallbythemselvescancreatespeechreports.
42
ForcingSpeechReportInterpreta(ons
That-clausesasverbalmodifiers
43
Embedded[say]
Proposal:Thele_peripheryofaclausecancontaina[say]headaboveMood.
44
Syntac(cRegions
45
Davidsonianregion:belowAspect
Le_periphery:
Mood
[say]
Buildingaspeechreport
RalphsighedthatOrtcuSwasaspy.[Ralphsighed[CP[say][MoodPthatOrtcuSwas…]]]• [[[say]]]=λxλesay(x)(e)[[sigh]]=λesigh(e)
• λxλe(say(x)(e)&sigh(e))
46
Buildingaspeechreport
[Ralphsighed[CP[say][MoodPthatOrtcuSwas…]]]λeλw∃x(say(x)(e)&sigh(e)&e≤w&thing(x)(w)&∀w’(w’∈Content(x)→spy(OrtcuS)(w’)))
47
Coercion
• [say]coercesverbsintoverbsofspeaking.
• Wepredictvariabilityinacceptability.
• Forexample,thereisvaria(onamongHebrewspeakersastowhethertheycanhavethat-clauseswithmannerofspeechverbsatall..
48
Indo-Aryanfinalcomplemen(zers
Allderivedfrom‘say’ Bayer1999
Bengali bole
Oriya boli
Assamese buli
Marathi mhanun
Dakkhini-Hindi bolke
49
InterimSummary
Twotypesofthat-clauses
50
Nominalmodifiers
Asnominalmodifiers(thatis,without[say])that-clauses• Relatetothedirectobjectposi(onsoftheembeddingverb.
• arepredictedtobehavelikeDP-directobjectsofthoseverbs.
51
Verbalmodifiers
Asverbalmodifiers(thatis,with[say])that-clauses• donotrelatetoanargumentposi(onoftheembeddingverb.
• arepredictedtobehavelikeadjuncts.• alwayscreatespeechreportsinlanguageslikeGermanorEnglish.
52
Plan
IwillbeusingtheGermanreporta(vesubjunc(veasalensfortes(ngthepredic(onsoftheproposedanalysisofthat-clauses.
53
Appe(zer
Thepuzzleofthetalkingcat
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Acathasabelief(1) DieKatzedachte,esseieineMaus Thecatthoughtitbe.KONJ1amouse
imLoch. in.thehole. Thecatthoughttherewasamouseinthe hole.
55
Thecatistalking
(2)# DieKatzedachte,esseieineMaus Thecatthoughtitbe.KONJ1amouse
imLoch,dienochamLebensei. in.theholethats(llalivebe.KONJ1
Thecatthoughttherewasamouseintheholethatwass(llalive(shesaid).
56
Thecatistalking
(3)# DieKatzemiaute. Thecatmeowed.
EsseieineMausimLoch. Itbe.KONJ1amousein.thehole.
Therewasamouseinthehole(she said).
57
Nospeechimplied
(4) Ralphträumte,erhabeeinenSpion Ralphdreamedhehave.KONJ1aspy
getroffen. met. Ralphdreamedthathehadmetaspy.
58
Ralphistalking
(5) Ralphträumte,erhabeeinenSpion Ralphdreamedhehave.KONJ1aspy
getroffen,derOrtcuSgeglichen metwhoOrtcuSresembled
habe. have.KONJ1
59
Predic(on
Ouranalysispredictsthatanon-speechinterpreta(onfortheGermanreporta(vesubjunc(ve(Konjunk(vI)shouldonlybeavailablewhenthethat-clausesaturatesthedirectobjectposi(onoftheembeddingverb.
60
Konjunk(vI
Makingspeechreports
61
Reporta(vemoodsinGerman
• (Mostly)inthewriSenlanguage:realizedasKonjunk(vI.
• RealizedasKonjunk(vIIorindica(veinmoreinformalregisters.
• Notdiscussedtoday:DistancingeffectwithKonjunk(vI;sequenceofmood.
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Therightgeneraliza(on?
Thereporta(vesubjunc(veclause“is(inthesamesentenceorintheprecedingcontext)theobjectofaverbofsaying(claiming,asking,commanding),oritisunderstoodasifitwere.”• Fabricius-Hansen&Sæbø(2004),228.
63
Mainclause
Shecalledmefirstthinginthemorning.(1) SieseiinColumbus. Shebe.KONJ1inColumbus. ‘ShewasinColumbus,shesaid.’
• (1)presupposesaspeechevent.Itdescribesthecontentofwhatwassaid.
64
Speechimplied
(4) Erwarverzweifelt.Morgensei Hewasdesperate.Tomorrowbe.KONJ1
seineGerichtsverhandlungund histrial and
erhaSenochkeinenAnwalt. hehad.PAST.INDs(llnolawyer.
65
Reasons
(7) Erwurdeverha_et,weiler Hewasarrestedbecausehe
gelachthabe. laughedhave.KONJ1
Hewasarrestedbecauseheallegedly laughed.
66
Rela(veclauses
(9) EsgibteinenArztinLondon, ItisadoctorinLondon
derausWalessei. whofromWalesbe.KONJ1
‘ThereisadoctorinLondonwhoissaidtobefromWales.’
67
Aspeechreport
(11) Ralphtobte,dassmanihnnicht Ralphragedthattheyhimnot
informierthabe. informedhave.SUBJ.
‘Ralphragedthattheyhadn’tinformed
him.’
68
Seman(cs
Lexicallydeterminedcontent-relateddomainprojec(on
69
Proposal
• Thereporta(vesubjunc(veisamoodthatisinterpretedasamodalwithlexicallydeterminedcontent-relateddomainprojec(on.
• Thespeechinterpreta(oniscontributedby[say].
• Theindica(veisNOTrestrictedtocontent-relateddomainrestric(on.
70
Konjunk(v1
• [[Konj1]]=λpλx∀w’(w’∈Content (x)→p(w’))
71
Content-relateddomainprojec(on
Modalanchor
Coërcion
Ralphseufzte,dassOrtcuSeinSpionsei.[Ralphsighed[CP[say][Konj1OrtcuSwas…]]]λeλw∃x(say(x)(e)&sigh(e)&e≤w&thing(x)(w)&∀w’(w’∈Content(x)→spy(OrtcuS)(w’)))
72
FlexibleFac(vity
Crea(ngspeechreports
73
Expressingcri(cism
(13) Siekri(sierte,dasserzuspät Shecri(cizedthathetoolate
gekommensei. comebe.KONJ1
Shecri(cizedthathehadarrivedlate.
74
Disclosures
(14) Sieverriet,dasssieverlobt Shedisclosedthatsheengaged
sei. be.KONJ1
Shedisclosedthatshewasengaged.
75
Expressingregret
(15) Siebedauerte,dasssiezulautsei. SheregreSedthatshetooloudbe.KONJ1 ‘SheregreSedthatshewastooloud.’
• Contrast:SheregreSedthat.
76
Assessment
• Whenverbslikecri-cize,disclose,regrethaveDPobjects,thoseobjectsrefertofacts.
• Fac(vethat-clausessaturatethedirectobjectposi(on.
• Non-fac(vethat-clauseshave[say]andrelatetotheunerga(vevariantoftheverb.
77
Le_wardMovement
Out!
78
Le_wardmovement?
• Moulton2009,2013,2015.Koster1978,Alrenga2005,Takahashi2010.
• Topicalizedclausalcomplementshaven’tmovedtotheposi(onswhereyouseethem.
• Thecorrespondingargumentposi(onsareoccupiedbypronouns.
79
Le_wardmovementisout
(17)*Dassmanihnnichtinformierthabe,Thattheyhimnotinformedhave.SUBJ
tobteer.
ragedhe. ‘Heragedthattheyhadn’tinformedhim’.
80
Speechreportlost
(18) a. Heexplainedthathehadfive childrentofeed.
b. Thathehadfivechildrentofeedwas neverexplained.
• Thespeechreportinterpreta(ondoesn’tsurvivele_ward‘movement’.Onlythefac(veinterpreta(ondoes.
81
Expected
• Therecan’tbele_-dislocatedclausalcomplementswithverbsthatdonottakedirectobjectsatall.
• Therecan’tbele_-dislocatedcomplementswithinterpreta(onsthatcan’tbematchedbyaDP-directobject.
82
Extrac(on
Weakislands
83
Weakisland
(19) Warumhatergeseufzt,dassOrtcuS whyhashesighedthatOrtcuS
ihngetroffenhabe? himmethave.KONJ1
WhydidhesighthatOrtcuSmet him?
84
Weakisland
(20) Warumhaterkri(siert,dassOrtcuS whyhashesighedthatOrtcuS
ihngetroffenhabe? himmethave.KONJ1
Whydidhecri(cizethatOrtcuSmet him?
85
Weakisland
(21) Warumhaterbedauert,dassOrtcuS whyhasheregreSedthatOrtcuS
ihngetroffenhabe? himmethave.KONJ1
WhydidheregretthatOrtcuSmet him?
86
Extrac(on
Noislands
87
Downstairsreading
(34) WhydidRalphbelievethatOrtcuShidthe leSerunderarock?
• Extrac(onisfromanargumentoftheverb.
88
Downstairsreading
(35) WhydidRalphbelievethatOrtcuShidthe leSerunderarock?
• Alsohope,imagine,assume,suspect,claim,deny,fear,etc.
89
Le_wardMovement
In!
90
Le_wardmovement
(36) Dasssichdasändernwird,hatniemand ThatREFLitchangewillhasnobody gedacht. thought. Nobodythoughtthatthatwouldchange.
• Thecontentinterpreta(onofthethat-clausesurvivesle_wardmovement.
91
Le_wardmovement
(37) Dasssichdasändernwird,hatniemand ThatREFLitchangewillhasnobody gedacht. thought. Nobodythoughtthatthatwouldchange.
• Alsoimagine,assume,suspect,claim,deny,fear,etc.
92
93
Timetoconclude
Conclusion
• CPsareadverbialornominalmodifiers.
• Thepresenceorabsenceof[say]determineswhatkindofmodifierstheyare.
• Embeddedmoodsarecrucialplayersintheconstruc(onofa/tude&speechreports.
94
Conjecture
• Verbsneverhaveproposi(onalarguments.
95
Consequence
• Averydifferentaccountofclausalselec(on.
• Consequencesforcurrentaccountsoftheacquisi(onofa/tudeascrip(ons&speechreports?
96