B£-¬-Vo-L-Þd-Lô] JÚe-¡-ûQkR U§l-Àh-Ó Y[-èp
1, 2 Yœl-◊-Ls
T¥Ls
Evaluation Source Book for Teachers
Standard I & II
Integration - Tamil Medium
Uô -Xd Lp-®Vô-Wônf£ Ut-ßm T«t£ ¨ß-Y-]m (SCERT), úLW-[m
PADIKAL
Evaluation Source Book for TeachersStandard I & II
Integration - Tamil Medium
Prepared by State Council of Educational Research and Training
Chief Academic In ChargeMadhusoodhanan. CResearch Officer (Evaluation), SCERT
Academic In ChargeDr. Kala. NResearch Officer, SCERT
Dr. James. K. JSenior Lecturer, DIET, Ernakulam
Tamil Version
Academic Co-ordinator
Dr. Sahaya Dhas. DResearch Officer (Tamil), SCERT
©
State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Vidyabhavan , Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 695 012
Øu-àûW
Lt\p ØÝûU ùT\ úYi-Ó-Uô-«u A±-®-Vp éo-Y-Uô] U§lÀhÓ Øû\ Cu-±-ûU-Vô-
R-Rô-Ïm. §h-P-ª-Óm úTôúR U§l-ÀhÓ Øû\-L-û[-Ùm ¾o-Uô-²dL úYiÓm. Lt-\p ùNVp-Tô-Ó-
Ls, LÚ-®-Ls, U§lÀhÓ Øû\-Ls ØR---V-Ytû\ JÚe-¡-ûQd-Ïm úTôÕ-Rôu §h-P-ª-Ó-Rp
ØÝûU ùTßm. ARt-Lô] ϱl×-Ls Cq-Y[ è-p Eh-T-Ój-Rl-Th-Ós-[-].
úLW[ TôP Ht-Tôh-Óf Nh-P-Lm-þ2007 Øu ûYd-Ïm Li-úQôh-Pj-§tÏ HtT Y¥-
YûUd-Ll-ThP TôP èp, B£¬-Vo ûLúVh-Ó B¡-V-Yt±u ©u-²ûQlTôL T¥-Ls Gu\ Cq
Y[èp Y¥-Y-ûUd-Ll-Th-Ós-[-Õ. YûW-V-ßd-Ll-ThP ϱl-×-L-°u A¥l-T-ûP-«p, Øû\-VôL
SPd-Ïm ùNVp-TôÓL[ôL Lt-\-ûXÙm U§l-ÀhûP-Ùm LôQ CVXô-Õ. B£-¬-Vo-Ls AÔ-Ï-Ø-
û\-L-û[d LÚj§p ùLôiÓ N¬-Vô] Øû\-L-û[-Ùm Ej-§-L-û[-Ùm ©uTt\ úYiÓm. TôP Ht-
Tôh¥u úSôdLúU CRu A¥l-T-ûP-VôL AûUV úYi-Óm.
úRPp, £k-Rû] B¡VYt±u êXm SPd-Ïm Lt-\p ùNVpØû\-Ls VôÜm TVu Es-[-
ûY-VôL Uô\h-Óm G] Yôrj-Õ-¡-ú\u.
YôrjÕLÞ-Pu.
úTWô-£-¬-Vo Gm.H. LôRo
CVd-Ï-So
Tϧ - 1
Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m................................................................................................. 7˛24
œZk-˚R-Ÿm A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ÿm .......................................................................... 10
£k˚R˚Vl Tt-±f £k-ßj-Rp ........................................................................................................ 12
Lt-\p Ußl¿” ˛- ˙SÙd-Le-Ls ........................................................................................................ 17
Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls ...................................................................................................... v18
Tϧ - 2
Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m- UÙØ- p......................................................................... 25
˘UÙØ Lt-\p Gu\Ùp Gu]? ................................................................................................... 26
˘UÙØ Lt-\≠p A±Æu ·fl-Ls .......................................................................................... 27
A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\ Lh-Pe-Ls˛ ˘UÙØ-´p ..................................................... 29
˘UÙØ LpÆ´p Ußl¿” Gu-\Ùp Gu]? GRtœ? ............................................ 30
Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m- „r-®- X- -Vp Lp-Æ- p ............................... 32˛46
A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ˚\-Ls˛ ®˚X-Ls ............................................................................ 35
„r-®-˚X-´-Vp Ußl¿” Hu? GRtœ? .................................................................................. 41
Ußl¿” Gk-˘RkR ®˚X-L∞p? ................................................................................................. 43
Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m- L¶-Rjßp ................................................................47˛59
L¶-Rd Lt-\p Gu-\Ùp Gu]? Hu? ................................................................................ 48
L¶-R A±-‹˛ ·fl-Ls ........................................................................................................................ 48
L¶-Rd Lt-\p˛ Lt--©j-Rp UÙß-¨˛ ®˚X-Ls ................................................................. 55
©Wf-N-˚]-L-fid-LÙ] æo-‹m ˘NVp-ß-\u-L-fim ........................................................... 56
Tϧ - 3
UÙØ- V Ußl©-”-Y’ Gq-YÙfl? ........................................................... 60˛76
Ußl-¿h” ÿ˚\-Ls ................................................................................................................................ 63
œ› Ußl-¿” ................................................................................................................................................... 64
NL Ußl-¿” ....................................................................................................................................................... 65
—V Ußl-¿” ..................................................................................................................................................... 66
B£-¨-Vo Ußl-¿” ...................................................................................................................................... 67
Ußl-¿h” Ej-ß-Ls˛ Lt-\p L⁄-Æ-Ls ................................................................................. 69
Es-[-Pd-Lm
G]Õ TûPl-×j ùRôÏl×
UXo.-Gm
„r-®- X´Vp Lt\˚X Ußl-©”-Y- RlT-•? ...... 77- 87
Ußl-¿h” ÿ˚\-Ls, Ej-ß-Ls, L⁄Æ-Ls .......................................... 79
œ› Ußl-¿” ................................................................................................................................... 80
NL Ußl-¿” ........................................................................................................................................ 81
—V Ußl-¿” ....................................................................................................................................... 82
B£- ˚V Ußl-¿” .................................................................................................................. 83
Ußl-¿h” Ej-ß-Ls,L⁄-Æ-Ls ˛„r-®-˚X-´-Vp LpÆ .... 84
L¶R Ußl-¿-” Gq-YÙfl? ..................................................... 88- 99
Ußl-¿h” ÿ˚\-Ls, Ej-ß-Ls, L⁄Æ-Ls .......................................... 90
œ› Ußl-¿” ................................................................................................................................... 90
NL Ußl-¿” ........................................................................................................................................ 92
—V Ußl-¿” ...................................................................................................................................... 93
B£- -Vo Ußl-¿” .................................................................................................................... 95
Ußl-¿h” Ej-ß-Ls˛ L⁄-Æ-Ls ............................................................................ 96
Tϧ - 4
Lt-\-p Ußl-¿-”m- ©uÚh-Pm A∞j-R-¤m ..... 100- 112
©u-Úh-P-ÿm Lt-\-¤m ............................................................................................... 101
’p≠V-UÙL Ußl-¿” Nn-Y-Rtœ ................................................................ 108
£\kR ßh-P-™-Pp ........................................................................... 113- 122
˘UÙØd L⁄j-R-Xœ .................................................................................................................. 113
„r-®- X- -Vp L⁄j-R-Xœ .......................................................................................... 116
L¶-Rm L⁄j-R-Xœ ............................................................................................................... 118
T⁄Y Ußl-¿-h”f ˘NVpTÙ”-Ls ................................. 122- 133
Tϧ - 5
L⁄j-’l T -UÙt-\m ˛N-Í-Lj-ßp ...................................... 134- 147
NÍ-Lm ≈” Ts∞ .......................................................................................................... 135
L⁄j-’l T¨UÙt\ UiP-Xe-Ls G˚Y? .............................................. 136
Lt-\-¤m Ußl¿”m ................................................................................................................. 138
˘Tt- \Ù-⁄-Pu L⁄j-’l T -UÙt-\m˛ UÙߨ .................................. 138
Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m˛ IVe-Ls ............................................................................... 141
Ts∞ A[-Æ-XÙ] NVp-ÿ- \j ßh-Pm ..................................... 145
LpÆ J⁄ NÍ-Lf NVpTÙPÙL UÙfl-Rp .................................. 147
1
7Tϧ þ1
Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m
Lt\Ûm U§lÀÓm
Ju-\Ùm Yœl-©p ÿRp SÙs:
''˙Ru- UÙØ! ø Y˚WŸm TPm Su-\ÙL Es-[˙R!''
''m.... BUÙ....''
''C˘Ru] BPÙ?''
''BUÙ, G]-’ Bh”dœh•...''
''Bh”dœh•dœ ÿu-]Ùp GRt-œ CqY[‹ ˘T¨V ˙Y≠?''
''An-˙VÙ, Bh”dœh• G]-’ È˚Yd L•j’Æ”m. AR]ÙpRÙu...''
''ARt-œl È Ge˙L C⁄dœ?''
''˙Y≠d-œ Ak-Rl -Td-Lm C⁄d-œ.''
18
Lt\Ûm U§lÀÓm
Ts-°d Lp-®-Ùm Lt-\-Ûm
U≤-R-≤u RPp Bo-Y˙U ◊ßV Li-”-©-•l-◊-L-fid-œd LÙW-Q-UÙ-°-\-’. RPp
GuT’ æo‹ LÙQ ˙Yi-•V ©Wf-N-˚]-L∞u A•lT˚P´p SPlTRÙœm. ˙RP-≠u
YÙ´-XÙLd Li-P-±kR˚Y-L˚[ BWÙ-Ÿm-˙TÙ-’ ◊ßV A±YÙdLjßt-œm, AYt±u
TVu-TÙ-” Lt-\-¤d-œm YØ-Yœd-°-\-’. Ik-’ YV-’Y˚W Ru- —t-flf-„-Zp R]dœ A∞jR
Tp-˙Y-fl A‡-T-Ye-L-fi-P-‡m A±-˙YÙ”m œZk˚R Ts∞dœ Y⁄°\’. Gp-XÙd
œZk˚RL∞u A±‹m J˙W A[Æp C-⁄dL ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-Tßp-˚X. AR-]Ùp
œZk˚R˚Vf N¨-VÙLl ◊¨k’˘LÙi”, N¨VÙ] ˙SÙd-Lj-˙RÙ” Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-˚WŸm
A±-YÙdLm T\j Rœ-ß-Ÿ- P-V-Yo-L-[Ùd-œ-Y- R ÿ˚\-NÙo Lp-Æ- u ÿd-°V SÙdLm.
RÙu VÙo, Rm-UÙp Gu-˘]u] ˘NnV CV¤m Gu-T-˚Rd œZk˚R-Ls ˘R¨k-’
˘LÙs-Y-’ Lp-Æ-´u YÙ´XÙœm. Ts∞d -Lp-Æ-˚Vl Tt±f £k-ßd-œm-˙TÙ’ ∏rd-
œ±l-©-”m L⁄j’-Ls ™L ÿd-°-V-UÙ]˚YVÙœm.
œZk˚R˚Vl Tt±V Li˙QÙhPm
Lt-\-˚Xd œ±jR L⁄j’Ls
A±-‹, A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls Tt-±V L⁄j-’L-s
Yœl-©-¤m ≈h-•-¤m E⁄-YÙd-L ˙Yi•V Lt\p „Zp
œZk˚RL∞u Y[of-£ ®˚X-˚V- Ußl-©h-”f
˘NnV ˙Yi•V ER-Æ-Ls Tt±V L⁄j’Ls
G≤p, Lt\p ˘RÙPoTÙ] Gu˘]u] L⁄j’
L˚[ SÙm ¡i”m Bn‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi”m?
œZk˚R-L-˚[l Tt±V SU-’ Gi-Qe-L-s,
Sm©d-˚L-L-s
Lt-\-˚Xd œ±jR L⁄j-’-L-s, Gßo-TÙol-◊-Ls.
CVpTÙ] A±-Æ-≠-⁄k-’
A± -Æ -Vp ÈoYUÙ]
£kR˚]dœ...
R]-’ —t-fll-◊\j-˙RÙ-”m
˘Tt-˙\Ù-˙WÙ-”m ©\-˙-WÙ”m TZ°V
RÙp E⁄-YÙ] Sm-©d- L-Ls, ÿ•-‹Ls
CYt˙\Ù” RÙu ˙Ru˘UÙØ
Ts∞dœ Yk-RÙs. A˚Y A±-Æ-Vp
Èo -Y -UÙ -] -˚YVÙL C⁄dL
˙Yi”˘Uu-T-ßp- X. B]Ù-p Ts-∞-
-p SPdœm ÿ˚\-NÙo Lp-Æf NVp-
ÿ˚\L∞p Cq-Y-±‹ A•l-T-˚P-
VÙLf NVp-T”°-\’. AYt˚\ A±-
Æ- p ÈoYUÙ] ÿ•-‹-L-[ÙL UÙt-fl-
Y˙R Lt-\p.
1
9
TôPj-§h-P-Øm ÏZk-ûRÙm
A±-‹, A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls œ±jR L⁄j’L-s,
˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-s. Yœl-T-˚\-´-¤m ≈h-•-¤m œZk˚RL∞u J⁄e-°-˚QkR
Y[of-£d-LÙL E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi•V „r-®-˚X-Ls.
œZk˚R´u Y[of-£l-TÙ-˚R-, RWm B°VYt˚\ Ußl-©”Rp, ˘NnV
˙Yi•V ER-Æ-Ls.
˙R£-Vl- TÙP Ht-TÙh-”f Nh-P-Lm ·flY˚Rl TÙ⁄eLs.
Yœl-T˚\´p œZk˚R, B£-¨-Vo E\‹ ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]-RÙ-œm. LÙW-Qm Ts-∞-´≠-
⁄k-’ Tflm A±‹ VÙ⁄-˚P-V-˘Ru-T-’m AR˚] E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-’ VÙo Gu-T’m
ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]-˚YVÙœm. Cu-˚\V œZk˚RLs Íj-˙RÙo Li-P-˚PkR æo-‹-L-
∞p ß⁄l-ßV˚PV ˙Yi-•-V-Yo-Ls Ap-Xo, Re-Ls ®˚X-˚V-Ÿm ˙R˚Y-
L˚[Ÿm ÆUo-N-]d Li-˙QÙh-Pj-ßp Etfl-˙SÙd-œ-T-Yo-Ls. Re-Ls A‡-T-Ye-
L-fim Li- QÙh-Pe-L-fim ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]˚Y Gu-T- Rl ◊¨k-’ LÙs[˙Yi”m.
—Rk-ß-W-UÙ-Lf £k-ßd-L-‹m, Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt-\-‹m ˙Yi•V U] Eflߟs-[-Yo-
L-[ÙL UÙfl-Y-Rt-œj R˚Y-VÙ] U]jßPm Y[-W AYo-L˚[ Fd-œ-ÆdL Yi-
”m. Re-Ls LpÆ-, Gßo-LÙX YÙnl-◊Ls ˘RÙPo-TÙ] LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp-L-∞p
Teœ ˘T\˙Yi-”m. œZk˚R-Ls Ts-∞-´-p Gu] Lt-°-\Ùo-Ls, AYo-Ls Ts-
∞d-œ GRt-œ Y⁄-°-\Ùo-Ls Gu-T-’m Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\L˚[ ˙Um-T-”j-’-Y-
ßp ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]-˚YVÙ-œm.
˛ R£Vl TÙP Ht-TÙh-”f NhPLm˛ 2005
TÙPj-ßh-P-ÿm œZk˚R-L-fim
Jq- YÙ-⁄ UÙQ-Y-‡- P-V- A‡-T-Ye-Lfim Yq- Y-\Ù-]- Y. AYoLs TZœm
CPe-L-fim Yfl-Th-P- Y. AR-]Ùp AYo-Ls EX-Lj- Rl TÙod-°u\ ÿ˚\Ÿm Yfl-
Th-P-˚YVÙ-L˙Y C⁄d-œm. Cf£\l©Vp◊-L˚[ U]-ßp˘LÙi˙P ÆUo-N-]l-Èo-Y Ut-
flm NÍL A±-YÙd-L A‘œÿ˚\´p A˚UkR TÙPj-ßh-Pj˚R E⁄-YÙdL ÿ•-
Ÿm.
˘T¨-’, ˘T¨-’...
""Íu-fl''
œZk˚R Gi˚Q G›ß]Ùs 3,
"A˚R-ÆP J⁄ ˘T¨V Gi' ˛ 3
"ApX. 3˚V ÆPl ˘T¨-V-’' 3CkRd œZk˚R 3 V Gq-YÙ-fl
LÙi-°u-\Ùs?
˘T¨V-’ Gu\ L⁄j-˚R Gq-YÙfl
◊¨k’ LÙi-”s-[Ùs?
110
ÏZk-ûR-Ùm A±-Yôd-Lf ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ùm
TÙPj-ßh-Pj˚R E⁄-YÙd-œm-˙TÙ-’ œZk˚R-L-˚[l Tt± U]ßp ˘LÙs[
˙Yi-•V £X L⁄j-’Ls:
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk˚R´u Bfi-˚U-Ÿm ˘Yq˙Y\Ù]˚Y.
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk˚R´u Lt-\p ÿ˚\-Ÿm ˘Yq˙Y\Ù]˚Y.
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk˚R´u £k-R-˚] ÿ˚\Ÿm ˙Yfl-T-Ph-P˚Y.
A±˚Y ˘Y∞-lT”j’m, TVu-T-”j-’m ÿ˚\-Lfim ˘Yq˙Y\Ù]˚Y.
œZk˚RL-∞u Æ⁄l-Te-Ls, D”-TÙ-”-Ls, Ái-”-Rp-Ls TÙu-\˚Y Yfl-Th-P˚Y
VÙ-œm.
-˙Yfl-ThPd œ”m-Tf „Zp-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ ˘Yq-˙Y-fl YÙrd˚L A‡-T-Ye-L-fiPu
Y⁄-Y-RÙp Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚R´u Li-˙QÙh-Pÿm, Sm-©d-˚L-Lfim,
L⁄j’Lfim ˙YflTh-P-˚YVÙL˙Y C⁄d-œm.
CYt˚\ ÿ›˚UVÙLd L⁄jßp ˘LÙi” Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh˚P E⁄-YÙd-
L-‹m S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”j-R-‹m CV-¤UÙ? œZk˚R-L-fid-°-˚P-˙VVÙ] C˚P-˘Y-∞˚V
A±k-’m, ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi”m, Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚R˚VŸm ˘Yq˙Yfl ÿ˚\L∞p
A‘L˙Yi”m Gu\ Ei˚U˚Vl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi”RÙu CRtLÙ] ÿVt£˚Vj
˘RÙPeL ˙Yi”m.
œZk˚RŸm A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ÿm
CWiPÙm Yœl©p Tœß˛2 ¤s[ "≈” SpX ≈”' Gu\ AX°p, L⁄jRXœ˛1 p
L˚XYÙQu LiP L]‹ Gu]YÙL C⁄dœm? Gufl ·t±u Cflß´p B£-¨-Vo
˙Lh°\Ùo. L˚R E⁄YÙdL B£¨Vo ˘LÙ”jR YÙnl©’. œZk˚RLs ·±V L˚R
YhPÙWl TÙPUÙ°\’. A˚Rj ˘RÙPok’ œZk˚RLs RÙeLs ·±V’˙TÙp
SPkRRÙ Gufl A±V TÙPlTœß˚V YÙ£d°\ÙoLs. A˚R SÙPLUÙdL ÿ•ŸUÙ
Gu\ NYÙ˚X B£-¨-Vo ÿu˚Yd°\Ùo. SÙP-L-UÙdLd œZk˚RL˚[ SÙuœ
œ›dL[Ùdœ°\Ùo. œZk˚RLs LXk’˚WVÙ”°\ÙoLs. SÙPLm RVÙ¨d°\ÙoLs;
S•d°\ÙoLs. Jq˘YÙ⁄ œ›Æu SÙPLj˚RŸm Ut\ œ›dLs Ußl©P Yi”˘U]
B£¨Vo ÿu-]˙W ·±´⁄kRÙo. ARuT• AYoLs Ußl©hPÙoLs. œ±l-◊-L-∞-
≠⁄k-’ L˚R E⁄-YÙdL Gj-R-˚]˙VÙ YØ-Ls Es[]. B]Ùp Ce-œ B£-¨-Vo
1
11
ÏZk-ûR-Ùm A±-Yôd-Lf ùNVp-Ø-û\-Ùm
SÙP-Lj-˚Rl TVu-T-”j-ß- Es[Ùo. SÙP-Lj-ßu ˚UVd L⁄j’ Uh-”-Uu± SÙPL
ÆUo-N-]j-ßu YÙ´-XÙLj -RÙe-Ls Li-P-±kR Gi-Qe-L-˚[ ˘Y∞-´-”-Y-Rt-œm Ck-
SÙ-P-Lm YÙnl-T-∞j-R-’. ˙U¤m RÙe-Ls S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”j-ßV ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\L˚[f
—V-UÙL Ußl-©P‹m Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œ-UÙ] YÙnl◊m °˚Pj-R’. A±k-’˘LÙsfiRp,
A±˚Y Um-T-”j-’Rp TÙu\ E[f- N-Vp-TÙ-”-Ls Ce-œ S˚P- Tt\˚Rd LÙQXÙm.
CR]•lT˚P´p œZk˚R-Ls Gq-YÙ-fl A±˚Y E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls Gu-T˚Rl T¨-
˙NÙ-ßd-L-XÙm.
A‡-T-Ye-L˚[j R≤d- L-Y-]j-’-Pu AX£ BWÙn°-\Ùo-Ls.
L•-]-UÙ] A‡-T-Ye-L˚[ A˚P-VÙ-[m LÙi-°\Ùo-Ls.
œ›-YÙ-Ld LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-•d L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\m ˘Nn’ A±‹⁄YÙdœY-’Pu
©\-˙WÙ” LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-• ˙Um-T-”j-R-‹m ˘Nn-°-\ÙoLs.
ÿ›-˚U-VÙL A±-VÙ-R-Yt˚\ A±-V-‹m ©Wf-£-˚]-L-fid-œj æo‹ LÙQ-‹m
˘LÙs-˚L-Ls Yœj-’ A±‹⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.
Ru-˚]l Tt±Ÿm R]-’ —t-fll-◊-\m Utflm NÍ-Lm Tt±Ÿm ÆUo-N-]-l ÈoY-UÙ]
®˚XTÙ”-Ls G”j’m Gßo-Æ-˚]-VÙt±Ÿm A±‹⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.
NÍL A±-‹-˚W -L -˚[j R]-’ A•l-T -˚Pf £k-R -˚]-Ls YÙ´-XÙ -Ll
T˚PlTÙt\˙XÙ” ˘Y∞-´-”-YRu YÙ´XÙL A±‹⁄YÙdœ°\ÙoLs.
YÙrd˚L ÿ›-Y-’m C˚PÆPÙ’ S˚P- T-flm NVp-TÙ˙P C’.
B]Ùp A±-YÙd-Ll-T-”-°-\-’ Gu-fl SÙm EQWÙU˙X C’ SPd°\’.
YÙrd- L- p Sm R˚Y-L-fid-LÙL A±‹ E⁄-YÙd-°˙]Ùm; A˚R
˙Um-T-”j-R-‹m ˘Nn°˙\Ùm. AjR˚LV ˙R˚Y-L- [ E⁄YÙdœm Lt-\p
©Wf£˚]L∞p D”-Th-”jRÙ˙] Yœl-T- \- -¤m A±-YÙd-Lm S˚P˘T\
˙Yi”m.? ©Wf£˚]L˚[ Gßo˘LÙi”, AYt±tLÙ] æo‹LÙ‘m
YØL˚[j ßhP™h”, BRÙWeL˚[j ßWh•, ÿ•‹Ls Li”©•j’m
CYt˚\j ˘RÙPok’ Ußl©h”m ˘Np¤m ˘NVpÿ˚\˙V CRtLÙ]
YØVÙœm.
úRûY-Ù-Qo-Üm Lt-\p
©Wf-£û]-Ùm
áh-P -Üm Ïû\d-L -Üm ùR¬k-Õ
ùLôiP-Õ Gl-úTô-ùR] ¨û]-®-Úd-
¡\Rô? AûR ¿eLs Gq-Yôß Lt-ßd-
ùLôi¼oLs? A§p GÕ Au-ß
EeLÞd-Ïf ÑûY-VôL CÚk-R-Õ? Hu?
112
£k-Rû] Tt±f £k§j-Rp
B]Ùp C˚Rd œZk˚R R≤-VÙ-Lf ˘NnV CV-¤UÙ? œZk˚Rdœ Suœ
A±ÿLUÙ] AYu YÙ›m NÍ-Lj-ß≠⁄k˙R CjR˚LV ©Wf£˚]Ls G›°u\].
R]’ L⁄j-’-L-fid-œm E[f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-fid-œm A∞dœm A˙R ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym
©\W’ ©Wf£-˚]Lfidœj æo-‹- LÙQ‹m A∞dL ˙Yi-”m. CjR˚LV Te-L-∞l◊
YÙ -XÙ-L-‹m .˙Um-T-”j-’--Rp YÙ -XÙ-L-‹m œZk˚R œ›YÙLf Nok’ A±YÙdœ°\’.
A±- Yl Tt± A±-Rp/ £k-R˚]˚Vl Tt-±f £k-ßj-Rp
T˚Pl-◊j ß\-‡-P-‡m ÆUo-N-]l TÙo-˚Y-Ÿ-P-‡m £k-ßdLf NnY-’ Lt-\≠u
ÿd-°V SÙd-L-UÙL UÙ±-Ÿs-[-’. CR-]-•l-T- P- p Lt-\p˛Lt-©j-Rp NVp-ÿ˚\˚V
S≈-]l-T-”j-’m YØ-ÿ˚\ Tt-±V ˙RP˙X £k˚R-Ls Tt-±V £k-R˚]. ARÙY-’
A±˚Yl Tt± A±Rp (Metacognition). C’ TÙPj-ßh-Pj-ßu AeLUÙ°Ÿs[’.
S≈] ÿ˚\´p £kßjRp Gu-T-Ru ˘TÙ⁄s Gu]?
SÙuLÙm Yœl◊ UÙQÆ ˙Ru˘UÙØ ·flm ERÙWQj˚Rl TÙ⁄eLs:
Yœl©p SPlT˘Ru]? J⁄ B£¨V⁄dœ HtThP A‡TYm C’:
N’Wm ˘RÙPoTÙ] HWÙ[UÙ] L¶Rf ˘NVpTÙ”Ls ˘Nn’s[ÙoLs;
ARu —t\[‹ LÙ‘m YØŸm AYoLfidœj ˘R¨Ÿm. AR]Ùp CdL¶Rl
©Wf£˚]˚V BoYj’Pu ˘NnYÙoLs Gufl Gi¶˙]u. B]Ùp œZk˚RLs
C˚Rf ˘NnVj RVe° ®u\ÙoLs. Lt\ L⁄j’L˚[l ◊ßV˘RÙ⁄ „Z≠p
TVuT”j’m LhPjßp Yœl©p NÙRÙWQUÙL SPdœm ®Lr˙Y C’. ˘UÙØ Utflm
—tflf„Zp Yœl◊L∞¤m CqYÙfl SPd°\’.
L⁄jRÙdLm SPd°\’. B]Ùp AkR A±‹m £k˚RLfim ◊ßV˘RÙ⁄
„Z≠p TVuTPÙUp ˙TÙY˙Ru? ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[Yt±p Gk˘RkR
LÙWQeLs ˘TÙ⁄k’m Gufl BWÙŸeLs.
©Wf£- ]˚V YÙ£j-’l ◊¨k-’˘LÙs-[-, G˚Rd Li-”-©-•dL Yi-”m Gu-T˚Rj
˘R¨k-’˘LÙs-[d- œZk˚RLfidœ CV-X-Æp-˚X.
©Wf£-˚]-´p R]d-œj ˘R¨kR’ G’? ˘R¨-VÙ-R-’ G’? Gu-fl Tœj-R-±V ÿ•-V-
Æp- X.
R™ -Z - W£ SÙu -LÙm
Yœl©p....
B” ßu-]Ù-U-≠-⁄dLj
R™-Z-W£ R]-’ LÙn-L±
˙RÙh-Pj- Rf —t±f
N’W Y•-Æ-XÙ] Y≠
Lh-•-]Ùs. N’-Wj-ßu
Jq- YÙ-⁄ Td-Lj-ßt-œm
10 ¡h-Po ø[m Ei-”.
˙Y≠-´u Ái-Ls
2 ¡h-Po C˚P- Y-∞- p
SÙh-Pl-Th-•-⁄k-R-].
Al-T-•-VÙ-]Ùp Y≠ LhP
R™-Z-W£ Gj-R˚] Ái
L˚[l TVu-T-”j-ß- -⁄l-TÙs?
1
13 ©Wf-£˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙQ Gj-R- LV Ej-ß- Vl TVu-T-”jR Yi-”m GuT˚Rj
ßh-P-™P ÿ•-VÆp-˚X.
ßh-P-™hP Ej-ß-˚Vl TVu-T-”jßl ©Wf£-˚]d-œ-¨V æo˚Yl Tß‹˘NnV
ÿ•VÆp- X.
©Wf£˚]j æo-‹d-LÙLj RÙu ˙Ro-k˘R-”jR Ej-ß˚V Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-’ ARu
®˚\œ˚\L˚[d Li-P-±-Y-’ Gl-T-• Gu-T-’ ˘R¨-V-Æp-˚X.
CYt-fls øe-Ls Li-P-±kR LÙW-Qe-Ls G˚Y? C˚Y Jq
˘YÙu˚\Ÿm Ju-\u -©u Jufl G] Y¨˚NVÙL Ap-XÙ-Up, C˚Y
YØ-˙V ÿu-‡m ©u-‡m £k-ßl-T-Rt-LÙ] Bt-\˚Xj-RÙu œZk˚R-
Ls ˘T\ ˙Yi-”m. £kßdœm ß\u U≤R‡dœ CVt˚LVÙL
A˚Uk’s[’. J⁄ œ±l©hP „Z≠p °˚PjR RLYpL∞u,
Jt-fl˚U ˙Yt-fl-˚U-Ls Li-P-±V
AYt±t°˚P˙VVÙ] ˘RÙPo-◊-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdL
L⁄j-’-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd° ®˚]-Æp ®fljR
Lt-T-˚]-jß\‡Pu B˙XÙ-£dL
LÙWQ LÙ¨-Vj ˘RÙPo-˚Td Li-P±V
ÿVt-£l-T-Ru YÙ´-XÙL Cf-£k-R-˚]j ß\u-Ls ˘Y∞l-T-”-Y-’-Pu
A±-YÙd-Lÿm Um-T-”j-R-¤m SPdL H’YÙ-°-\-’. Cf-£k-R- ]f NVp-
ÿ˚\-L-˚[ J›eœT-”j-R-‹m ELkR UÙt-\e-Ls ˘Nn-’ „ZpL-fid-
˙LtT TVu-T-”j-R-‹m ÿVt-£j-RÙp A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NV-TÙ-”-L-∞p Ht-
T”m R˚P-L-˚[-Ÿm Gp-˚X-L-˚[-Ÿm LPk-’ ˘NpXd œZk˚RL-[Ùp
CV-¤m. A±-˚Yl Tt± A±Rp, Tp-˙Y-fl ÿ˚\-L∞p RÙu E⁄-YÙd-
°V A±‹ R]d˙L E¨V R≤l-ThP Rj-’-Ye-L[ÙL, £j-RÙk-Re-L[ÙL
UÙfl-°u-\].
G”j’dLÙhPÙL, U˚Z˚V A[dL Ju\Ùm Yœl◊ ˙Ru ˘UÙØ
Li”©•jR ÿ˚\´’. (˘Th•f ˘Nnß)
T¨˙NÙR˚]dœl ©u B£¨Vo LhP £X Æ]ÙdLs AYs
LPk’YkR ˘NVpÿ˚\˚V UflT¨∫X˚] ˘NnVj Ái•].
£k-Rû] Tt±f £k§j-Rp
114
£k-Rû] Tt±f £k§j-Rp
T¨˙NÙR˚]´p Gu˘]u] UÙt\eLs ˘NnV ˙Yi”m Gufl £kßjRÙs. Ru
A±˚Y ˙UmT”jRd Li”©•jR ◊ßV A±˚Y AYs GlT•f ˘NVpT”jß]Ùs
GuT˚Rl TÙ⁄eLs. (TdLm : 14)
Aq-YÙ-\Ù-´u Lt-\p, Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVpÿ˚\-L-∞p SÙm ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym
˘LÙ”dL Yi-•-V-’, R]-’ A±-˚Yl Tt-±V œZk˚R-L-∞u Gi-Qe-L-fid-œ UXÙL
"SÙu Gq-YÙ-fl A±-˚Yl ˘Tt-fld ˘LÙi-˙Pu' Gu-T-RÙ-œm. Aj-R-˚LV Gi-Qe-
L˚[d œZk˚RL∞Pm E⁄YÙdL ER-‹m Lt-\p Ej-ß-Ls G˚Y?
NL Ußl-¿-”, —V Ußl-¿-” B°V Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-L-˙[Ù-” —V ˘Y∞-¬h•t-
LÙ] YÙnl-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm Lt-\p Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p EhT”j’Y’ Lt\p
EjßLfis Ju\Ùœm.
FLm
FLj˚Rf NÙu-fl-Ls ÍXm T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-Rp.
ÿu-‡m ©u-‡m ˘Nu\ YØ-L˚[j ˘RÙPok-’ LY≤j-Rp.
©Wf-£-˚]j æoÆtLÙLj ˙Rok-˘R-”jR Ej-ß-Ls GkR A[Ætœl TVu-ThP]
Gufl Ußl-©-”-Rp.
˙Yi”˘Uu˙\ ˙Yfl-ThP ÿ˚\-L-∞p £k-ßd-L-‹m, Al◊ßV £k-R-˚]-L˚[l
©Wf-£˚] „Zp-L-∞p TVu-T-”j-R-‹m ˘Nn-Rp.
Cj-R-˚LV ß\u-L˚[d œZk˚R-L-∞u £k-R-˚]f ˘NVpÿ˚\´u J⁄ Tœ-
ß-VÙL UÙt-fl-m Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-L˚[d Li-”©•dL ˙Yi-•V LP˚U SUdœ Ei”.
Lt-\p ˛ SU-’ Gi-QeL-fim ˘NVp-L-fim
œZk˚R Gl-T-• Lt-°-\Ùu Gu-T-˚Rl Tt-±V Sm L⁄j’L˚[ UflT¨∫X˚]
˘NnR˙Ru? CmÿVt£Ÿm ÿu˙]tTÙ”m ˙UmT”jßV L⁄j’LfimRÙu Lt\p ˛
Lt©jRp ˘NVpÿ˚\´u˙TÙ’ œZk˚RL˚[ GqYÙfl Ußl©P ˙Yi”m
GuT˚Rj æoUÙ≤d°u\]. C˚Rl Tt± BWÙŸmÿu Lt\˚Xl Tt± SÙm
BWÙnkR±kR L⁄j’L˚[ CqYÙfl Y¨˚NlT”jRXÙm.
YÙnl◊ °˚Pd-œ-UÙ-´u GkR J⁄ œZk˚Rdœm -R]d˙L E¨V ÿ˚\-´-¤m,
˙YLjߤm LtL CV-¤m.
1
15 œZk˚RLs, Æ˚[-VÙh-”-Ls YÙ´-XÙ-L-‹m Ut\YoL˙[Ù” TZœYRu YÙ´
XÙ-L-‹m CVp-TÙ] ÿ˚\-´p Lt-°-\Ùo-Ls. ˘Nn’ Lt\p ÍX-m (doing)œZk˚RVÙp Su-\Ù-Ld LtL CV-¤-°u-\-’.
Lt-\p J⁄ ˘RÙPo ˘NVpÿ˚\VÙ-œm. œZk˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p Ts∞´p Uh”m
S˚P-˘T-fl-YRpX. G]˙Y Yœl-T-˚\d Lt-\˚X ≈h” ®Lr‹L˙[Ù” ˘RÙPo-◊-
T-”jR ˙Yi-”m. œZk˚R-Ls B£-¨-Vo Lt-©l-T-Yt˚\ Uh-”-m LtTßp˚X.
AYoLs —V-UÙL‹m A±˚Y E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\Ùo-Ls. œZk˚R Ru ÿu-]-‡-T-
Ye-L-˚[Ÿm Lt-\-˚X-Ÿm A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙi-”RÙu ◊ßV A±YÙdLm
˘Nn°\’. CqYÙflRÙu œZk˚RLs ReLs L⁄j-’-L-˚[Ÿm ÿ•-‹-L˚[Ÿm
E⁄YÙdœ-°u-\-]o. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk˚RŸm R]d˙L E¨V R≤j-’-Y-UÙ] J⁄
A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-´pRÙu A±‹⁄YÙdLm ˘Nn°u\’. Cf-˘N-Vpÿ˚\ ®Wk-R-W
UÙ]RÙ-œm.
˘RÙPdLdLpÆ T´¤m œZk˚RLs ÷i-˚U-VÙ] A‡-T-Ye-Ls,
Æ˚[VÙh”Ls B°VYt˚\l Tp-˙Yfl YØ-L∞p ÿVt-£j’m Tp˙Yfl ˘NVp-
TÙ-”-L∞p D”-T-h”mRÙu Lt-°\Ùo-Ls.
œZk˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p CVp-TÙ-L˙Y —Zt£ ÿ˚\-´-p (Spiral) SPd°\’;˙So- LÙh” ÿ˚\- -p (linear) SPlTßp˚X. G]˙Y Lt\ L⁄j-’-L- [f —Zt£
ÿ˚\- p Lt-T-RÙp, Lt-\-Yt˚\ Su-\Ù-Ll ◊¨k-’ LÙs[ œZk˚R-L-fid-œ CV¤m.
œZk˚R-Ls, Bn‹ ˘NnR, ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-P, A‡-T-YlThP ˘NVp-L-fid°˚P
˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo-◊L˚[d Li”©•jRp Lt-\p ˘NVpÿ˚\´u Tœ-ß-VÙ-œm.
AR-]Ùp ◊ßV Lt-\¤dœj ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV RLYpL˚[˙VÙ L⁄j’L˚[˙VÙ
Uh-”m L⁄j-ßp ˘LÙi-PÙp ˙TÙRÙ’. Ts∞, ≈” Utflm ©\ CPeL∞≠⁄k’m
ÿu]˙W ˘Tt\ RLYpL˚[Ÿm ˘RÙPo◊T”jRXÙm.
Lt-\p S˚P-˘T -fl -Y -’ J⁄e-° -˚QkR, ÿ›˚UVÙ] ÿ˚\-´-XÙ -œm.
AYt˚\j ’i”-L-[Ù-L˙YÙ, Æ`-Ve-L-[Ù-L˙YÙ ©¨dL ÿ•VÙ’. AR-]Ùp
Lt-\˚X J⁄e-°-˚QkR ÿ˚\-´pRÙu A‘L ˙Yi-”m. Ut\YoL˙[Ù”
TZœYRu YÙ´XÙLj ˘RÙPdL ®˚X´¤s[ œZk˚RL∞u Lt\p ˙UmThP
ÿ˚\´p SPd°\’ GuT’ Li·”.
£k-Rû] Tt±f £k§j-Rp
116 Lp-Æ-˚Vl Tt-±-Ÿm œZk˚RL∞u CVp-◊L˚[l Tt-±-Ÿm SÙm ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-P
- L⁄j’L∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p Uh-”˙U Ußl-¿h-”f-˘N-Vp-ÿ˚\L˚[ E⁄-YÙdL
˙Yi-”m. Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m ™L CVp-TÙ-L‹m ˘RÙPof-£-VÙL‹m E´˙WÙhP
ÿs[RÙL‹m UÙflm- „Zp E⁄-YÙL ˙Yi-”m. CjR˚LV ©u-]-¶-´p
SPdœm Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p Gu˘]u] £\l-Tm-Ne-Ls C⁄d-œm?
œZk˚R ˚UV-UÙL C⁄d-œm, œZk˚RL-fid-°-˚P-˙VŸs[ ˙Yfl-TÙ-”-L˚[ Eh-
˘LÙi-P-RÙL A˚U-Ÿm.
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk˚R˚V-Ÿm ˚UV-UÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-P-RÙL A˚U-Ÿm. -Y-œl-©-¤s[
GpXÙ œZk˚R-L-fid-œm E¨V J˙W ˘NVp-TÙ-PÙL A˚U-VÙ-’.
˘S°›m A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-´p A˚UkR-RÙL C⁄d-œm.
˘RÙPof£Ÿm ÿ›˚UŸm Es[RÙL A˚UŸm. CYt-±uA•lT-˚P-´p Lt\p
˛ Lt-©j-Rp ˛ Ußl-¿h-” UÙß-¨˚V E⁄-YÙd-œm ˙TÙ’ Ußl-¿h-˚Pl Tt± SÙm
G›lT ˙Yi-•V Æ]Ùd-Ls G˚Y?
Ußl-¿-” Tt-±V Li-˙QÙh-Pm Gu]?
œZk˚RL˚[ Ußl-©-”-Y-’ Hu?
G˚R Ußl©P ˙Yi”m?
Gl˙TÙ’ Ußl©P ˙Yi”m? ARtLÙ] ˘NVpÿ˚\ Gu]?
GlT• Ußl©P ˙Yi-”m?
SmYœlT˚\L∞p SPdœm £X Ußl¿h”f NVpTÙ”Ls ∏˙Z LÙ”dLlTh”s[].
CYtfls Gk˘RkRf ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ øeLs ˘Nn≈oLs?
Tp˙Yfl TÙPeL∞u Lt\p ˘RÙPoTÙLd œZk˚RL∞Pm HtThP UÙt\eLs,
Y[of£L˚[ Etfld LY≤l˙Tu.
˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Lt-\-p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-ÿ˚\L˚[j R≤d-L-Y-]j-’-Pu ßh-P-™h- Pu
Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚R´u R≤jRu˚UL˚[Ÿm ˙R˚YL˚[Ÿm
Li”©•dL ÿVu˙\u.
˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Lt\p˛Lt©jRp ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[j R≤dLY]j’Pu ßhP
™h˙Pu.
Ru]Ùp Gu˘]u] ˘NnV ÿ•Ÿm/ÿ•VÙ’, G˘R’ ©•dœm/©•dLÙ’ Gufl
G]-’ Yœl-©p SÙu ˘NnR
˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls
£k-Rû] Tt±f £k§j-Rp
1
17œZk˚R A±k’˘LÙs[ YÙnlT∞j˙Ru. AYt˚\j ß\kR U]˙RÙ”
Htfld˘LÙi˙Pu.
Ru]Ùp TXYt˚\Ÿm LtL ÿ•Ÿm Gu\ Ru]m©d˚L˚Vd œZk˚RL∞Pm
HtT”jß˙]u. LtL FdœÆj˙Ru.
TÙPjßhP ˙SÙdLeL˚[ GkR A[Ætœ A˚PV ÿ•kR’ Gufl Ußl©h
˙Pu.
œZk˚RL∞u Y[of£˚Vd LÙh”m NÙuflL˚[j ßWh•˙]u. AYt˚\l
˘Tt˙\Ù⁄m Utfls˙[Ù⁄m A±V BY] ˘Nn˙Ru.
ReLs Lt\˚Xf —V Ußl¿” ˘NnV FdœÆj˙Ru.
A˚]j’d œZk˚RL∞u Lt\p, Y[of£dœj ˙R˚YVÙ] ERÆLs
˘Nn˙Ru.
Yœl-T˚\ Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\L˚[ ˙Um-T-”j-R NÙRÙWQUÙLf ˘Nn-Ÿm ˘NVp-
TÙ-”-Ls-RÙu C˚Y.- C˚Y Jq-˘YÙu-flm œZk˚R-L-∞u Lt-\˚X Ußl-©h”, ARu-
ÍXm °˚PjRj RL-Yp-L- [l TVu-T-”jßd Lt-\p˛Lt-©j-Rp NVp-ÿ˚\-L˚[ Um-
T-”j-R- ˙Yi”m Gu-T-˙R CYt±u ÿd-°V ˙SÙd-Le-L-[Ùœm.
Lt\p U§l-À-Ó þ úSôd-Le-Ls
˙Ro-‹d-œl ©u Ts-∞d-·-Pm ß\kR SÙs. CWiPÙm Yœl-TÙ£¨˚V ß⁄Uß. ®o-UXÙ
AYoLs K-Qj- Ro-‹ (Ju-\Ùm T⁄-Yj- Ro-‹) Æ˚Pj-RÙs-L˚[ Æ≤˙VÙ°jRÙo. Jq˘YÙ-
⁄-Y- WŸm- A˚Zj-’ Æ˚Pj-RÙs-L˚[ A∞j-R-’-Pu AYo-L-fid-œd °˚PjR RW ®oQVd
œ±¬h˚PŸm ·±]Ùo. '' Av-Yß "H'°-˙W-”, ˚`X_Ù "©' °˙W” B…v "•' °˙W”.....
''B£- ˚V B…˚^l TÙoj-’, "Cq-Y-⁄-P-ÿm CWiPÙm Yœl-©˙X˙V C⁄d-L-XÙm Gufl
®˚]d-°-\ÙVÙ?' Gufl ˙LhPÙo. Ad˙LsÆ Yœl-˙T -£-¨dLd LÙW-Q-UÙ-´t-fl. B…v
R]d-œd °˚PjR Æ˚Pj-RÙ-˚[l TÙolT’˙TÙp R˚Xœ≤k’ ®u\Ùu. Yœl-©-˙X˙V
˘T-¨V-Y-]Ù] B…-£t-œj Ru-˚]l Tt± Yfll-◊j RÙu-±V ®™-Pm A’. Ru-˚]f
„rk-’ G›kR £¨l-T˚XLfid°˚P-´¤m C≤ RÙu Gu] ˘NnV ˙Yi-”-˘Uufl
B…£t-œl ◊¨VÆp˚X.
£k-Rû] Tt±f £k§j-Rp
118
˘NÙp-¤m ˘TÙ⁄-fim
Lt-\p, Ußl-¿-”
˘RÙPo-TÙLj ߺ-˘W]
Ee-Ls ®˚]-Æt-œ-YkR
˘NÙt-Ls C˚Y-Vp-XYÙ?
˘RÙPo Ußl-¿-”
RW-®o-Q-Vm
—V Ußl-¿-”
˙Ro‹
CYt -±u ˙SÙd -Le -Ls
Gu˘]u]?
C’-RÙu Ußl-¿h-•u ˙SÙd-LUÙ? RWm-©-¨j’, ©u-TdL ˘Tg-—L∞p Eh-LÙW
˚Yj’, GRt-œm ER-YÙ-R-Yu G] ÿj-ß-˚W-´h-”f NÍ-Lj-ß-Pm Jl-T-˚PlTRpX Lp-
Æ-´u ˙SÙd-L-m Gu-T˚R SÙm ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-˙PÙm. (ARt-œ øiP LÙX-UÙ-´tfl
Gu\Ù-¤m).
Æ[d-°d- ·-±u, Lt-\˚X Ußl-©P Íu-fl ˘Yq-˙Y-fl ˙SÙd-Le-L-s Es[].
1. œZk˚RL-∞u Lt-\-¤d-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ERÆ ˘Nn-Rp.
2. œZk˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p RWj˚R A[Æh” Yœl-◊-Vo‹ A∞j-Rp, NÙu-±-Rr
YZe-œ-Rp.
3. Lp-Æ-´u Y[of-£-˚Vf NÍ-Lj-ßt-œj ˘R¨-Æj-’ Ae-∏-LÙ-Wm ˘Tfl-Rp.
Ck-˙SÙd-Le-Ls VÙ‹m AYt-±u ˘TÙ⁄s, TVu Utflm Ti©¤m ˙Yfl-Th-
P-˚YVÙœm. ˙SÙd-Lm ˙YflThPÙp Ußl-¿h-” A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-Ÿm ARu YØ--L-fim
˙Yfl-T”m ApXYÙ! ˘Yq-˙Y-fl Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-L˚[ Jufl˙NojRÙp Ußl¿h•u
GkR ˙SÙdLÿm ®˚\˙Y\ ÿ•VÙR ®˚X˙V E⁄-YÙ-œm. Cj-R-˚LV J⁄ ®˚X
HtThPÙp SU-’ Lp-Æf ˘NVpÿ˚\Lfim, ARu˙Up UdLfidœs[ Sm©d˚LŸm
RLok’Æ”m. Ußl-¿h-•u ˙SÙd-Le-Ls Jq-˘YÙu-˚\-Ÿm æoUÙ≤j’, AYt±t˙Lt\
˘NVpTÙ”L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-’RÙu Cj-R-˚LV £dL˚Xj RÆol-T-Rt-LÙ] SpX
YØVÙ-œm.
Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVpÿ˚\-Ls
Au-\ÙP YÙr-Æp Ußl-¿-” Gu\ NÙp˚X SÙm TX Nk-Rol-Te-L-∞-¤m TVu-
T-”j-’-Y-’i-”. Ce-œd Lt-\-˙XÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV GpXÙÆR A[≈”Ls, œ±l◊Ls,
Æ[dLeLs, ◊¨k-’˘LÙs-fi-Rp B°VYt-±u ˘UÙjR Y•-Y-UÙL˙Y Ußl-¿h-˚Pd
LÙQ ˙Yi-”m. Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œ Íu-fl ÿd°VUÙ] ˘NVpÿ˚\Ls Es[].
Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿-”
A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-TÙh˚P G∞-˚U-VÙd°d œZk˚RL∞Pj-ßp S˚P-˘T-flm
Lt-\-¤d-œ ERY Yi-”-UÙ- u B£- -V-⁄d-œ AYt- \l Tt-±V N -VÙ] ◊ -Rp Yi-
”m. Lt\≠u˙TÙ’ ARu ˙UmTÙh•tLÙL B£¨Vo SPj’m R˚X¬”Ls,
Ußl¿”Ls, ©uÚhPeLs B°V˚Y Lt\¤dLÙ] Ußl¿”Ls Bœm. Jq˘YÙ⁄
Lt\p ˘NVpTÙh•¤m C˚Y CWiP\d LXkß⁄dœm.
U§l-ÀÓþúSôd-Le-Ls
1
19
U§l-ÀÓþùNVp-Ø-û\-Ls
Ußl-©-”-R˙X Lt-\p
RÙu ˘NnR T¨˙NÙR˚]L˚[ ÆUoN]ÈoYUÙLf —V Ußl¿” ˘NnŸm
œZk˚R Ru ®˚\œ˚\L˚[ C]m LÙ‘m ÿ˚\˙V C’. —V Ußl¿h•u YÙ´XÙL
SPdœm "ß⁄jRp ˘NVpTÙ”Ls' Ei˚U´p Lt\˙X. ARÙY’ Brk’ ˘Np¤m
Lt\XÙœm.
Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Rp
J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙXjßtœl ©u, "Gu-˘]u] Lt-\Ùo-Ls' Gu-T˚R Ußl-
©h”, A’ ˘RÙPo-TÙ] ÆY-We-L˚[ A∞l-T˙R Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”RXÙ-œm. œ±l-
©hP LÙXLhPjßp J⁄ œZk˚R´Pm Ht-ThP UÙt-\m, Lt\p ®˚X B°VYt˚\
Ußl©”Y˚R˙V Lt\˚X Ußl©”Rp Gu˙TÙm. T⁄Y Ußl¿”Ls Ck˙SÙdLj˚R˙V
®˚\˙Ytfl°u\].
G˚R Ußl-©P ˙Yi”m?
œZk˚RL˚[ Ußl©”Rp ÍXm SÙm G˚Rd Li”©•dL ÿVp°˙\Ùm?
œZk˚RL∞u EPp, NÍL, A±‹ Utflm U]lTÙeœ B°VYt±u Y[of£˚VjRÙu
Ußl©”°˙\Ùm. Al˘TÙ›’RÙu Ußl¿” ÿ›˚UVÙ]RÙL A˚UŸm. Al˙TÙ’RÙu
œZk˚R´u Lt\p A˚PÆp Ts∞Ÿm B£¨V⁄m GkR A[Ætœl TeLÙt±]o
Gu\ Ei˚U ARÙY’ ©uÚhPm LpÆj ’˚\dœd °˚Pdœm.
œZk˚R´u Lt-\p RÙPo-TÙ] ÿ›-˚U-VÙ] RL-Yp-L-˚[l T\ Ußl-¿h”f
˘NVp-ÿ˚\-L-∞p CPm˘T\ ˙Yi-•-V˚Y VÙ˚Y?
Tp-˙Y-fl TÙPeL˚[d Lt\¤m ˘Y∞lT”jR¤m.
œZk˚RL∞u ß\u-Ls, Bo-Ye-Ls, U]-®-˚X-Ls ˙TÙu-\-˚Y.
œZk˚RL∞u Lt-\p, Ti-◊-Ls B°VYt-±p Ht-T-”m UÙt-\e-L-fim œ±l
©hP LÙXLhPjßp Ht-T-”m Y[of-£-Ÿm.
Ts-∞-´-¤m Ts∞dœ ˘Y∞´¤m Gßo˘LÙsfim Tp-˙Y-fl „Zp-L-∞p,
YÙnl◊L∞p œZk˚R´u ˘NVXÙt\p.
120
GûR U§l-©P úYiÓm?
Tp˙Yfl TÙPeL∞p SÙm GYt˚\ Ußl©”°˙\Ùm GuT’ Tt±Ÿs[
TœßL˚[l TÙ⁄eLs. AYt˚\ EeLs YœlT˚\ A‡TYeL˙[Ù” Jl©”eLs.
Gl˙TÙ’ Ußl-©P ˙Yi”m?
GR˚] Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m Gu-‡m Æ]Ù- G›l◊m ˙TÙ˙R Gl˙TÙ’ Ußl©P
˙Yi”m Gu\ Æ]Ù‹m G›m. ApX’ GqY[‹ LÙX C˚P˘Y∞´p Lt\˚XŸm
Y[of£˚VŸm Ußl©P ˙Yi”m Gu\ Æ]Ù‹m ˘RÙPok’ Y⁄m. Lt\˚Xl Tt±V
Ußl¿”, Lt\p ˛ Lt©jRp ˘NVpÿ˚\L˙[Ù” ˘RÙPo◊T”jßj ˘RÙPok’ SPjR
˙Yi•V ˘NVpÿ˚\VÙœm. Ußl-¿-” ÿ›-˚U-V-˚PV ˙Yi”˘U≤p Lt-\-≠u
GpXÙd ·fl-L-fid-œm RœkR Ae-∏-LÙ-Wm A∞d-L- Yi-”m. C’ Lt-\-¤d-LÙ-L SPdœm
Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-TÙ-”Ls YÙ´-XÙL S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-”m.
œZk˚R´u Lt-\p Y[of-£˚V B£-¨˚V ˘RÙPok’ LY≤j’d
˘LÙi•⁄kRÙ¤m A˚R Ufl-T-¨-∫-X˚] ˘Nn-V, Lt-\p RWj-ß-˚]d Li-P-±Vd œ±l-
©hP LÙX AYLÙNm ˙R˚YlT”m. ÿ˚\-NÙo Utflm ÿ˚\-NÙWÙ Ußl-¿”L˚[j
˘RÙPok’ SPjß Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚R´u Lt\p Y[of£˚Vd Li-”-©-•dL Yi”m.
Aj’Pu Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ T⁄Y Cfl-ß-´-¤m ¡s-TÙo˚Y ˘Nn’ œZk˚R´u ˘NVp-TÙ-”-
L-˚[l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-’ ƨYÙL UflT¨∫X˚]f ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m.
Ußl-©”Y’ GlT•?
Jq- YÙ-⁄ œZk˚RŸm ˘Yq- Y-fl ÿ˚\- p Lt-°-\Ùo-Ls Gu-T’m, Lt-\p Ts-
∞-´p Uh-”˙U S˚P-˘T-flm J⁄ ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ ApX Gu-T-˚RŸm SÙm Htfld
˘LÙiPÙp ∏r Y⁄T˚YL˚[ S˚Pÿ˚\lT”jR ˙Yi”m.
ÿRXÙYRÙLl Tp˙Yfl E˚\-Æ-Pe-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ RL-Yp-L-˚[f ˙NL-¨dL
˙Yi”m. CWiPÙYRÙL Y-flThP Tp˙Yfl A‡-T-Ye-Ls, NVp-TÙ-”-Ls, Lt-\p TÙfll-
◊-Ls YÙ -XÙ-Ld LPk-’ Np-¤m Jq- YÙ-⁄ œZk˚R´Pÿm Ei- U- p Lt-\p S˚P-
˘T-fl-°\RÙ Gu-T˚R A±V ˘Yq- Y-fl Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-L- [l TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m.
Ußl-¿h” ÿ˚\Ls, EjßLs
˘Yq-˙Y-fl UiPXeL∞p HtThP Lt-\p Y[of-£- œ±jR RLYp-Ls/
NÙuflLs A∞d-Lj Rœ-ß-VÙ] J⁄ YØ-ÿ-˚\˙VÙ Ej-ß˙VÙ Cp-˚X. œZk˚RL˚[
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21
Gl-T¥ U§l-©P úYiÓm?
U§lÀhÓ Øû\Ls, Ej§Ls,LÚ-®-Ls
Y[èpþ2 TdLmþ69, 79, 90
hne-bn-cptØ≠Xv Fßs\?
EtfldLY-≤j-’m AYo-Ls ·fl-Y-˚Rd ˙Lh”m, ˘Tt-˙\Ùo, EPu-Lt-˙TÙ-¨-Pm
ÆNÙ¨j’m TX RL-Yp-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’-˘LÙs-[ ÿ•Ÿm. A˚Rl˙TÙX˙Y œZk˚RLs
G›-ß-V-˚Y, T˚Pl◊Ls B°VYt˚\ Ußl-©h-”m œZk˚R-L-∞u —V Ußl-¿h•u
A•l-T- P- -¤m RL-Yp-Ls NL- d-L-XÙm. CYt±u YÙ -XÙLd œZk˚RL-∞u Lt\p,
Y[of£ œ±jR A±˚Y Æ -Y- P-Vf Nn-°u- \Ùm. Tp˙Yfl Ußl¿h” ÿ˚\L˚[l
TVuT”j’Y’ GlT• GuT’ Tt±l TÙLm˛2Cp Ußl¿h” EjßLs, L⁄ÆLs Gu\
Tœß´p ·\lTh”s[˚Rl TÙodL‹m.
Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-L- [l Tß‹ ˘Nn-Rp
G˚Rl Tß‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?
œZk˚RLfidœd ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi-•V ©u-Úh-Pm (feedback)
B£-¨-Vo-L-fid-œd °˚PjR ©u-Úh-Pm.
œZk˚R´u Lt-\p ˙Um-TÙ-” œ±jR Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp-Ls. Gu-T-]-Y-t˚\l Tß‹
˘NnV ˙Yi”m. T⁄Y Ußl-¿h•p CYt-fl-Pu œZk˚R´u Lt-\p RWjßu
A•l-T- P´p ©u-Úh-Pÿm A∞dL ˙Yi-”m. œZk˚Rdœm B£- -V-⁄d-œm
Uh-”-Uu± ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fid-œm Cj-R-L-Yp-Ls ˙R˚Y-VÙ-œm.
Ußl-¿h-•u ÿd-°V ˙SÙd-Lm ©u-Úh-Pm A∞l-T-’m, ˘Tfl-Y-’-UÙ-œm Gu-
\Ùp, A’ œZk˚R´u Y[of-£ A•lT˚P´p A˚UkR TVuR⁄m œ±l-◊-L-[Ù-
L˙Y C⁄d-œm. AlT•Vu± A,B,C,D Gu\ RW-U-ßl-¿h-”d œ±¬h•tœ (grade) Gq-
YÙ-fl ©u-Úh-Pm A∞dL CV-¤m? Aq-YÙ-fl A∞d°˙\Ùm G≤p A’ GqYÙfl
Lt\˚X ˙UmT”j’m?
˙NL-¨jR RL-Yp-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[p
RL-Yp-L-˚[f ˙NL-¨j-R-©u SPdL ˙Yi•V’ Gu]? ˙NL-¨j-R-Yt-
˚\-Ÿm Tß‹ ˘Nn-RYt˚\Ÿm œ±j-’d L⁄j’⁄YÙdL ˙Yi”m. AYt-
˚\l TVu-T-”jßd œZk˚R´u Lt-\p Y[of£ œ±jR J⁄ ÿ•-
‹dœ YW-˙Yi-”m. œZk˚R GkR ®˚X-´p Es-[Ùu. AY‡dœ
ERY Gu] ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m Gu-\ Æ]Ùd-L-fid-œ Æ˚P LÙQ‹m
122 C˚Y TVu-TP ˙Yi-”m. CRt-LÙLd œZk˚R´u T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl˚TŸm (Port
folio) B£- -V¨u œ±l- Th- P-Ÿm (Teaching Manual) Tœl-TÙn‹ Nn-’, J⁄ œ±l-
©hP LÙXLhPjßp ˙NL¨jR RL-Yp-L˚[ Ufl Bn‹ ˘NnV˙Yi”m. C˚Y-˘Vp-
XÙm YœlT˚\´p -RÙu TVu-T-”j-’m Lt-©j-Rp ÿ˚\-Ls, Yœl-T˚\ ˙UXÙi˚U,
Lt-\p L⁄-Æ-L-∞u TVu-TÙ-” B°-V-Yt˚\ Ußl-©-P‹m, œZk˚RLfidœ ER-‹m
ÿ˚\-´p AYt-±p ˙Ut-˘LÙ-s[ ˙Yi-•V UÙt-\e-L-˚[j æo-UÙ-≤d-L-‹m ER-‹m.
Ußl-¿h-” ÿ•-‹-L˚[ A±-ÆjR¤m T°ok’˘LÙsfiR¤m
œZk˚R´u Lt-\p Y[of-£-˚Vd LÙh”m NÙuflL˚[l ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄-P-‡m
©\-⁄-P-‡m Te-°-”m˙TÙ’RÙu Lt-\-≠u T•l-T-•-VÙ] Y[of-£˚V B£-¨-V-⁄m ©\⁄m
◊¨k’˘LÙs[ CV-¤m. œZk˚Rdœd L•-]-UÙ-Lj ˙RÙuflY]Yt˚\d Li-”-©-•d-L-
‹m, AYt±tLÙ] æo‹ LÙQ-‹m C’ ER-‹m. œZk˚R´u LpÆ ˘RÙPo-TÙ]
GjR˚LV RLYp-L-˚[l- ˘Tt-˙\ÙoL-fi-P-‡m Ut\YoLfiP‡m T°ok-’˘LÙs[
˙Yi”m GuT˚R BWÙn˙YÙm.
œZk˚R GYt-˚\-˘Vp-XÙm Lt-fls-[’?
Tp-˙Y-fl TÙPe-L-∞p œZk-˚RLs Gu-˘]u] ˘Nn-’ ˘LÙi-•⁄d-
°\ÙoLs.?
œZk˚Rd-œ Æ⁄l-T-UÙ-]-˚Y, Æ⁄l-T-™p-XÙ-R-˚Y- G˚Y?
œZk˚Rd-œ Gk-R-Æ-R-UÙ] ERÆ ˙R˚Yl-T-”-°-\-’?
œZk˚R´u Lt-\˚X G∞-˚U-VÙd-œ-T˚Y G˚Y?
≈h•p Tt- \Ùo-Ls LY-≤jR Gu- ]u] RLYpLs œZk- R- u Lt\p
Y[of-£-Ÿ-Pu ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙi-”s-[]?
Ußl-¿h-”j RLYpLs ©\-⁄-Pu Jl©h”l ˙TÙh-•-´-”-Y-Rt-Lp-X. UÙ\ÙL
AY‡Pu AY˙] ˙TÙh-• -´-” -Y-Rt -˙L -VÙ -œm Gu-‡m Gi-Qj˚R
œZk˚RL∞Pm E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m. ˙St-fl Ap-X-’ J⁄ YÙWj-ßt-œ ÿu SÙu
GkR ®˚X-´-≠-⁄k-˙Ru? Cu-fl GkR ®˚X-´-¤s-˙[u? Gu‡m Æ]Ùd-Ls
œZk˚RL∞Pm E⁄YÙL ˙Yi”m.
U§l-ÀhÓ Ø¥Ü-Lû[ A±®jRp
1
23
U§l-ÀhÓ Ø¥Ü-Lû[ A±®jRp
Black, P. and William, D. 1999. Assessment for Learning: Beyond the Blackbox, ARG, University of Cambridge.
U§l-Àh-ûPd ϱj-Õ G]Õ ÑV
U§l-À-Ó
U§l-À-Ó Gu\ ùNôp-ûXd Li-P-
ÜPu G]d-Ïs úRôu-±-V-Õ...
Yô£j-R-©u Uôt-\e-Ls úRûY
G]j úRôu-±-V-ûY.
Uôt-\e-Ls úRûY-«pûX G]
ClúTô-Õm úRôu-ßTûY.
ק-RôLd Li-P-ûPkR Lô¬-Ve-L-°p
G]d-Ï Ht-×-ûP-V-ûY.
CeúL ϱl-©h-P-Yt-ßs
®VlûT Ht-T-Ój-§-V-ûY.
Gu-]ôp Ht-ßd-ùLôs[ Ø¥-Vô-
RûY.
Y[-Ëp GRt-œ?
˙U˙X ·\l-Th”s[Yt±p Ju-±t-œ ˙Ut-Th-P-Yt-±t-LÙ] Æ˚P-L-˚[d
LÙQ‹m, ˘NVp-ÿ˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm Ej-ß-L-˚[-Ÿm Æ[d-L-‹m, T°ok’˘LÙs-[-‹m Ck-
Ëp ÿVt£ ˘Nn-°u-\-’. Cq-Y-[-Ëp ÍXm Yœl-T-˚\d Lt-\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp, Ußl-¿h-
”f NVp-TÙ-”-Ls B°VYt˚\ J⁄e-°- Qj-’d LÙQ-‹m -U-ßl-©-P-‹m SU-’ A±˚Y
˙Um-T-”j-R-‹m CV-¤m G] Sm-◊-°-˙\Ùm. Aj-’-Pu Ußl-¿” ÿ˚\, YØ-Ls, ˘NVp-
ÿ˚\-Ls, Ej-ß-Ls, ˘NVp-TÙh-” UÙß-¨Ls CYt-±u TX -R[e-L-˚[l Tt-±j
æoUÙ≤dL ER-‹m. AYt±tLÙ] Tp˙Yfl L⁄j-’-L-˚[-Ÿm YÙnl-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm CkËp
ÿu -˚Yd-°u-\-’.
Lt-\-¤d-œm Ußl-¿h-•t-œ-ÿs[ RÙPo- Td œ±j-’ SPj-ßV T⁄m-TÙu- U-VÙ] Bn-‹-Lfim
˘Y∞l-T-”j-’-Y-’ Gu-]- Yu-\Ùp Yœl-T- \ Lt-\p NVp-ÿ˚\-L˚[ Um-T-”jR Yi-”m Gu\
˙SÙd-œ-Pu N -VÙ-Lj ßh-P-™h-”f NnR Ußl-¿-”-Ls UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u Lt-\p RWj˚R EV-Wf Nn-Y-ßp
ÿd-°V Te-œ Y°d-°u-\] GuTRÙœm. C’ Gq-YÙ-fl CV-¤m? J⁄ Lt-\p NVp-TÙ” RÙPo-TÙL Yœl-
©-¤s[ œZk˚RL-∞u T´t£, AYo-Ls TVu-T-”j-’m A±‹, AYo-L-fi- PV Li- QÙh-Pm CYt˚\
Ußl-¿h•u YÙ´-XÙ-Ll ◊¨k-’˘LÙs-fim B£-¨˚V AR˚]d œZk˚RL-∞u Lt-\p NVp-ÿ˚\-L-
∞u A•l-T- P-VÙ-Ld L⁄-’-°-\Ùo. ARu LÙW-Q-UÙ-Ld Lt-\-≠p D”-T-P-‹m œZk˚RL-∞u A±-Æp Ht-
T-”m UÙt-\e-L˚[ Aq-Yl- TÙ-’ AX£ BWÙnk-’ Lt-\p NV˚X ™L Æ˚W-‹-T-”j-R-‹m Nn-Y-RÙp
Lt-\p CVp-TÙ-L S˚P- T-fl-°-\-’. Lt-\p RWm EV-⁄-°-\-’. B£- -V- W-Ÿm œZk- R˚VŸm TÙflj-R-Y-
˚W- p ™L ÿd-°-V-UÙ] SÙd-Le-L-fim C˚YRÙu.
Black and William : Assessment and ClassroomLearning, Assessment in education March 1998
Cj’Pu Lt-\p Ußl-¿-h”ÿ˚\, ˘NVpÿ˚\Ls, EjßLs, ˘NVp-TÙh-” UÙß-¨-Ls
B°V˚YL∞u Tp˙Yfl R[eL∞p ÿ•‹ G”lTRtLÙ] HWÙ[UÙ] YÙnl◊Lfim
L⁄j’Lfim Cl◊jRLjßp Es[].
124
K-”-m Bfl
Y[⁄m UWm
ƨŸm UXo
CYt-±t-œm Y[ok-’ Y⁄m J⁄ œZk-˚Rd-œm C˚P˙V Gu-
˘]u] Jtfl˚U-Ls Es-[]?
K-”m Bflm ƨŸm UX-⁄m Y[-⁄m œZk- R-Ÿm
2
25Tœß ˛ 2
Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿”m ˛ ˘UÙØ- pLt-\-¤m Ußl-¿”m ˛ ˘UÙØ- pLt-\-¤m Ußl-¿”m ˛ ˘UÙØ- pLt-\-¤m Ußl-¿”m ˛ ˘UÙØ- pLt-\-¤m Ußl-¿”m ˛ ˘UÙØ- p
Aÿ-R-‡d-œm G]d-œm C˚P˙V SPkR ˘RÙ˚X-˙T£
E˚WVÙP≠≠⁄k’:
""a˙XÙ!''
""a˙XÙ!''
""œUÙo NÙo ≈” C’-RÙ˙]?''
""m... Be..''
""˙Pn, AlTÙ C⁄d-LÙe-L[Ù?''
""Cp-ƒeL''
""Al-T-ºu]Ù Am-UÙ-˚Yd ·l-©-”''
""VÙ⁄-˚PV Am-UÙ˚Y?''
""Eu-‡-˚PV Am-UÙ-˚Yj-RÙu...
Eu-‡-˚PV AmUÙ Cp-XÙ-Up ˙Yfl GkR Am-UÙ˚Y?''
(Es˙[ C⁄k-’ J⁄ œWp) ""AmUÙ œ∞d-°-\ÙeL Gufl ˘NÙp-¤''
""AmUÙ œ∞d-°-\ÙeL''
""Al-T-ºu]Ù Am-UÙ-Æu Am-UÙ-˚Yd ·l-©-”.''
""GkR Am-UÙ-Æu Am-UÙ˚Y?''
""˙Pn, Ls[Ù! SÙu Al-◊-\m ·l-©-”-˙\u-PÙ...''
Lt-\-Øm U§l-À-ÓmþùUô-¯-«p -
226 ˘UÙØ Lt-\p Gu-\Ùp Gu] ?
Aÿ-Ru Gu-‡m Íu-fl YV-’ œZk˚R Gq-Y-[‹ ÷‘d-L-UÙ-L-‹m NÙUoj-ß-
V-UÙ-L-‹m E˚W-VÙ-P-≠p D”-Th-”s-[Ùu! CkR E˚W-VÙ-Pp „Z-¤d-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ]
L⁄j-’-L-˚[Ÿm L⁄j-’l-T-¨-UÙt-\j-ß-\-uL-˚[Ÿm, E˚W-VÙ-P˚Xj ˘RÙPok-’
˘LÙi”˘Np-Y-Rt-LÙ] Rk-ß-W-Èo-Y-UÙ] ßh-P-eL-˚[Ÿm, Gp-XÙ-Yt-±t-œm ˙UXÙL
E˚W-VÙ-Pp Gu-‡m ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Yj-ßu ·fl-L-˚[-Ÿm AYu ˘R¨k-’
˚Yj-ß-⁄d-°u-\Ùu. C’ Gq-YÙ-fl CVu-\-’?
UÙQ-Yu ˘UÙØj-ß-\- ]l ˘Tfl-Y-’ Gl-T-•?
©\l©≠⁄k˙R œZk˚R Tp-˙Y-fl A‡-T-Ye-L-∞u YØVÙ-Ld LPk’ ˘Np-
°u-\’. Cj-R-˚LV „r-®-˚X-L-∞p D”-T-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] ˙R˚Y-˚V A’ RÙ]ÙL˙Y
EQok’ ˘LÙs°\’. Cj-R- LV ˙R˚Y EQo˙Y ˘UÙØ E⁄-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œd œZk-
˚R˚V YØ -S-Pj-’-°u-\-’. ©\kR SÙs ÿR˙X ˘UÙØ˚V E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-Rt-œm ET-
˙VÙ-°l-T-Rt-œ-UÙ] „Zp-L-˚[-Ÿm YÙnl-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm œZk˚R Gßo-˘LÙs-°u-\’ Gu-
T-˙R CRu ˘TÙ⁄s.
™dL £d-L-XÙ-]-’m Nh-P-ßh-Pe-L-fid-œ Eh-Th-P-’-UÙ] Ko A˚Ul˙T UÙØ.
˘UÙØ-V-˚Ul˚T G∞-˚U-VÙL‹m Aß-N-´dL ˚Yd-œm ˙YLj-ß-¤m Eh-˘LÙs-Y-Rt-
LÙ] ß\u Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk˚Rdœm Ei-”. ˘UÙØ˚V Eh-˘LÙs-Y-Rt-œ ER-‹m
˘UÙØd ·fl-Ls ©\-Æ-´-˙X˙V Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk-˚R-´-P-ÿm Ei-”. CWi-” YV-RÙœm
˙TÙ˙R œZk-˚R-Ls ˘UÙØ-´u Nh-P-ßh-Pe-L-˚[ CVp-TÙLd ˚LVÙ-fi-Y˙R CRt-
LÙ] NÙu-\Ù-œm.
RÙu ˙SW-•-VÙL D”-T-”-°u-\-’m, R]d-œ ™L-‹m ˙R˚Y-VÙ-]-’-UÙ] CVp-
TÙ] „Zp-L˙[ CRt-œ ER-Æ-VÙL C⁄d-°u-\-]. Cf-„-Zp-Ls A˚]j’m ˘Y∞-
¬h” Y•-Ye-L-∞u YÙ´-XÙL Es[ Yq-˙Y-fl UÙØ A‡-T-Ye-L˚[d œZk-˚Rdœ
A∞d-°u-\-]. Aq-Yl-˙TÙ-’ D”-T-”m „Zp-Ls, Aßp D”-T-”-˙YÙo, ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls, D”-
TÙh-•tœj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ÿ˚\ ÿR-XÙ-]˚Y œZk-˚R-L-∞u Es-[j-ßp ®Wk-R-W-UÙ]
£k-R-˚]-L˚[ G›l-◊-°u-\-]. Cf-£k-R-˚]-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’-RÙu œZk˚R ˙T—-Y-Rt-LÙ]
˘UÙØ-Ÿ-Qo-˚Yl Tfl-°u-\-’. A’ Ak-RkRf „Z¤dœm R˚Ydœm TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ]
˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-YUÙL E⁄-˘Y-”d-œm.
ùUô¯d Lt-\p Gu\ôp Gu]?
2
27
˘UÙØ A±-Æu ·fl-Ls
˘UÙØ RÙPo-TÙ] L⁄j--’Ls
˘UÙØj-ß-\u-Ls
˘UÙØ RÙPo-TÙ] NVp-TÙ”
Ls
E[l-TÙe-œLs
A±-®u áß-Lsþ ùUô¯-«p
Cq-YÙ-fl, RÙu A±-VÙ-U-˙X˙V SPd-°u\ A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞u
YØ˙V LPk-’ ˘Np-°u\ œZk˚R T•l-T-•-VÙLd L⁄j-’-L-fi-Pu, L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\j-
ßt-œl TVu-T-”j-’m ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ym, ˘UÙØd-·-fl-Ls Gu-T˚Y œ±j-’m
˘R¨k’ ˘LÙs-°-\-’. ß\˚UVÙL‹m B¶jRWUÙL‹m R]’ L⁄j’L˚[l ©\⁄dœ
G”j’˚WdL‹m R]’ E[j ˙R˚YLfidLÙL ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h” Y•YeL∞p
◊’˚ULs T˚PdL‹m œZk˚R ÿVt£ Nn’˘LÙi•⁄dœm. TVu-T-”jR Yi•V
„Zp-L-fid-œm SÙd-Le-L-fid-œm TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] NÙt- \Ù-Po-Ls, YÙd-°-Ve-Ls TÙu-
\-Yt-˚\d Li-P-˚P-Y-Rt-LÙ] ß\˚]d œZk-˚R-Ls A˚PV ˙Yi-”m. C˚Y-˘Vp-
XÙm ®˚\-˙Y\ ˙Yi-”-UÙ-]Ùp CYt-±t-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] A‡-T-Ye-Ls œZk-˚R-L-
fid-œd °˚PdL ˙Yi-”m. CVp-TÙ] „Zp-L-∞u YÙ´-XÙ-L˙Y Cq-Y-‡-T-Ye-Ls
°˚Pd-°u-\-].
˘UÙØ Lt-\-≠p A±-Æu ·fl-Ls
SÙu-LÙm Yœl◊ ÿ•-Ÿm˙TÙ’ Tp-˙Y-fl ÿ˚\-L-∞p ˘UÙØ-˚Vl TVu-T-”j-R-
‹m, ˘UÙØl-T-Vu-TÙh-˚Pd Lh-”l-T-”j-’m £dLXÙ] Utflm £\kR ·fl-L-˚[d Li-
P-±-Y-Rt-œm, „r-®-˚Xd-œ Ht-\-YÙ-fl ˘UÙØ˚Vd ˚LVÙs-Y-Rt-œm YZe-œY-Rt-œm
œZk-˚R-L-fid-œ CVX ˙Yi-”m. ˙U¤m „r-®-˚X-L-˚[-Ÿm L⁄j-’-L-˚[-Ÿm A‡-T-
Ye-L-˚[-Ÿm ÆUo-N -]-Èo-Y-UÙL Ußl-¿ -” ˘Nn-V-‹m, RY-±u± ˘UÙØ˚Vl
TVuT”j’YRtœUÙ] A±˚Yd œZk-˚R-Ls A˚Pk-ß-⁄dL ˙Yi-”m. Aq-YÙ-\Ù-
´u ˘RÙPd-Ll-Ts∞ Yœl-©p œZk˚RL∞Pm ˘UÙØj ˘RÙPo-TÙ] Gj-R-˚LV
A±-˚Y E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi-”m?
˘UÙØ ˘RÙPo-TÙ] L⁄j-’-Ls
CVp◊m Lt-T- ]-Ÿm LXkR HWÙ[UÙ] „Zp-Ls, A‡-T-Ye-Ls, L⁄j-’-Ls, L⁄-
Æ-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt- \d œZk- R-Ls ˘UÙØ-Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ- \- p ˙Ut- LÙs-°u-\-]o.
CYt˚\l TVuT”jßf ˘Nn-°u\ Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞u YÙ´-XÙLd
L⁄j’ ÿ˚\-´p Ap-X-’ ©Wf-£˚] ÿ˚\-´-XÙ] Gi-Qe-L˚[d œZk-˚R-Ls
E⁄-YÙd-°d ˘LÙs-YÙo-Ls. A˚Rl ˙TÙu˙\ R]-’ L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\j-ßt-œ ™L-‹m
˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Yj-˚Rd œZk-˚R-Ls ˙Rok-˘R-”d-L-‹m,
E⁄YÙdL-‹m ˘Nn-°\Ùo-Ls. L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\j-ßt-LÙ] „Zp, ARt-œl TVu-T-”jR
228
A±-Yôd-Lf ùNVp Øû\þ ùUô¯-«p
˙Yi•V UÙØ Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ym, Y∞-´-”-Y-Rt-œ-¨V STo ÿR-XÙ-]-Yt-˚\d L⁄j-
ßp ˘LÙi˙P œZk˚RLs ˘NÙt-L-˚[-Ÿm YÙd-°-Ve-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘UÙØ- S-˚P-˚V-Ÿm
æo-UÙ-≤d-°-\Ùo-Ls. —⁄e-Ld ·±u, ©Wf-£˚] / L⁄j-’j ˘RÙPo-TÙ] Gi-Qe-Ls,
˙Rok-˘R-”d-œm ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ym, ARt-œl TVu-T-”j-’m ˘UÙØd ·fl-Ls, B°-V-
˚Y˙V ˘UÙØd-Lp-Æ-´p L⁄j-’ Gu-T-Rt-œl ˘TÙ⁄-[Ù-°u-\-’.
Ju-\Ùm Yœl-©p ˘UÙØj ˘RÙPo-TÙ] L⁄j-’L-∞p LY-]j-ßp ˘LÙs[
˙Yi•V ÿd-°V ·fl- G›jRÙœm. Lt-\-≠p ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym ˘LÙ”dLl-Th-”s[ G›j-
’d-L˚[l ◊ßV „Zp-L-∞p TVu-T-”jRd œZk˚R GkR A[-‹d-œj ß\u-˘Tt-fls-
[-’ Gu-T˚R Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m.
˘UÙØj-ß-\u-Ls
˘UÙØ- Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-Ls A±-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œm ©\- WÙ-” L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\m
˘NnYRtœm ÍXd LÙW-¶VÙL A˚U-°u-\-]. CRu A•lT˚P´p ˘UÙØd
œ±¬”L˚[ A±Rp, ˘RÙœj-Rp, ®˚]‹·o-Rp, Tß‹ ˘Nn-Rp ÿR-XÙ] ß\u-Ls
Y[of£ A˚P-°u-\-]. ˘UÙØj-ß-\u-L-∞p ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]˚Y C˚Y-VÙ-œm:
˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\j-ßt-œ-¨V ÿ˚\˚Vj ˙Rok-˘R”d-œm ß\u.
Æ[d-L-‹m ˘Y∞-´-”-Y-Rt-œ-UÙ] ß\u.
STo, „r-®˚X, CPm CYt- \d L⁄j-ßp ˘LÙi-” ©\- -Pm ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙsY-Rt-LÙ]
ß\u.
œ±¬h” ÆßL˚[ A±V‹m Tß‹ ˘Nn-Y-Rt-œ-UÙ] ß\u.
˘UÙØf ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls
˘UÙØ Lt\p ÍXm Ru‡P‡m R]’ YÙrd˚Lf „Z¤P‡m
EQo‹ÈoYUÙ] E[l-TÙeœL˚[d œZk˚RLs A˚P°\ÙoLs. A˚Y VÙ˚Y?
E[l-TÙe-œ
Ru-˚]l Tt-±-Ÿm R]-’ YÙrd-˚Lf „Zp-L-˚[l Tt-±-Ÿ-UÙ] ÆØl-◊-Qo-‹,
CXd-°V Y•-Ye-L-˚[-Ÿm ©\ Ti-TÙh-” Y•-Ye-L-˚[-Ÿm W£l-T-Rt-œm, Bd-Ll-Èo-Y-
UÙL AYt˚\d œ±j-’j RU-’ L⁄j˚R G”j-’-˚WlTRtœUÙ] Bo-Ym B°V
E[l-TÙe-œ-L-˚[d œZk˚R R]-’ ˘UÙØ Lt-\-≠u ÍXm ˘Tfl-°u-\-’.
˘UÙØj ˘RÙPo-TÙ] ˘NVp-
ÿ˚\Ls
©W-f£- ]d-LÙ] æo‹
ÆUo-N-]-Èo-Y-UÙ] Ußl-¿-”
ÿ•- Y-”j-Rp
ÿ•-‹-L˚[ Jl-¿-” Nn-Rp.
2
29
Adn-hp-\n¿am-W-]-Inb ˛ `mj
A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ˚\d Lh-Pe-Ls ˛ ˘UÙØ- p
R≤-VÙ-L-‹m œ›-YÙ-L-‹m B£-¨-V-¨u ’˚Q-˙VÙ-”m Tt\ A±-Æ-˚]l Tœl-
TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’ œZk-˚R-Ls ◊ßV A±˚Y E⁄-YÙd-œ-°u-\-]o. A±-YÙdLf ˘NVp-
ÿ˚\-L-fid-LÙ] ˘UÙØ A‡-T-Ye-Ls œZk-˚Rd-œd °˚Pl-T-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-L˚[
B£-¨-Vo Ht-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m. A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\d Lh-Pe-L˚[ ˙Yfl-T-”jß
A±-V-‹m, Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ Lh-Pj-ß-¤m UÙQ-Y-‡d-œ Ht-T-”-°u\ C˚P-Î-fl-L-˚[d Li-
P-±k-’ ER-Y-‹m, ˘RÙPo Ußl-¿h-•u ÍXm A±-Æu ◊ßV R[e-L-∞p œZk-˚R˚V
EVWf ˘NnŸm ˙TÙ’ RÙu Lt-\p ÿ›-˚U-˘Tfl-°u-\-’.
Cq-YÙ-fl ˘Tfl-°u\ A±˚Yl ◊ßV „r-®-˚X-L-∞p TVu-T-”j-ßd
˘LÙi”, Uu- U-¤m ◊ßV A±- Y E⁄YÙdœY-Rt-LÙ] „Zp-L˚[ B£¨˚V
Ht-T-”j-ßd- ˘LÙ-”dL ˙Yi-”m. ’p-≠-V-UÙ-]-’m, J⁄e-°-˚Qk-R-’-UÙ]
J⁄ ßhPj˚R B£-¨˚V A˚Uj-’d- ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m.
˘NVp-ÿ-˚\- Lh-Pe-Ls ˘NVp-TÙh-”d -œ-±l-◊-Ls
©Wf-£- ]˚V Gßo- LÙs-fi-Rp
(Cl- TÙ-’s[ ®˚X- Vd Li-P-±-Rp)
S˚P-ÿ-˚\-´-¤s[ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-L-˚[l
T¨˙NÙ-ßj-Rp
G›j-’/ TPm/ L≠f-£j-ß-Wm/A‡-TY Æ[d-Lm/
LXk-’- W-VÙ-Pp
˘Y∞l-T-”j-ßV L⁄j-’-Ls GkR A[‹ Y≠˚U
-VÙ]˚Y Gu-T- Rl T - NÙ-ßj-Rp
©Wf-£˚] RÙPo-TÙ] NÍL ÆØl-◊-Qo˚Y
Y¤l-T-”j-’m TÙ⁄h-” T˚Pl˚T Um-T-”j-Rp
Aß-Lj RPp ◊ßV Lt-\˚X SÙd°
˘Y∞-¬-”Ls
©\o T˚Pl-◊ -Ls, B£-¨ -Vo T˚Pl◊
B°VYt˚\l T - NÙ-ßj-Rp
TÙPl-T-œß / œ±l-©hP Tœ-ß˚V YÙ£j-Rp
(R-≤-˚U-VÙ-L, NL UÙQY-⁄-Pu, B£-¨-Vo
ERÆŸ-Pu)-
230
Adn-hp-\n¿am-W-]-Inb ˛ `mj
˘UÙØd-Lp-Æ- p Ußl-¿-” Gu-\Ùp Gu]? GRt-œ?
ƨ-YÙ] Li-˙QÙh-Pj-ßp BWÙnk-RÙp œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lp-Æ˚V Ußl-©-”-
Y-Rt-œ ˙Yfl-ThP Íu-fl ˙SÙd-Le-Ls Es-[-]. A˚Y Gu-˘]u]? C˚Y Jq-
˘YÙu-flm AYt-±u ˘TÙ⁄-∞-¤m ˘Y∞-¬h-” ®˚X-´-¤m ÿ˚\-´-¤m ˙Yfl-Th-P-
˚Y-VÙ-œm. ˙SÙd-Le-Ls ˙Yfl-T-”m- ˙TÙ-’, Ußl-¿”m A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-L-fim ÿt-±-¤m
˙Yfl-Th˙P BL Yi-”m. Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-L˚[ Ju-˙\Ù-˘PÙu-fl C˚Qd-œm-˙TÙ’
GkR J⁄ ˙SÙd-Lj-˚R-Ÿm ®˚\-˙Yt\ ÿ•-VÙR ®˚X-´p Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-
Ls A˚Uk-’Æ”m. Aj-R-˚LV J⁄ ®˚X SU-’ LpÆ A˚Ul-˚T-Ÿm, Aq-Y-˚Ul-
©p Ud-Ls ˘LÙi-”s[ Sm-©d-˚L-˚V-Ÿm Cp-XÙ-Up ˘Nn-’-Æ-”m. Ußl-¿h-•u
˙SÙdLe-Ls Jq-˘YÙu-˚\-Ÿm ®f-N-´j-’, Jq-˘YÙu-±t-œm ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Ußl-¿h-”
ÿ˚\-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdœY˙R Cj-R-˚LV J⁄ ®˚X-˚Vj RÆol-T-Rt-LÙ] Sp-X-˙RÙo
YØ.
Lt-\p Ußl-¿-” ˛ ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls
Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œ Íu-fl ÿd-°V ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls Es-[-].
1. Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Rp
2. Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿”
3. Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\p
˘UÙØ-Lt\≠p Cf-˘N-Vp-ÿ-˚\-L-fim ˙SÙd-Le-L-fim Gq-YÙ-fl ©W-ß-T-≠d-œm?
˘UÙØ-Lt-\-≠p Ußl-¿-” Gu-\Ùp Gu]?
˘UÙØ A±-YÙdLd ·fl-Ls Gu-˘]u]? GYt˚\ SÙm TÙo-˙R˙RÙm? Aq-
YÙ-\Ù- u A±-YÙd-Lf NVp-ÿ- \-Ls S˚P- T-fl-°u\ Yœl-T- \- p CYt˚\j-RÙ˙]
Ußl-¿-” ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m?
U§l-Àh-Ó úSôd-Le-Ls...
1. Lt-\-Ûd-Ïj úRûY-Vô] ER®
A°j-Rp.
2. ÏZk-ûR-«u Lt-\p ûXûV
A±kÕ YÏl-×-VoÜ, Nôu-±-Rr
YZeÏRp B¡-V-Ytû\ SûP-Ø-û\l-
T-Ój-Rp.
3. Lp-®j-Õ-û\-«p Ht-ThP Øuú]t
\jûRf Nê-Lj-§t-Ï GÓj-Õd -á±
Ae- -Lô-Wm ùTß-Rp.
Lt-\-Ûd-Lô] U§l-À-Ó GRt-Ï?
ùRôPo Lp-®d-Ïj úRûY-Vô]
©u-òh-Pm A°l-T-Rt-Ï.
Lt-\--u úTôÕ ÏZkûR TVu-T-Ój-Õm
LÚj-Õ-Ls, §\u-Ls, ùNVp-
Øû\-Ls, Aà-T-Ye-Ls, Gi-Qe-Ls
B¡-V-Yt-û\d Li-P-±k-Õ,
AYt-û\d Lt-\p úSôd-Lj-Õ-Pu
ùRôPo-×l-T-Ój-§f ùNVp-Tô-Ó-
Lû[ JÝe-Ï-T-Ój-Õ-Y-Rt-Ï,
Lt-\--p ÏZk-ûR-L°u GÝf-£-ûV-Ùm
Årf-£-ûV-Ùm Li-P-±k-Õ Y -
Lôh-Ó-Y-Rt-Ï.
2
31
A±-Yôd-Lf ùNVp Øû\þ ùUô¯-«p
LpÆ´u GpXÙ Su- U-L- [-Ÿm
Ae-∏-L- d-œm TÙ’.
—V-U-ßl-¿h”j ß\˚] A˚P-
Ÿm- TÙ-’
Lt-\-≠
p G
q-YÙ-fl
ÿu
-˙]\
˙Yi
-”m
G]d œZk
˚R A
±-Ÿm-
TÙ-’.
Lt-\p
SÙd
-Le-L-
[-Ÿm U
ßl-¿h-” A
[-
Y-L-
[-Ÿm
Li
-P-±-Ÿm
TÙ’
.
˘RÙP
o L
t\¤
d-œ
Fd-L-U-∞
d-œ
m
TÙ’
œZk-
R-L-∞
u G
i-Q
e-L-
[-Ÿm E
Qo-‹
-L-
[-Ÿm
L⁄
j-ß
p
LÙs
-fim-TÙ-’
.
B£--Vo U
ßl-¿h-”f
NVp-ÿ
-\-
p
D”-T-”m-TÙ-’
.
Yœl-T˚
\ Lt-\p NV
p-TÙh
-•u
ÿd-°
V UV-UÙ-œ
m TÙ’
Lt-\p, Lt-©j-Rp NVp-ÿ- \´p
ßh-P-™-Pp S˚P˘Tflm˙TÙ’.
Ußl-¿-” TV-‡s[ Y˚L- p A˚U-Y-’
Gq-YÙ-fl?
Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\p GRt-œ?
R]-’ £k-R˚] Kh-Pe-Ls N -
RÙ]Ù Gu-flm N -VÙ] TÙ˚R- p
˘Np-°u-\RÙ Gu-flm Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-
LÙ] YÙnl- Td œZk- Rd-œ
A∞dL Yi-”m.
Lt-\- X-Ÿm Ußl-¿h- P-Ÿm Ju-
˙\Ù- PÙu-fl RÙPo-◊-T-”j-’-°u\
ÿd-°-V-UÙ] £k-R- ]˚V SÙd-°d
œZk- R˚V CVp-TÙL YØ-S-Pj-R
˙Yi”m.
Ußl-¿-” Gu-T-’ ÆUo-N-]-Èo-Y-UÙL
R]-’ A±- Yd LÙiT-Rt-LÙ]
ß\u Gu-T˚Rd œZk˚Rd-œ -
A±‹-flj-R Yi”m.
ARu A•l-T- P- p —VUÙL UÙfl-
Y-Rt-LÙ] Bo-Yj- Rd œZk- R
L∞Pm Ht-T-”jR Yi”m.œZk˚R Gq-YÙ-fl Lt-°u-\-’
GuTRtœ ÿd°Vj’Ym
A∞dœm˙TÙ’
232
]T-\hpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
J⁄ œZk˚R ≈h-” ÿt-\j-ßp Æ˚[-VÙ-•d ˘LÙi-•-⁄k-R-’.
ARt-œ SÙuœ Ap-X-’ Ik’ YV-’ C⁄dœm.
Æ˚[-VÙh-•u-˙TÙ-’ œZk˚R´u LY-]j˚R H˙RÙ
Jufl DojR’. œZk˚R œ≤k--’ Ui˚Q Et-fl- ˙SÙd-°-V-’.
Y¨˚N Y¨-˚N-VÙn ˘Np-¤m Gflm-◊-Ls! £±-’ ˙SWj-ßp Ge-°-
⁄k˙RÙ J⁄ ’i-” Dod-°p œf-£-˚Vd ˘LÙi-” YkR
œZk˚R Gflm-◊-Ls Fok-’ ˘Np-¤m YØ-´u œfld˙L ˚Yj
R’. G’-‹m ®L-Z-Æp-˚X. Gflm-◊-Ls ARu ¡˙R± Y¨˚N
RY-\Ù-Up ˘Np-Xj ˘RÙPe-°-]. ©u-]o AdœZk˚R J⁄
’i”d Lm˚T ˘LÙi-” Yk-’ ˚Yj-R-’. Cl-˙TÙ-’m Gflm-◊-
Ls AR-˚]d LPk-’ ˘Nu-\-]. Cf-˘N-V˚Xj ˘RÙPok-’
SPjR æo-UÙ-≤jR œZk˚R ˙Y˙\-˙R-‡m ˘TÙ⁄s °˚Pd-
œUÙ Gu-fl ˙R”m ˙Y˚[-´p A”d-L-˚[-´-≠-⁄k-’ Am-UÙ-
Æu A˚Zl-◊d-œ-Wp! œZk˚R ≈h-”d-œs˙[ K-•-V-’.
Ce˙L œZk˚R J⁄ Lt-\-≠p D”-Th-•-⁄d-
°\’. AdœZk˚R´u U]j-’s J⁄
Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m ˛-„-r®- X- Vp Lp-Æ- p....
2
33
Adn-hns‚ LS-I-߃ ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
˙LsÆ G›k’s[’. Gflm◊ Fok-’ ˘Np-¤m TÙ˚R-´p J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄˚[ ˚Yj-’
R˚P Ht-T-”j-ß-]Ùp Gu] ®L-›m? ARt-LÙ] Æ˚P-˚Vd LÙi-T-Rt-LÙ] ÿVt-£-
´p D”-Th-•-⁄k-R-’. œZk˚R´u ÿRp ˙NÙR˚] Ko Dod-°p ’i˚P ˚Yj-’
S˚P-˘Tt-\-’. Nt-fl ˘T¨V Lm-◊j-’i˚P ˚Yj-RÙp Gflm-◊-Ls Gq-YÙ-fl AR˚]
Gßo-˘LÙs-fim Gu-T˚R A±-Y˙R AR-‡-˚PV A”jR ÿVt-£. Et-fl-˙SÙd-°-Ÿm
˙NÙR-˚]-´p D”-Th-”m Æ˚P LÙQ ÿVu-\-’. Cq-Æ˚P œZk-˚R˚Vl ˘TÙflj-R-
Y˚W J⁄ ◊ßV A±-YÙ-œm.
œZk-˚R-L-s CVp-TÙ-L˙Y G˚R-Ÿm A±V ˙Yi-”-˘Uu\ BoYÿ˚PV
YoLs. Rm- Uf —t-±-¤-ÿs[ EX˚L A±k-ßP AYoLs Gl- TÙ-›-’m ÿVt£ Nn’
˘LÙi•⁄lTÙoLs. Li-”m ˙Lh-”m ˘RÙh-”m ÿLok’m —˚Yj-’m ˙Ls-Æ-Ls
˙Lh-”m ÆNÙ-¨j-’m ˙NÙR˚] ˘Nn-’m œZk˚RLs A±-˚Yl ˘Tfl-°\ÙoLs. œZk-
˚R-L-∞u Cj-R-˚LV ©\Æj ß\uL˚[l TVu-T-”j-’-Y-’-Pu Y[of£V˚PV ˘Nn-
Y-Ru YÙ´-XÙ-L ÿ˚\VÙ] LpÆ ˘RÙPW ˙Yi-”m.
—t-flf-„-Zp Lp-Æ- p A±-YÙd-Lm
œZk-˚R-L-fid-œl TX ˘TÙ⁄h-L-˚[l Tt-±-V —V-UÙ] A±-‹-Ls Es[].
—VUÙ] L⁄j’Lfim C⁄dLXÙm. C˚Y ˘T⁄m-TÙ-¤m A±-Æ-Vp ÈoYUÙL C⁄dL
˙Yi-”-˘Uu-±p-˚X. EX-Wl -˙TÙhP ’¶-´-≠-⁄kR Ri-Ωo Ge˙L ˙TÙ´t-fl Gu\
B£-¨-˚V-´u Æ]Ù-Æt-œd œZk-˚R ·±V Tßp, A˚R „¨-Vu E±g£d œ•j-
ß⁄d-œm Gu-T-RÙ-œm. œZk-˚R-˚Vl ˘TÙflj-R-Y˚W C’ AR-‡-˚PV A±-YÙ-œm.
Cq-Y-±-Æp C⁄k-’ - LÙi˙P œZk˚R C’ RÙPo-TÙ] RPp-L-∞-¤m NÙR˚]L∞-
¤m D”-T”-°-\-’. CRu YÙ´-XÙLj Ru-‡-˚PV ÿk-˚RV ÿ•-‹-L-˚[j ß⁄j-ßd
˘LÙs-°\’. A±-Æ-VpÈoYUÙ] ÿ•-‹-L-fid-œ Y⁄-°-\-’. A˚]j-’ A±-‹-L-fim ◊’l-
©d-Ll-T-”-Y-’-Pu Y[of£ ˘T\- ˙Yi-”m. °˚PjR A±-Æu ¡’ A±-YÙd-Lm Gq-
YÙ-fl ®Lr-°-\-’? Ko G”j-’d-LÙh˚Pl TÙ⁄eLs.
œufl-L-∞p TX-Y˚L RÙY-We-L-fim E´¨]e-L-fim Es-[-].
YVp-Ls ˙Y[Ùi-˚Ud-œ-¨V CPe-L-[Ù-œm.
˙Y[Ùi-˚Ud-œm ©\ ˙R˚Y-L-fid-œm SÙm Bfl-L˚[ Sm-©-´-⁄d-°-˙\Ùm.
ÿR-XÙ-]˚Y œZk- R-Ls CVp-TÙ-L˙Y Tt-±-⁄d-œm A±-‹-L-[Ù-œm. B]Ùp
234
Adn-hns‚ LS-I-߃ ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
œufl-L-fim Bfl-L-fim AØk’ ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-°u-\] Gu-T-’ AYo-L-s LÙ‘m
Ei˚U-VÙ] A‡-T-Ye-L-[Ù-œm. CVp-TÙ-Lj Ru≤Pÿs[ A±-Æu YÙ´-XÙL
œZk˚R Cq-‹i-˚U˚V AX£ BWÙn-°\’; ÆUo-N-]j-’d-œm Eh-T-”j-’-°u\’.
œu-fl-L˚[ E˚Pl-T-RÙp TÙßd-Ll-T-”m E´-¨-]e-Ls VÙ˚Y?
œu-fl-Ls Cp-XÙ-Up ˙TÙ]Ùp A⁄-°-¤s[ Tœ-ß-´p Y\h£ Ht-T-”-Y-˙Ru?
YVp-L˚[ ®Wl-◊-Rp Sm˚U Gq-YÙ-fl TÙßd-œm?
Bt-±-≠-⁄k-’ UQp YÙ¨-]Ùp Bt-fld-œ Gu] ®L›m? SUd-œ Ht-T-”m
æeœLLs G˚Y?
Cl-©-Wf£-˚]-L-fid-œ-¨V LÙW-Qe-Ls VÙ˚Y? æo‹ Gu]?
Cj-R-˚LV £k-R-˚]-Ls œZk˚R´Pm J⁄ ©Wf-N˚] „r®˚XL˚[ E⁄-YÙd-
œ-°u-\-]. Cf-„r-®˚XLs œZk-˚R˚Vj ˙RP-¤dœj Ái-”-°u-\-]. R≤-VÙ-L-‹m
œ›-YÙ-L-‹m AYo-Ls ˙RP-≠p D”-T-”-°u-\-]o. L[lT-V-Qj-ßu YÙ´-XÙL ˙SW-•-
VÙLd Li-P-±k-’m, TÙPl-◊j-R-Le-Ls, B£-¨-Vo R⁄m œ±l-◊-Ls, ©\ ◊j-R-LeLs,
œflk-RL-”-Ls, B°VYt-±-≠-⁄k-’m AYo-Ls RLYpL˚[f ˙NL-¨d-°u-\-]o.
˙NL-¨jR RLYp-L˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn-°u-\-]o. —t-flf-„-Zp ∫o-˙L-”-L-[Ùp Ht-
T-”m ˘L”Rp-L-˚[d Li-P-±-°u-\-]o. RÙe-Ls ˘Tt-±-⁄d-œm A±˚Y Cl-˙TÙ-˚RV
®˚X-Ÿ-Pu Jl-©h-”l TÙod-°u-\-]o. AX£ BWÙn-°u-\-]o. L⁄-’˙LÙs-L-˚[,
®˚XTÙ-”-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdœ°u-\-]o. ©Wf-N-˚]j- æo-‹d-LÙ] RU-’ L⁄j-’-L˚[ ÿu
˚Yd-°u-\-]o. Cj-R-˚LV ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞u YØ-VÙ-Lj-RÙu œZk˚R A±˚Y E⁄-
YÙd-L˙YÙ Ap-X-’ A±˚Y UÙt-\j-ßt-œ Eh-T-”j-R˙YÙ ˘Nn-°u-\-’.
—r®-˚X-´-Vp LpÆ ˛ ˙SÙd-Le-Ls
œZk-˚R-L-∞-Pm A±-Æ-Vp EQo‹ Y[ok-’ ˙Um-T-P-‹m A˚R Au-\ÙP
YÙrd-˚L-´p TVu-T-”j-R-‹m/ ß\u ˘Tfl-Rp.
Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp, ˙NÙR-˚] ˘Nn-Rp, RW-‹-Ls ˙NL-¨j-Rp, ˙NL-¨jR ˘Nn-ß-L˚[
Y˚Ll-T-”j-Rp, Æ[d-Lm ·fl-Rp, Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-Rp, ÿ•-‹d-œ Y⁄-Rp, T¨-˙NÙ-
ßj’l TÙoj-Rp, L⁄j-’d-L-˚[l T¨-UÙt-\m ˘Nn-Rp ÿR-XÙ] A±-Æ-Vp Lt-\≠u
˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[j ˘R¨k-’ ˘LÙsfiRp.
ÿß- VÙo-Ls Ut-flm ©\- u
R˚X¬-” YÙ´-XÙ-L˙Y
œZk˚R ˘NVp-TÙ-”L˚[
˙Ut- LÙs-°-\-’.
Ei-˚U-VÙ-L˙Y œZk˚RLfid-œ
StTi◊-L-s Ht-TP LÙW-Q-UÙ-]- Y-
˘Vp-XÙm NÍ-Lj RÙPo-©u A•l-T-
˚P- XÙ-œm.
œZk- R- u RÙPo◊
ARu ’Yd-Lm ÿR˙X
NÍLUV-UÙ-]-’.
EVokR ®˚X- p ·fl
YRÙL C⁄k-RÙp œZk˚R
Ls·P J⁄ NÍL ÀÆ
Gu˙\ ·\ ˙Yi-”m.
˛ ˘Xq ˚Y ˙LÙhv°
2
35
Adn-hp-\n¿am-W-]-Inb ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
Au-\ÙP YÙrd- Ll ©Wf£- ]-L˚[Ÿm NÍ-Ll ©Wf-£- ]-L- [-Ÿm ’p≠VUÙLl
TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m, AYt-±t-œj æo‹ LÙi-T-Rt-œUÙ] ß\u ˘Tfl-Rp.
˘RÙØp ÷h-Tm Utflm ˘RÙØp ˘RÙPo-TÙ] RU-’ ß\-˚]-Ÿm Bo-Yj-˚R-Ÿm
Y[oj-’d ˘LÙs-fi-Rp.
—t-flf-„-Zp ©Wf-£-˚]-L-fi-Pu EQo‹ Èo-Y-UÙL D”-T-”-Rp.
LÙW-Q- LÙ-¨-Ve-L˚[ A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙiP £k-R-˚]-L˚[ Y[oj-Rp.
©Wf-£-˚]-L˚[ ˘Yq-˙Y-fl ˙LÙQe-L-∞p A‘-L-‹m AYt-±t-œj æo‹ LÙi-
T-Rt-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[d Li-P-±Ÿm £k-R-˚]˚V Y[oj-Rp.
UÙ‡P Ußl-◊-L˚[ (Human Values) Es-YÙe-L-‹m AYt-±u A•l-T-˚P-´p
EX-°-Vp Li-˙QÙh-Pe-L˚[ Y[oj-’d-˘LÙs-fi-R¤m.
A±-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ- \-Ls ˛ ®˚X-Ls
Ce-œd œZk˚R A±˚Y E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-’ £X Lt-\p ®˚X-L-∞u YØ-VÙœm.
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m œZk˚R Gu-˘]u] ˘Nn-°u-\-’? ARu TV-]ÙLd œZk˚R
Ht-L-]˙Y ˘Tt-±-⁄d-œm A±-Æp Gu-˘]u] UÙt-\e-Ls Ht-T-”-°u-\]?
„r-®-˚X-´-Vp Lp-Æ-´p A±‹ ˛ ®˚X-Ls
„r®-˚X-´-Vp Lt-\ -≠u YÙ´-XÙL E⁄-YÙ-œm A±-Æu ®˚X-Ls
Gu˘]u]?
„r®-˚X-´-Vp Lt-\-¤-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-˚P-V,
L⁄j-’Ls
˘NVp-ÿ-˚\j -ß-\u-Ls
E[l-TÙe-œLs
˘NVp-ÿ-˚\j- ß-\u-Ls (Process Skills)
œZk˚R EX-˚Ll ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-Y-’ AYu E⁄-YÙd-œm L⁄j-’-L-∞u YÙ´-
XÙ-œm. L⁄j-’-⁄-YÙd-Lm ˘NVp-ß-\u-L-∞u Y[of£˚Vl ˘TÙflj’ A˚U-Ÿm.
Ru˚]f —t-±-Ÿs[ EX-Lj˚R Et-fl-˙SÙd-°-Ÿm ˙R•-Ÿm ©Wf-£-˚]-L-fid-œ Ei˚U-
VÙ] æo-‹-L˚[d Li-P-±-Ÿm ˙TÙ’ RÙu ˘NVp-ß-\u-L-∞u ˙Um-TÙ-” S˚P-
A±-YÙd-Lf NVp-ÿ˚\
m NÍ-Ll ©Wf-£- ]-Ÿ-Pu SW-•-VÙ-
L˙YÙ U˚\-ÿ-L-UÙ-L˙YÙ RÙPo-◊-
˚PV Lt-\p ©Wf-£- ]-L˚[ Y∞-
-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl˚T Ht-T-”j-
’-°u-\-]o.
m Lt-\p ©Wf-£- ]˚V Gßo- LÙs-
°u-\-]o.
m œZk˚R Lt-\p ©Wf-£- ]˚V Ht-
fld LÙs-°u-\Ùo-Ls.
m ©Wf-£- ]d-œj æo‹ LÙi-T-Rt-LÙ]
˘NVp-L- [j ßh-P-™-”-°u-\-]o.
m ©Wf-£- ]d-œj æo‹ LÙ‘m NVp-
TÙ-”-L-∞p D”-T-”-°u-\-]o.
m AßL NÙu-fl-L- [-Ÿm G”j-’d-LÙh-
”-L- [-Ÿm R”-Rp, ◊ßV „r-®- X-
L-∞p TVu-T-”j-Rp.
m E⁄-YÙd-°V L⁄j- RÙ-” RÙPo◊
˘LÙi-” BZ-UÙ] Æ -YÙ] Lt-\p
©Wf-£- ]-L-∞p D”-T-”-°u-\-]o.
m —V L⁄j-’-L˚[ Y∞- -”m NVp-
-L-∞p D”-T-”-°u-\-]o.
236
A±®u R²jRuûULs
ÏZkûR«u A±YôdLm
GuTÕ ùYßm RLYp
úNL¬l× UhÓUpX.
Rôu G§¬Óm ©Wf£û]«u
¾oÜdLôL SPjÕm
úRPpL°u Yô«XôLd
ÏZkûRLs LiPûPÙm
Ø¥ÜL[ôÏm.
A±YôdLjÕPu
ÏZkûRL°p £X
ùNVpØû\j §\uLÞm
Y[of£ ùTß¡u\].
ÏZkûRL°p A±ÜPu
ùRôPo×ûPV U§l×Ls,
E[lTôeÏLs,
LiúQôhPeLs úTôu\ûY
EÚYô¡u\].
]In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
˘Tfl°u\’. œZk-˚R-Ls G∞V L⁄j-’-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ L•-]-UÙ] L⁄j-’d-L-fidœf Np-
YRÙp ˘NVp-ß-\u-L-s ®Wk-R-W-UÙL ˙UmT”--°u-\-]. ˘RÙPd-Ld LpÆ ®˚X-´p ÿd-
°-Vj-’-Ym ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi-•V ˘NVp-ß-\u-Ls G˚Y?
Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp (Observation)
Y˚Ll-T-”j-Rp (Classification)
L⁄j-’l T -UÙt-\m (Communication)
A[-Æ-”-Rp (Measuring)
ÿ•-‹d-œ Y⁄-Rp (Drawing Conclusion)
C˚Y Uh-”-Uu± ˙Yfl- £X ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\j -ß-\u-L-˚[-Ÿm Lt-\p ˛ ©Wf-£-˚]j
æo‹ LÙQp ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m. ˙Yfl-ThP Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-L-
∞u YÙ´-XÙL CYt˚\ Y¤l-T-”j-’m Ko A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\˚V SÙm Ut-˘LÙs[ Yi-
”m. Aj-R-˚LV ˘NVp-ß-\u-Ls Y⁄-UÙ-fl :
ÿu-]-±Æj-Rp (Predicting)
RW-‹-L- [l Tß‹ Nn-Rp (Recording / Representing Data)
RW-‹-L˚[ Æ[d-œ-Rp (Interpreting Data)
©Wf-£- ]d-œj æo‹ LÙQp (Problem Solving)
Æ]Ùd-Ls G›l-◊-Rp (Question Raising)
Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp, Y˚Ll-T-”j-Rp TÙu\ NVp-ß-\u-L˚[d œZk˚R Lt-\-¤d-LÙLl
TVu-T-”j-’°u-\-’ Gu-T-Ru ˘TÙ⁄s Gu]? œZk˚R EPp √ß-VÙ] £X ˘NVp-
TÙ”-L-∞p D”-T-”m-˙TÙ˙R A’ ˘RÙPo-TÙ] £k-R-˚]-L-fim Ru Es-[j-ßp S˚P-˘T-
fl-°u-\-]. B´u Cj-R-˚LV £k-R-˚]-L˚[ Sm-UÙp LÙQ ÿ•-Y-ßp-˚X. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄
˘NVp-ß-\-˚]l TVuT”j’m-˙TÙ-’m œZk-˚R-´u Es-[j-ßp Gu-˘]u] £k-R-˚]-
Ls S˚P-˘T\ YÙnl-◊i-” Gu-T-˚Rl T¨-˙NÙ-ßd-L-XÙm.
2
37
]In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp
Etfl˙SÙdLp, ˘NVp-ÿ˚\j ß-\u-L-∞p A•l-T-˚P-VÙL A˚UV ˙Yi-”m.
·o-˚U-VÙ] Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp ß\u ©\ ˘NVpÿ˚\j- ß-\u-L-∞u (L-⁄j-’l-T-¨-UÙt-\m,
Y˚Ll-T-”j-Rp, ÿ•-‹d-œ Y⁄-Rp, ÿu-]˙W A±-Rp, A[j-Rp) ˙Um-TÙh-•t-œ
Cu-±-V-˚U-VÙ-R-RÙ-œm.
∏r-Y-⁄m œ±l-◊-L˚[ A•l-T-˚P-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-” Et-fl-˙SÙd-L-¤d-LÙ]
ß\-˚]-Ÿm L⁄j-’d-L-˚[-Ÿm ˙Um-T-”jR Sm-UÙp CVX ˙Yi-”m.
©Wf-£-˚]j æo-‹d-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] RLYp ˙NL-¨l-©t-LÙL Im◊Xu-L-˚[l TVu-
T-”j-Rp.
˙Yfl-ThP L⁄j-’-Ls, ®Lr-‹-Ls, CYt-±t-œ C˚P-˙V-VÙ] Jt-fl˚U ˙Yt-fl-˚U-
L-˚[d Li-P-±-Rp.
J˙W UÙß-¨-VÙ] L⁄j-’Ls/ ®Lr-‹-Ls CYt-±t-°-˚P-˙V-VÙ] ˙Yfl-TÙ-”-L˚[
Et-fl- SÙd-Lp.
J˙W UÙß-¨-VÙ] L⁄j-’-Ls/ ®Lr-‹-Ls CYt-±t-œ C˚P-˙V-VÙ] Jt-fl-˚U-L˚[
Et-fl- SÙd-Lp.
AßL Æ[d-Le-L-˚[d Li-P-˚P-Rp.
RUdœj ˙R˚YVÙ] NÙuflL˚[ Uh-”m ˙Rok-˘R-”j-Rp.
®Lr-‹-L˚[ Y¨-˚Nl-T-”j-ßl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[p, Tß‹ ˘Nn-Rp.
Et-fl˙SÙd-L-≠u YØ-VÙL J›e-L-˚Ul-◊-L-˚[d Li-P-˚P-Rp.
Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp TXu-L˚[ A±-Æj-Rp ˛ ˘NÙp ˘Y∞-¬” ˛ G›j-’ ˘Y∞-¬-”
Y˚Ll-T-”j-Rp
Et-fl-˙SÙd-L-˚Xj RÙPok-’, NL-¨jR TÙ⁄s-Ls, L⁄j-’Ls B°-V-Yt˚\
Y˚Ll-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m. ˘TÙ⁄s-L-fid-œm, L⁄j-’-L-fid-œm C˚P-˙V-VÙ] Jt-fl˚U
˙Yt-fl-˚U-Ls, Ju-˙\Ù-˘PÙu-fl ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-œm ˘RÙPo-◊-Ls B°VYt±u
A•lT˚P´p Y˚LlT”j’YRtLÙ] ß\˚] Y[odL Yi”m. R≤j-Ru- U-L∞u
A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ] Jl-◊-˚UlT”j-Rp, ÿ˚\VÙ] Y˚Ll-T-”j-R-¤d-œ YØ-Y-œd-œm.
238
œZk˚RLs A˚PV˙Yi•V NVpÿ˚\jß\uLs
Y˚LlT”jRp
˙NL¨jRp
A‡UÙ]eL˚[E⁄YÙdœRp
G∞V NÙR˚]´pD”T”Rp
AX£ BWÙnk’˘TÙ’ÿ•‹dœ Y⁄Rp
L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\m
˘Tt\ A±˚YlTVuT”j’Rp
A±ÆVp U]lTÙu˚U
A±ÆVp T˚PlTÙt\p
œ›f NVpTÙh”j ß\u
]In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
Et-fl˙SÙdL CV¤°u\ Ti◊L∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[ / L⁄j-’-
L˚[l ©¨jR±Rp.
˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u / L⁄j-’-L-∞u ˙Yt-fl-˚U-L˚[d Li-P-±-Rp.
˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u / L⁄j-’-L-∞u Jt-fl-˚U-L˚[d Li-P-±-Rp.
®Tk-R-˚]-´u A•l-T-˚P-´p ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[d œ›-YÙd-œ-Rp.
˙U˙XÙhPUÙ] Y˚LlT”jR≠⁄k’ ÷h-T-UÙ-]-Y˚YL˚[d Li-P-±-Y-Rt-LÙ]
∫WÙ] Y[of£.
L⁄j-’l T -UÙt-\m
A±‹ E⁄-YÙdLf ˘NV-pÿ˚\´u GpXÙ ®˚X-L-∞-¤m UÙQ-Yo-Ls —V-
UÙLd L⁄j-’-L˚[ YÙn-˘UÙ-Ø-VÙ-L˙YÙ ©\ Y•-Ye-L-∞˙XÙ R≤-VÙ-L-‹m, œ›-YÙ-L-
‹m ˘Y∞-´P CVX ˙Yi-”m. Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp, RWm-©-¨j-Rp, ÿ•-‹-Ls, ÿu·h-•˙V
·fl-Rp ˙TÙu\ ˘NVp-ÿ˚\j ß-\u-Ls °˚Pl-T-˙RÙ-” SpX ÿ˚\-´-XÙ] L⁄j-’l
T¨-UÙt-\-ÿm S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-”m.
YÙn-˘UÙØd L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\m.
˘U¸] S•l-◊, S•l◊ ÍXm L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞-´-Pp.
TPm Y˚Wk-’ L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞-´-Pp.
Th-•-Vp, Y˚WTPm, NÙoh ˙TÙu-\˚Y ÍXm L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞-´-Pp.
UÙß-¨-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd°d L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞-´-Pp.
œ±l-◊-Ls, RL-Yp-Ls, A±d-˚L-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚Y YØ L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞-´-Pp.
A[j-Rp
Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ YÙ´XÙLf ˙NL-¨jRj RL-Yp-L˚[ A[Æu
A•lT˚P´p Tß‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi-• YW-XÙm. HL-˙RN A[-‹-L-fim, ÷h-T-UÙ] A[-‹-
L-fim ET-˙VÙ-°dL ˙Yi-•V ®˚X YW-XÙm. ø[m, EV-Wm, G˚P, Es-[-[-‹, ˙SWm
˙TÙu\ TX-Y˚L A[-‹-L˚[l TVu-T-”j-’m ß\˚] UÙQ-Yo-Ls ˘T\ ˙Yi-”m.
2
39Ik-’, Bfl, HZÙm Yœl◊L∞p œZk˚RLs ˘T\ ˙Yi-•V ˘NVp-ß-\u-Ls :
A[k-’ Li-”-©-•dL ˙Yi-•-V-’ G’ G]d Li-P-±-Rp.
˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] A[‹ ET-˙VÙ-°j-’ A[j-Rp.
A[˚Yf N¨-VÙLl Tß‹ ˘Nn-Rp.
ÿ•-‹-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp
J⁄ Lt-\p ©Wf-£-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙQf ˙NL-¨jR RL-Yp-L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹
˘Nn-’ ÿ•-‹-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œm NVp L⁄j-’-⁄-YÙdL Y˚[- p S˚P- T\ Yi”m.
ÿ•-‹-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œm ˘NVp £\kR ÿ˚\-´p S˚P-˘T\j RL-Yp ˙NL-¨jRp, ˙NL-
¨jR RL-Yp-L˚[l Tß‹ ˘Nn-Rp, AYt˚\ AX£ BWÙn-Rp ˙TÙu-\˚Y ÿ˚\-
VÙL S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-”m.
£\kR ÿ˚\-´p AX£ BWÙnk-RÙ˙X SpX ÿ•-‹d-œ YW ÿ•-
Ÿm. CRt-LÙL UÙQ-Yo-Ls ˙NL-¨jR RL-Yp-L˚[ Gq-YÙ-fl AX£ BWÙV
˙Yi-”-˘U] ÿu-·h-•˙V æo-UÙ-≤dL ˙Yi-”m. AX£ BWÙVj ˙R˚Y-
VÙ] £k-R-˚]˚Vj Ái-”-°u\ ˙Ls-Æ-L˚[ B£¨-Vo ˙LhL ˙Yi-
”m. T•l-T-•-VÙL EVokR ®˚X´XÙ] ÿ•‹ E⁄-YÙdœm ß\u UÙQ-Yo-
L-∞Pm Y[W ˙Yi-”m. CRu ˘NVpÿ˚\ ®˚X-Ls VÙ˚Y-?
˙NL-¨jR RL-Yp-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ ©Wf-£˚]j æo-‹d-LÙ] NÙuflL˚[d
Li-P-±-Rp.
°˚PjR RW‹-L-∞u TWv-TW ˘RÙPo˚Td Li-P-±-Rp.
RW‹L˚[l T•Y A˚Ul©p Tß‹ ˘NnRp.
LÙW-Qe-L˚[ Ÿjß Èo-Ym Æ[d-œ-Rp.
ÿ•-‹-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp.
FLj-ßu YÙnl-◊-L˚[l T¨-˙NÙ-ßjRp.
◊ßV A±-Æu A•l-T-˚P-´p ÿu ®˚X-TÙ-”-L-∞p UÙt-\m ˘Nn-Rp.
240
]In-bm-ti-jn-Iƒ ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
T¨-˙NÙ-R˚]L∞p D”T”Rp
A±-Æ-Vp ˙RP-¤dLÙ] Lt-\p YØ˙V T¨-˙NÙ-R-˚]-´p D”-T-”-Rp, Bo-Y-ÿ-
Pu Et-fl-˙SÙd-°-V˚Y Tt± ÿ•-‹-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp. CYt˚\l T¨-˙NÙ-ßd-œm
YØL˚[ Li-P-±-Rp, Li-P-±k-R-Yt˚\l Tß‹˘NnRp, ÿ•-‹-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp
˙TÙu\ ˘NVpLs Cßp APe-œm. J⁄e-°-˚QkR ˘NVp-ÿ˚\j ß-\-]ÙL A±-Æ-
Vp ˙RP-p T¨-˙NÙ-R˚]´p D”-T-”-Y˚Rd LÙQ-XÙm.
L⁄Æ-L˚[ ÷h-T-UÙLd ˚LVÙfi-Rp.
Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp ÍXm ©Wf-£˚]j æo-‹d-LÙ] RLYpL˚[f ˙NL-¨j-Rp.
RL-Yp-L˚[j ˙R˚Yl-Th-PÙp A[k-’ TÙojRp, Tß‹ ˘NnRp.
ÿ•-‹-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp.
◊ßV ˙NÙR-˚]-L-fidLÙ] ßh-P-™-Pp
˙NÙR˚] A±d˚L RVÙ-WÙd-œ-Rp
˘Y∞- -Pp
Cq-Y˚Lf ˘NVp-ÿ˚\j ß-\u-Ls YØVÙL A±-‹-⁄-YÙd-Lm S˚P˘Tflm
Yœl-T˚\ Gq-YÙ-fl C⁄d-œm? 3, 4 Yœl◊ T•-Ls ◊jRLm 2 TÙLm 3˛p Td-Lm 8˛11
TÙod-L.
2
41
hnebn-cp-ج F¥n\v? ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
„r-®- X- -Vp Ußl-¿” Hu? GRt-œ?Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚RŸm SpX ÿ˚\-´p T•j-’ ÿu-˙]-fl-Y˚Rd LÙQ B£-
-Vo-Ls Æ⁄m-◊-YÙoLs. œZk˚R-L-∞u ß\- ]-Ÿm, Æ⁄l-Tj- R-Ÿm Li-P-±k-’ A˚R
Y[-Wf ˘Nn-V-‹m, AYo-L˚[j Ru]m-©d-˚L-Ÿ-Pu YÙrd-˚L˚V Gßo-˘LÙs[j
RVÙ-WÙdœY-ߤm B£-¨-Vo LÙh-”m Bo-Y-ÿm D”TÙ-”m CRt-LÙ] NÙufl-L-[Ùœm.
Cq-YÙ-fl Lt-\p ®˚X-L˚[ Ußl-©-P-‹m, ARt-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ER-Æ-L˚[f ˘Nn-V-
‹m, SÙm Lt-\p Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVpÿ˚\´u TX ®˚X-L˚[l TVuT”j’°-˙\Ùm.
CR˚] B£- -VoLs ÿd-°V LP- U-L-[ÙLd L⁄-’-°u-\-]o. CRtœd LÙW-Qm Gu]?
TÙLm ˛ Ju-±p Tp-˙Y-fl Ußl-©-P-≠u ˙SÙd-Le-L-˚[l Tt±l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-˙PÙ-Up-
XYÙ? ARu A•l-T-˚P-´p ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[Yt-±p øe-Ls L⁄’m LÙW-Qe-Ls
G˚Y?
1. LtL ˙Yi-•-VYt˚\ Ltfls-[-]WÙ Gu\±-V.
2. œ±l-©hP LÙX A[Æp œZk˚R A˚Pk’s[ Y[of-£˚V A±-V.
3. Lp-Æ´u ÿu-˙]t-\j˚Rf NÍ-Ljßtœj ˘R¨-Æd-L.
4. œZk˚RL∞u A”jR Yœl-©t-LÙ] ˙Rof-£˚Vj æo-UÙ-≤d-L.
5. œZk˚RL∞Pm Lt-\-p BoYj˚R E⁄-YÙd-L.
Ußl-¿” GRt-œ?
„r-®-˚X-´-V-p Lt-\-≠p J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX A[Æp œZk˚RL∞Pm Ht-T-hP
UÙt-\j˚RŸm Y[of-£-˚V-Ÿm ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙsfiRp.
œZk˚R´u A±-YÙdLf NV-pÿ˚\d-œ ER-‹m R≤jRu- U-VÙ] R˚YL˚[d
Li-P-±-Rp.
L⁄j-’-⁄-YÙdLf ˘NV-pÿ˚\dLÙ] Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[d œZk˚Rd-œ
Ht\YÙfl ßh-P-™-Pp.
œZk˚R Ru]Ùp Gu] ˘NnVÿ•Ÿm, Bo-Ym Es[˚Y G˚Y ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\
A±-V-‹m Ae-∏-L-¨d-L-‹m.
Ußl-©-P-≠u SÙd-Le-Ls
1. Lt-\-¤d-œj R˚Y-VÙ] ER-Æ-Ls
A∞j-Rp.
2. œZk˚R´u Lt-\p ®˚X˚V
Eflß Nn-’ Rof£, NÙu±Rr
B°VYt˚\ A∞d-L.
3. Lp-Æj-’- \- u ÿu- ]t-\j˚R
NÍ-Lj-ßt-œj R -Æj-’ Ae-∏-LÙ-Wm
˘T\.
242
hnebn-cp-Øp∂Xv F¥v? ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
Lt-\-≠p D”-T-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] U]-®˚X˚V E⁄-YÙd°d œZk˚R˚V Et-NÙ-Ll-T-”j-
Rp.
TÙPj-ßh-Pj-ßu ˙SÙd-Le-L˚[ GkR A[‹ A˚PV ÿ•k-R-’ G]d Li-P-±Rp.
Yœl-T-˚\-´p SPkR Lt-\p ˘NVpL˚[ ˙Um-T-”j-R-‹m, ˘RÙPo ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[
ßh-P-™P‹m.
œZk˚R-L-∞u Lt\p Y[of£ Tt-±V NÙuflL˚[f ˙NL-¨j-’l ˘Tt-˙\Ù-˚W-Ÿm
©\ A˚Ul◊L˚[Ÿm A±-Æj-Rp.
A”j’ Y⁄m ˘NVp-TÙ”L∞p œZk-˚R-Lfid-œj ˙R˚Yl-T-”m ER-Æ-Ls Tt±
A±-V-‹m, ©u-Úh-Pm A∞d-L-‹m.
Ußl-¿h”f ˘NV-pTÙ-”-Ls Tt-±V TVj˚Rl ˙TÙd°d œZk-˚R˚Vf —V- U-ßl-©-P-
¤d-œj Ái”Rp.
GpXÙd œZk˚RL∞u Lt-\-¤d-œm, Y[of-£d-œm ER-‹-Rp.
„r-®- X- -V-≠p G˚R Ußl-©-”-°- \Ùm?
œZk˚R-L˚[ Ußl-©-”m ˙TÙ’ SÙm Li-”-©-•dL
˙Yi•V˚Y G˚Y? œZk˚R˚V A±‹ ®˚X´¤m
EQo‹ ®˚X´¤m EPp ®˚X´¤m NÍL ®˚X´¤m
ÿu˙]\f ˘NnY˙R LpÆ´u ˙SÙdLUÙœm.
ARtLÙL Tu-ÿ-L A±Æu (Multiple intelligence) Y[of-
£dœ ER-‹m YÙnl-◊-L˚[ SÙm œZk˚RL-fid-œ A∞dL
˙Yi-”m. CR˚] Ußl-©h-PÙp Uh-”˙U œZk˚R-L-∞u
Y[of-£d-œm, ÿu-˙]t-\j-ßt-œm ˙R˚Y-VÙ] A‡-T-Ye-
L-˚[Ÿm, „r-®-˚X-˚V-Ÿm SmUÙp A∞dL ÿ•-Ÿm.
Al-T -• -VÙ -]Ùp GYt˚\ Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m?
œZk˚RL∞Pm E⁄-YÙ] L⁄j’Ls, U]-®-˚X-Ls,
2
43
Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-”d œ±l-◊-Ls Ußl¿” GRtœ?
1. ©Wf-£˚] „Zp E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp
2. Lt-\p ©Wf-£-˚]˚V Gßo-˘LÙs-fi-Rp
3. Lt-\p ©Wf-£-˚]˚V Ht-fld-˘LÙs-fi-Rp.
ÿu A‡-T-Ye-L-s, L⁄j-’-Ls,
Li-˙QÙh-Pe-Ls, RL-Yp-Ls
CYt-±u ˘TÙ’ A˚Ul◊, L˚Xj -ß-\u.
©Wf-£-˚]˚V Ht-fld-˘LÙs-fim U]-®-˚X.
©Wf-£˚] œZk˚R´u A‡-TYf „Z-¤-Pu
˘TÙ⁄k’°u\RÙ?
E[l-Èo-Y-UÙL ˘TÙ⁄k-’-°u\RÙ?
A˚PkR A±-‹-Ls G˚Y?
TVu-T-”j-ßV RL-Yp-Ls G˚Y?
œZk˚R´u Lt-\p ˘NVp ÿ˚\ Gu]?
BWmTj RL-Yp-L-∞u TœlTÙnÆu YÙ´-XÙLj
Rt-LÙ-≠L ÿ•-‹-L˚[ (F-LeLs) E⁄-YÙd-œm
ß\u
hnebn-cp-Øp∂Xv F¥v? ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
˘NVpß-\u-Ls, Tu-ÿL A±‹ UiPXeLs, T˚Pl-◊j- ß\-u ˙TÙu-\˚YL˚[
A±YÙdLf ˘NVpÿ˚\´u Tp-˙Y-fl ®˚X-L-∞p Ußl-©P ˙Yi”m.
Ußl-¿-” Gk- RkR ®˚X-L-∞p?
Lt-\˚Xj ˘RÙPo ˘NV-pÿ˚\VÙLd LÙ‘m ˙TÙ’, Af-˘N-Vp ÿ˚\´u
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m Lt-\˚X Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”-Up-XYÙ? Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m
G˚R Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”-˘Uu\ ’p≠VUÙ] A±‹ Ußl¿” ˘NVpÿ˚\˚V A±-Æ-
Vp ÈoYUÙ]RÙL‹m, AßL ÷h-T-UÙ-]-RÙ-L-‹m UÙtflm. SÙu-LÙm Yœl-©p
244
hnebn-cp-Øp∂Xv F¥v? ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
Lt\p ùNVpTôhÓd ϱl×Ls U§l©ÓYÕ GûR?
4. ©Wf-£˚]j æo‹ ˛ ßh-P-™-Pp
.5. ©Wf-£˚]j æo-‹d-LÙ] ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p D”-T-”-Rp
6. ·”-Rp NÙu-fl-Ls, ERÙ-W-Qe-Ls Li-”-©-•j-Rp.
7. ÷h-TUÙLl ©Wf-£-˚]-L˚[ Ht-fld ˘LÙs-fi-R-¤m,
◊ßV „Z-≠p TVu-T-”j-R-¤m
8. ©WßT≠l◊f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p D”-T-”-Rp
©Wf-£˚] æo-‹d-LÙ] ˘NVpÿ˚\-Ls, Ej-ß-Ls,
L⁄-Æ-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\j ˙Rok-˘R-”d-œm ß\u,
œ›-YÙLf ˘NVp-T-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] BVjRÿm ß\-‡m.
˙NL-¨jR RL-Yp-L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’ æo‹
LÙ‘m ß\u, R]’ L⁄j’L˚[d LÙWQ
LÙ¨Vj’Pu Æ[dœm ß\u. ©\o L⁄j-’-L˚[l Tœl-
TÙn‹ Nn-’ R]’ A±-‹-Pu C˚QlT-Rt-œm, R]’
L⁄j-’-L˚[ UÙt±d ˘LÙs-Y-Rt-œ-UÙ] U]-®-˚X.
E˚W-VÙ-P-≠p D”-T-”-Rp ˛ E⁄-YÙd-°V L⁄j-’-L˚[
Ÿd-ß-Èo-Y-UÙL ˘Y∞-´-Pp, NÙu-fl-L-fid-°-˚P˙V
LÙWQ LÙ¨Vj RÙPo˚Td ·flm ß\u, NÙu-flL∞u
A•l-T-˚P-´p æo-‹-L˚[d LÙ‘Rp.
æo-‹-L˚[l ©\ „Zp-L-˙[Ù-” C˚Qd-œm ß\u,
˘Tt\ A±-˚Yl TVu-T-”j-’-Rp.
Ru‡˚PV Ut-flm ©\⁄˚PV L⁄j’L˚[f
˙NÙßjRp, RÙu L˚P©•jR YØ˚VŸm, £kR˚]
˚VŸm ÆUoN]l ÈoYUÙLl T¨˙NÙßjRp.
L˚Xjß\u, E⁄YÙd°V L⁄j˚Rl Tp˙Yfl
ÿ˚\L∞p Y∞´”Rp.
2
45
hnebn-cp-Øp∂Xv F¥v? ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
""œu±≠⁄k’ YV¤dœ'' Gu\ AX-°p Lt-\p ˘NV-pÿ˚\L∞u ®˚X-L˚[l Tœl-
TÙn‹ ˘Nn’ Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m GYt˚\ Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-fl SÙm T¨-˙NÙ-
ßl-˙TÙm.
A±YÙdLf ˘NV-≠u Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m Ußl-©-”-Y˚R SÙm TÙoj-’s-
˙[Ùm. B]Ùp Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ Lt-\p ˘NV-≠-¤m ™Lÿd°VUÙ] ®˚X-L-∞p ÷h-T-UÙL
Ußl-©P Yi-”m. Al-T-•-VÙ-]Ùp U˙X RWl-ThP NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p ™L ÿd°VUÙ]
®˚XLs G˚Y?
YhPÙW B£-¨-Vo T´t-£-´p, "A±YÙdL ®˚X-Ls ÿd°VUÙ]RÙL
A˚UVd LÙW-Qm Gu]?' Gu\ LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-¤d-œl ©u J⁄ œ›
˘Y∞-´hP ÿ•‹Ls ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].
A˚PkR A±Æu T¨-˙NÙ-R˚]
œZk˚R A˚PkR A±-‹, A‡-T-Ym B°VYt-±u Rt-˙TÙ-˚RV
®˚X˚Vl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi-” Lt-\p ©Wf-£-˚]˚V Ht-fld ˘LÙs-fim
U]-®-˚X˚V AY≤Pm E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m.
Rt-LÙ-≠L ÿ•-‹-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp
BWmTj RL-Yp-L-∞u TWv-TWj RÙPo˚T A•l-T-˚P-VÙLd LÙi”
A‡-T-Ye-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œY’m, Lt-\-≠u ˘RÙPok-’s[ ®˚X˚V ®o-
Q-´l-T-’m CkR ®˚X-L∞p Bœm.
RL-Yp-L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’ ÿ•-‹-Ls LÙ‘Rp
©Wf-£˚] æo-‹d-LÙ] RL-Yp ˙NL-¨l-◊, œ±l◊ G”j-Rp, ˘Nn-ß-L˚[
AX£ BWÙn-Rp. RL-Yp-L-fid-œ C˚P˙V Es[ LÙWQ LÙ¨Vj
˘RÙPo˚T ®fl-‹-Rp ˙TÙu-\˚Y L⁄j-’-⁄-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œd œZk-˚R˚V
A˚Zj-’f ˘Np-¤m.
A˚PkR A±-Æu TVu-TÙ-”
A˚PkR A±˚Y YÙrd˚Lf „Z-¤d-œ Ht\YÙfl TVu-T-”j’Y-’
GqYÙfl GuT˚Rj ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙsfiRp Lt-\-≠u £\l-TÙ] ©WßT≠l
TÙœm.
246
Ußl-¿-” NVp-Ls
1. Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿”(Assesment for learning)
2. Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\p(Assesment as learning)
3. Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-Pp(Assesment of learning)
]T-\-Øn-\m-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-ج
˙Ut ·±-V-Yt-˙\Ù-” øe-Ls EPu-T-”-°-»o-L[Ù? GpXÙd Lt-\p ˘NVp-
TÙ”-L-∞-¤m C˚Y ÿ›-˚U-VÙ-L-‹m N¨-VÙ-L-‹m A˚UV ˙Yi-”-
˘UufliPÙ? Ee-Ls L⁄j’ Gu]?
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m SPj-’-°u\ Ußl-¿h-•u YÙ´-XÙL Uh-”˙U
B£-¨-V-WÙp œZk˚R-L-fid-œ A∞dL Yi-•V ER-Æ-´u A[-Æ˚]j
æo-UÙ-≤dL CV-¤m. Lt-\-≠p ER-‹-Rp, Lt-\-≠u ˙TÙd˚Lj æo-UÙ-≤j-
Rp, Lt\p ˘NVp-TÙh-•t-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-L˚[l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-Rp... Cq-YÙ-fl
œZk˚R´u Lt-\˚X ÿu- ]Ùd°d LÙi” NpX Ußl¿” ER-‹°\’.
„r-®- X- -V-≠p GYt˚\ Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m?
U§l©P
úYi¥VûY
T˚
Pl-◊-L
s
˘NVp ÿ˚\
L⁄
j-’
U]
lTÙeœ
NÍL
®˚X´p
2
47
Lt-\-Ûm U§l-ÀÓmþ-L-¦-Rm
Cq-Æ-˚[-VÙh-•tœ Ee-L˚[ YW-˙Yt-°u-˙\Ùm!
Æ˚[-VÙh-•u Æß-ÿ-˚\-Ls C˚Y-VÙ-œm.
1. C’ CWi-” ˙T⁄d-œ C˚P-´XÙ] ˙TÙh-•.
2. ÿRp STo ˙PÙd-Lu G”j-RÙp, A”j-R-T-•-VÙL CWiPÙm STo Æ˚[-VÙP
˙Yi”m.
3. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ÿ˚\-Ÿm J⁄-Y-⁄d-œ 1 ÿRp 4 Y˚W ˙PÙd-Lu G”dL ÿ•-Ÿm.
4. ˘UÙj-R-ÿs[ 27 ˙PÙd-Lu-L-∞p Cflß ˙PÙd-Lu G”l-T-Y˙W ˘Yt± ˘Tfl-YÙo.
“Can you add?” the White Queen asked.“ What’s one and one and one and one and one
and one and one and one and one?”“ I don’t know,” said Alice. “I lost count.”
Through the looking Glass - Lewis Carrol
C˚Y CWi-”m L¶-Rj-˙RÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚P-V-]YÙ, Hu?
Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m ˛ L¶-Rj-ßp
248
Lt-\-Ûm U§l-ÀÓmþ-L-¦-Rm
L¶-Rd Lt\p Gu-\Ùp Gu]? Hu?
L¶Rÿ˚\´p £k-ßlT˙R L¶Rd Lt-\-≠u ÿd-°V ˙SÙd-Lm. R]-’ —t-fll-
◊-\j-ß-¤s[ L¶Rl ©Wf-£-˚]-L˚[d L¶-R- ÿ˚\´p Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’, E⁄-
YÙd-°V A±˚Yl ◊ßV ©Wf-£-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙi-T-Rt-œl TVu-T-”j-’m ˙TÙ˙R
L¶-Rl-T”j’Rp ®Lr-°u-\-’. ˙SW A[˚Y F°d-œm ˙TÙ’m, øoj˘RÙh-•-´u
A[˚Yj æo-UÙ-≤d-œm˙TÙ’m, TV-Qj-ßt-LÙ] TQj˚Rd LQd-°-”m˙TÙ’m, NÙ˚X-
˚Vd LPl-T-Rt-LÙL YÙL-]e-L-∞u ˙YLj-˚R, S˚P-´u ˙YLj-˙RÙ-” C˚Qj’j
æo-UÙ-]m G”d-œm ˙TÙ’m L¶-R-U-V-UÙ] £k-R˚] TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”-°-\-’. C˚Y Jq-
˘YÙu-±-¤m RYflLs Ht-T-”m˙TÙ’ A’ L¶-Rf £k-R-˚]d-œ Al-TÙt-Th-P-RÙL
UÙfl-°-\-’.
L¶-R-U-V-UÙ] A±˚Y E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp
©\ TÙPeL∞u A±-YÙd-Le-L˚[l ˙TÙu-˙\ L¶R A±-YÙd-L-ÿm S˚P
˘Tfl°\’.
£\kR A‡-T-Ye-L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’m
°˚PjR RL-Yp-L˚[l TVuT”j-ß-Ÿm
RL-Yp-L˚[d LÙWQ LÙ¨-Vj- ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”jßj Rj-’-Ye-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-°Ÿm
E⁄-YÙd-°V Rj-’-Ye-L˚[, R]-’ A‡-T-Ye-L-∞p / ©Wf-£-˚]-L-∞p TVu-T-”jß-
, AkR A±˚Y Ußl-©h-”m.
L¶-R- A±‹ ˛ ·flLs
œZk˚R-Ls ©Wf-£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m ˘NVp-TÙh-•p D”T”-Y-Ru YÙ´-
XÙ-L˙Y L¶-R- A±˚Yl ˘Tfl°\ÙoLs. AR-]Ùp L¶-Rj-ßu Gk-R-˘YÙ-⁄ ˘NVp-TÙ-
”m ©Wf-£˚]j æo-‹d-LÙ] NVp-TÙ-PÙ-œm. Cf-˘N-Vp-TÙ-” YØ-VÙLd œZk˚R A˚P-
Ÿm A±‹ ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\ A±YÙ-L-˙YÙ, Es-[-Pd-L- A±YÙL˙YÙ A˚U-V-XÙm. CRu
YÙ´-XÙLf £X U]-lTÙeœLfim Li-˙QÙh-P-ÿm œZk˚RL∞Pm E⁄-YÙ-°-u\].
L¶-Rj-ßu A•l-T˚P SÙd-L-UÙ] L¶-Rf- £kR˚] S˚P- T-fl-Y-’m Cq-YÙ-fl Tt\
A±Æu YÙ´XÙ-L˙Y Bœm. ˘TÙ’-YÙLd ·±-]Ùp L¶Rd Lt-\-≠-u YÙ´XÙLd
L¶-Rd- L⁄j-’-L-fim, L¶Rf ˘NVp--L-fim, ß\u-L-fim, L¶R U]lTÙeœLfim
Y[o-°u-\-].
1. L¶-Rd- L⁄j-’Ls
BWmT Ts∞d L¶-Rj-ßu ÿd-°V L⁄j-’-Ls C˚Y-VÙ-œm.
L¶Rd Lt-\p A‘-œ-ÿ˚\
˛ NCF 2005
œZk˚RLfidœd L¶-Rjßu¡RÙ] AfN-m UÙ± AR˚]W£dœm BoYm -YW Yi-”m.
œZk˚RLs L¶-Rj-ßtœ ÿd°Vj-’-Ym A∞dL Yi-”m. L¶R-˘UuT’ YÙn-TÙ-”-L-fim, CVk-ßWUV-UÙ] Æß-ÿ- \-L-fi-Up-X.
œZk˚RLs L¶-Rj˚R E˚W-VÙP‹m, L⁄j-’l T -UÙt-\m˘Nn-V-‹m, ÆYÙ-ßd-L-‹m, Jufl˙Nok-’ NVpT”YRtœUÙ]J⁄ TÙP-ÿ-UÙLd L⁄-’m ®˚XYW Yi-”m.
£d-L-XÙ] ©Wf-£- ]-L˚[ G›l-T-‹m, æo‹ LÙQ-‹m L¶-RmœZk˚RLfidœ ERY Yi-”m.
˘RÙPo-◊-L˚[l ◊¨k-’ LÙs-[-‹m, A˚Ul˚Td LÙQ-‹m, ŸdßÈo-Y-UÙLf £k-ßd-L-‹m, A±d- L-L-∞u N¨, RY-flL˚[ YÙ£j-’Eflß Nn-V-‹m œZk˚R ß\u-˘T\ Yi-”m.
Yœl-T- \- p Jq- YÙ-⁄œZk˚Rd-œm L¶-Rj˚RlT´Xj Ru]Ù-¤m ÿ•-ŸmGu‡m Sm-©d˚L Ht-TP˙Yi-”m.
2
49
-L-¦-R A±Üþ áßLs
Gi-L-fim L¶Rf ˘NVpLfim.
RW-‹-L˚[d (Data) ˚LVÙ-fi-Rp.
Y•-ÆVp.
Gi-L-fim L¶Rf ˘NVp-L-fim Gu\ Ui-P-Xj-ßp Gi-L-˚[-Ÿm, ©u]
Gi-L- [-Ÿm Eh-T-”jR Yi-”m. RW-‹-L˚[d (Data) ˚LVÙ-fim Ui-P-Xj-ßp TPe-
Ls, Ah-P-Y˚Q RVÙ-¨j-Rp, Ah-P-Y˚Q YÙ£j-Rp, TPe-L˚[ Æ[d-œ-Rp ˙TÙu-
\˚Y Eh-T-”m. Y•-ÆV≠p Y•YeL˚[Ÿm E⁄-YÙd-Lp-L-˚[-Ÿm Eh-T-”j-R-XÙm.
©Wf-£˚] æo-‹d-LÙLd œZk˚R Htfld-˘LÙs-fim- Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ L¶Rl ©Wf-£-˚]-
Ÿm, Cßp H˙R-‡m J⁄ L¶Rd L⁄j’P˙]Ù Ju-fld-œ ˙Ut-ThP L⁄j’-L-fi-P˙]Ù
˘RÙPo-◊-˚P-V-RÙL C⁄d-œm.
2. L¶Rf ˘NVp--Ls
˘NVp-ÿ˚\j ß\uL˚[l TVuT”jR YÙn-T∞l-T-’ Es-[-PdL A±˚YŸm,
U˙]Ù-®˚X˚VŸm Y[-Wf -˘Nn-V ˙Yi-”m. ˘NVp-ÿ˚\j ß\u-L-fid-œ ÿd-°-Vj-’-
Ym A∞dœm L¶-Rd Lt-\p S˚P- T\ Yi-”m. NVp-ÿ˚\j ß\u-L-∞u Y[of£
ÍXm L⁄j-’-⁄-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œm, A±-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œm YØ-˙LÙ-¤m ©Wf-£˚]f „Zp-L-
˚[ Yœl-©p E⁄YÙdL ˙Yi-”m.
3. U]-lTÙeœ
L¶Rl ©Wf-£-˚]-L-fid-œj æo‹ LÙ‘m˙TÙ’ E⁄-YÙ-œm A±YÙd-Ljßu
ÍXm œZk-˚R-L-∞-Pm £X U]-lTÙeœLs E⁄YÙ°u\]. œZk-˚R-L-∞u CVp-TÙ]
©WßT≠l◊-L-∞u ÍXm C˚Y ˘Y∞l-T-”-°-u\]. U]l-TÙe-œ-L-∞u £X ·fl-Ls
∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].
WN˚]
Bo-Ym
L¶-R-f £k-R-˚]-Ÿm, ©Wf-£-˚]d-LÙ] æo-‹m
L¶-Rd Lt-\-≠u YØ-VÙLd L¶-Rd-L-⁄j-’-Ls, ß\u-Ls, ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls,
U]lTÙeœ-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\d œZk-˚R-L∞Pm E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”-UÙ-´u, L¶-R-
UV-UÙLf £kßd-Lj Ái-”m „Zp A˚UV ˙Yi-”m.
œZk-˚R-´u A‡-T-YeLs, Bo-Ym, Li-˙QÙh-Pm, Sm-©d˚L CYt-fl-Pu
C˚Qk-R-˚Y-VÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.
250
L¦R A±-Üþ áß-Ls
œZk˚R A˚PkR A±-˙YÙ-” ˘RÙPo◊˚PV-RÙLf NYÙp A˚UV ˙Yi-”m.
œZk˚RL[Ùp Ht-fld ˘LÙs[ CV-¤m ©Wf-£˚]j ˘RÙPo-TÙ] RL-Yp-Ls
APe-°-V-RÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.
Cd-·flLs APe-°-V CVp-TÙ] „Z˚X E⁄-YÙdL ER-‹m Ej-ß-LsRÙu
"©Wf-£-˚]-Ls' . Cj-’-Pu Lt-\-≠u NÍ-Lj R˚Y-Ÿm „Z¤m œ›-YÙLj æo‹ LÙ‘m
YÙnl-◊-L-fim, ©Wf-£-˚]˚V A•lT˚PVÙLd ˘LÙiP L¶Rd Lt-\-≠-¤i”,
Al-T-•-VÙ-]Ùp L¶Rl ©Wf-£˚] Gq-YÙfl A˚UV ˙Yi-”m?
L¶Rl ©Wf-£- ]-Ls:
U¶LiP≤u ≈h-” ÿt-\j-ßp U˚Zl-Tk-R-≠p ˘TnR U˚Z-´u A[‹ C’.
SÙs TL-≠p ˘Tn-R-’ CW-Æ-p ˘Tn-R-’ ˘UÙj-Rm
ÆVÙ-Zu 12 œl© 7 œl©
˘Ys∞ 6 œl© 8 œl©
N≤ 10 œl© 10 œl©
G]-’ Ts∞ ÿt-\j-ßp U˚Zl-Tk-R-≠p ˘TnR U˚Z-´u A[‹
SÙs Ts-∞-˙S-Wj-ßp CW-Æp ˘UÙj-Rm
ÿRp SÙs
CWi-PÙm SÙs
Íu-\Ùm SÙs
ÿRp SÙs ˘UÙj-Rm Gj-R˚] œl-©-Ls?
™L AßL U˚Z ˘TnR SÙs G’?
GpXÙ SÙh-L-fim J˙W -˙TÙp U˚Z ˘Tn-’s[RÙ?
Ee-Ls U˚Zl-Tk-R-≠p AßL U˚Z ˘TnR’ CW-ÆXÙ? TL-≠XÙ?
CkR SÙu-œ ©Wf-£-˚]-L˚[Ÿm T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-’ Jq-˘YÙu-±u R≤jRu˚UL-
˚[-Ÿm Li”-©-•-Ÿe-Ls.
ÿRp CWi-•-¤m Li-”-©-•dL ˙Yi-•-V˚Y G˚Y G]d ·\l-Th-”s-[-’.
AkR ˙SÙd-Lm ®˚\-˙Y-fl-Y-Ru ÍXm Af˘NVp-TÙ-” ®˚\‹ ˘Tflm. B]Ùp,
Íu-flm, SÙu-œm ˘NVpTÙ”L˚[l ˘TÙfljRY˚W A˚Y Ju-˚\-Ÿm CWi-˚P-Ÿm
˙TÙu\˚Y ApX. Ju-fld-œ ˙Ut-ThP ˙SÙd-Le-Ls, ˘Yq-˙Y-fl YØ-ÿ-˚\-Ls, œZk-
˚R-L˙[ æo-UÙ-≤j-’f ˘NVp-T-”jR CV-¤m ß\kR ©Wf-N-˚]-Ls Bœm.
2
51
©Wf-£-û]j ¾o-Üm L¦Rf £kRû]Ùm
ß\kR Æ]Ùd-L-∞p Es[ ©Wf-£- ]-L-∞u æo-‹-L˚[ YÙnl-◊-L˚[ BWÙnk’,
˙R•d LtL YÙnl◊ A∞dL ˙Yi-”m.
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk-˚R˚V-Ÿm ˘Yq-˙Y-\Ù] L¶R A‡-T-Ye-Ls Ái-”-°u-\-].
AR]Ùp Tp-ÆRUÙ] ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ AYoLfidœ A∞dL ˙Yi-”m.
Cf„Z≠p L¶R A±-‹-⁄-YÙd-L-jßt-œ ER-‹m Y˚L-´p, ß\kR ©Wf-£˚]
„Zp-L˚[Ÿm, J⁄ œ±l©hP SÙdLj˚R Uh”m LÙiP ©Wf£˚] „ZpL˚[Ÿm
E⁄-YÙd°d L¶Rf £k-R-˚]˚V Y[olT˙R BWm-Tl Ts-∞-d Lt\≠u ˙SÙd-L-m.
œ±l©hP ˙SÙdLj˚R ˚UVUÙLd ˘LÙiP ©Wf-£˚] ˛
G”j’dLÙh”
TÙm˚U YÙeLd L˚P-dœf Nu\ WÙUu A±-Æl◊l TX-˚L-´p
G›ß C⁄l-T-˚Rd LY-≤j-RÙu.
10 ÏTÙnd-œl TÙm˚U YÙe-°-]Ùp 1 ÏTÙn T¨-—
VÙ˚]l- ˘TÙm˚U ˛ 10 ÏTÙn
LW-• ˘TÙm˚U ˛ 5 ÏTÙn
œZk˚R ˘TÙm˚U ˛ 1 ÏTÙn
WÙUu 10 VÙ˚]l ˘TÙm˚U YÙe-°-]Ùu.
T¨— °˚PjR ÏTÙnd-œm ˘TÙm˚U YÙe-°-]Ùp Gk-˘RkR ˘TÙm-˚U-L˚[
YÙe-L-XÙm? Jq- YÙu-flm Gj-R˚] ≈Rm °˚Pdœm?
æo-‹ LÙ‘m-˙TÙ’ SPl-T-’ Gu]?
Cl-©-Wf-£-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙQ ˙Yi-”-UÙ-]Ùp œZk-˚R-´u U]-ßp
S˚P˘T\ ˙Yi•V ˘NVp-ÿ˚\Ls G˚Y? A’ ˘RÙPo-TÙL Yœl-©p S˚P-˘T\
˙Yi-•V ˘NVp-Ls Gu-˘]u]? HL-˙RN Y•Ym A”jR Td-Lj-ßp ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-
”s-[-’.
252
©Wf-£-û]j ¾o-Üm L¦Rf £kRû]Ùm
E[f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls
©Wf-£˚]˚V EQoRp
©Wf-£˚] Æ[d-Lm
©Wf-£-˚]-´p Li-”-©-•dL ˙Yi-•-V˚Y, (˙SÙd-Lm) RWl-Th-
”s[ RL-Yp-L- [Ù-” RÙPo-◊-T-”jß GYt˚\d Li-”©-•dL
˙Yi-”- U]j æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.
©Wf-£- ]- u L¶R Y•Æp UÙtfl-Rp
©Wf-£- ]˚Vd L¶-Rj æo- Yd Li-”-©-•j-Rp
L¶Rj æo-‹d-LÙ] ©Wf-£˚] „Z˚Xl TVu-T-”j-Rp.
Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-”d œ±l-◊-Ls
©Wf-£˚]˚V Y∞- -Pp
—V A‡T-Ye-L˚[d ·fl-Rp.
GYt˚\d Li-”-©-•dL Yi”˘Uu\ Æ]Ùd-L-fi-Pu
˘RÙPo◊T”jßd ·fl-Rp.
˙SÙd-Lm, RL-Yp-Ls CYt-fl-Pu RÙPo-◊-T-”jß GYt˚\d
Li-”-©-•dL Yi-”- Uu-T˚Rj æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.
Gu] L¶Rf NVp NnV Yi-”- U]j æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.
F°j-Rp.
˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] £u]eL˚[l TVuT”j’Rp.
Tp- Y-fl ©Wf-£˚]j æo-‹d-LÙ] Ej-ß-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œRp.
L¶Rf NV˚Xf Nn-Rp.
Tp- Yfl YØ-ÿ- \-L˚[d Li-”©•jRp.
T -NÙ-Ll Tt\ 11 ÏTÙnd-œ Gu- ]u] TÙm- U-L- [
YÙeL CV-¤m? TÙm- U-L-∞u TVo-L˚[Vm,
Gi-¶d- L˚VŸm ·fl-°-\Ùo-L[Ù G]l T - NÙ-ßj-Rp.
©Wf-£˚]f „Z-¤d-œ HtT æo-Æ˚] Æ[d-œ-Rp,
UÙt± A˚Uj-Rp.
CqYÙfl ©Wf-£˚]dœj æo-‹LÙ-‘m-˙TÙ’ S˚P-˘T-flm E[f ˘NVpL˚[d, L¶R
A±-‹-⁄-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œ Ht\ Lt-\p˛Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVpL[ÙL UÙt-flm˙TÙ’ AYt-±p
C⁄dL ˙Yi-•V ·flL-˚[-Ÿm, AYt-±t-°-˚P-˙V-VÙ] ˘RÙPo-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm TP-UÙL
Y˚Wk-’ TÙ⁄eLs.
©Wf-£˚] „Z-≠u R≤jRu˚UL˚[d L⁄jßp LÙi-”, ©Wf-
£-˚]dLÙ]j æo-Æ˚] Ußl-©h-”j R˚YVÙ] UÙt\eLs
˘NnYRtLÙ] YØ-ÿ- \-L˚[j R”-Rp.
2
53
Au-\ÙP YÙr-Æp
˙S¨-”m ©Wf-£-˚]-Ls
©Wf-£˚]j æo-‹-L˚[
Au-\ÙP YÙr-Æp
TVuT”j-’-Rp
©Wf-£-û]j ¾o-Üm L¦Rf £kRû]Ùm
©Wf-£-˚]-´u
L¶R Y•Yj˚R
E⁄-YÙd-œRp
L¶RÈoY-UÙ]
©Wf£˚]j æo‹
254
©Wf-£˚]˚V
Ht-fld˘LÙs-fi-Rp
]iv\-]-cn-l-c-Whpw KWn-X-Nn-¥bpw
©Wf-£˚] æo-‹d-LÙ] ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´p Ju-fld-œl ©u Ut-˘\Ùu-fl Gu\
Y¨-˚Nl-T-• £k-R˚] E⁄-YÙ-Y-ßp-˚X. C˚Y Ju-˙\Ù-˘PÙufl C˚Qk-’ Jq-˘YÙ⁄
®˚X-´-¤m ©Wf-£˚] æo-‹d-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-Ls Ußl-©PlT”°u\].
Aß-≠⁄k-’ ◊¨k-’˘LÙiPRu A•l-T-˚P-´p æo-‹d-LÙ] Ej-ß-L˚[f £X -˙Y-˚[-
L-∞p UÙt± A˚Uj-RÙp Uh-”˙U ©Wf-£-˚]d-LÙ] æo‹LÙQ ÿ•-Ÿm. CkR SÙu-œ
®˚X-L-∞-¤m, ÿu ©u]ÙL SPdœm £k-R-˚]-L-˚[, Cq-YÙ-fl G”j-’-˚Wd-L-XÙm.
ßh-P-
™-”-Rp
©Wf-£˚]˚V
Gßo
˘LÙs-fi-Rp
Ußl-©-”-Rp
Lt-\p
˘NVp-ÿ˚\
ßh-P-™-hP˚R
S˚P-ÿ-˚\l
T”j-Rp
Ce-œ Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m Ht-ThP £k-R-˚]-Ls Aq-Yl-˙TÙ-’ Ußl-©-Pl-
T-”-°-u\]. YÙnl-◊-L˚[d Li-P-±°u\]o; R˚Y-VÙ] UÙt-\e-L˚[f Nn-°u\]o.
RÙu TVu-T-”j-ßV £k-R-˚]˚V Ußl-©-”m ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˙V C’. ARu YÙ´-XÙLl
©Wf-£-˚]dœ HtTj R]-’ £k-R-˚]˚V Gq-YÙ-fl TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-fl £k-
ßdœm TÙ’-RÙu GkR ◊ßV ©Wf-£-˚]-Ÿm Sm˚U Aßof£ A˚PVf NnYßp˚X.
©Wf-£-û]j ¾o-Üm L¦Rf £kRû]Ùm
2
55
]iv\-]-cn-l-c-Whpw KWn-X-Nn-¥bpw
L¶Rd Lt-\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp UÙߨ ˛ ®˚X-Ls
˙S¨hP Lt-\p ©Wf-£-˚]Lfid-œj æo‹ LÙ‘m ˘NVp-ÿ˚\Ls YÙ´-XÙLj
RÙu œZk˚R L¶R A±˚Y E⁄-YÙd-œ-°u-\Ùu; ©Wf-£˚]Lfidœj æo-‹ LÙ‘m
ÿVt£´p D”T”°\Ùu. ÿR≠p Li-”-©-•dL ˙Yi-•V’ G’? GlT• Li-”©•dL
˙Yi”m, ARtœ Gu-˘]u] RLYp-Ls ˙R˚Y Gu-T-˚R-l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-’ AYt-±t-
°- P- V-Ÿs[ RÙPo◊L˚[d Li-”©•d-°-\Ùu. Cq-YÙ-fl ©Wf-£- ]dLÙ] æo˚Yd
Li”©•d-°u-\Ùu. ˘RÙPok’ Aj æo-Æu A•l-T-˚P-´p R]-’ ÿ•˚Y E⁄-YÙd-
°, A˚Rl ◊ßV „Z-≠p TVu-T-”jß ˙Um-T-”j-’°-\Ùu. A±‹ E⁄-YÙdLf ˘NVp
ÿ˚\-´u ÿd-°V ®˚X-Ls C˚Y-VÙ-œm:
1. ©Wf-£˚]L˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnRp
2. æo‹ LÙ‘Rp
3. ˘TÙ’ ÿ•‹ LÙQp
Ck-®˚XL∞u Jq˘YÙ⁄ LhPjß-¤m ©Wf-£-˚]-Ÿ-Pu ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙsfim
˙TÙ’ œZk˚R L¶-Rd L⁄j-’-L-˚[, ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[, ß\u-L-˚[l TVu-T-”j’-°-
\Ùu. ©Wf-£˚]dœj æo-‹ °˚Pdœm Y˚L-´p AYt˚\ UÙt± A˚Uj’m, ◊ßV]
◊œjߟm, ˘NnŸm ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\VÙœm C’.
Ck®˚X-L-∞p œZk˚RL∞u U]-ßp S˚P-˘T-flm £k-R-˚]-Ls G˚Y?
®˚X: 1 ©Wf-£˚]L˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘NnRp
©Wf-£-˚]-L˚[ Ht-fld-˘LÙs-fim œZk˚R, AYt±u æo-‹d-œj R˚Y-VÙ]
RW-‹-L˚[f ˙NL-¨lT’m æo-‹d-LÙ] YØ-ÿ-˚\-L˚[d Li-”-©-•l-T-’m ©Wf-
£˚]L˚[l Tœl-TÙ-Ÿm ®˚X-´-XÙ-œm.
Cl©Wf-£-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙQd Li-”-©-•dL ˙Yi-•V˚Y G˚Y?
AYt˚\d Li-”-©-•lT˘RlT•?
Gu-˘]u] RL-Yp-Ls ˙R˚Y?
°˚PjR RL-Yp-Ls G˚Y?
CYt-±-≠-⁄k-’ ◊ß-V-RÙL Gu-˘]u] RL-YpL˚[d Li”©•dL-XÙm?
CjR˚LV ˙RPp-LsRÙu Ce-œ S˚P-˘T-fl-°-u\]. Aj-’-Pu RWl-Th-”s[ RL-Yp-
L-fid-°-˚P˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo-©˚]l ©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙ‘m ®˚X´p Gq-YÙ-fl
256
©Wf-£-û]j ¾o-Üm ùNVp §\u-LÞm
TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm Gu-T-˚R-Ÿm œZk˚R Li-P-±-°-\Ùu. Li-”-©-•jRYt˚\ Si-To-L-
fiPu T°ok’ ˘LÙs°u\Ùu; Yœl-©p ˘Y∞-´-”-°u-\Ùu. ARÙ-Y-’ RW-‹-L˚[
AX£ BWÙn-R-¤m, Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘NnR-¤m Ck-®-˚X-´p S˚P-˘T-fl-°-\-’.
®˚X: 2 ©Wf-£˚] æo‹
©Wf-£˚]L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-Ÿm-˙TÙ’ ÍXm Li-”©•jR L⁄j-’-Ls,
AYt±t°˚P˙VŸs[ ˘RÙPo◊Ls B°VYt-±u A•l-T-˚P-´p œZk˚R æo‹
LÙ‘m ˘NVp-L-∞p D”-T-”-°-\Ùu. Tp-˙Y-fl YØ--L˚[l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-’m ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ-]-
Yt˚\ Ht-fld-˘LÙi-”mRÙu ©Wf-£-˚]d-LÙ] æo-˚Yd Li”©•d-°-\Ùu. RÙu
LPk’ YkR TÙ˚R-L˚[ ¡s-TÙo˚Y ˘Nn-’, RY-fl-L˚[d Li-”-©-•j-’f —V-UÙL
˙Um-T-”j-R-‹m, RÙu Li-”-©-•j-R-Yt˚\ ©\ œZk˚RL∞u æo‹L˙[Ù” Jl-©-P-‹m
˘Nn°\Ùu. —V-UÙLd L¶-Rf ˘NVpLs ˘Nn-Rp, UÙß-¨-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp ˙TÙu\
ß\-˚U-L˚[ Ck-®-˚X-´p œZk˚RLs TVu-T-”j-’-°-\Ùo-Ls. ©Wf-£˚]dœj æo‹
LÙ‘m ®˚X-´p œZk˚RLs TVu-T-”j-’-T-Yt˚\ ˘NVp-ß-\uLs, UÙß-¨-Ls E⁄-
YÙ-dœ-Rp, F°j-Rp B°-V-Yt-±p Eh-T-”j-R-XÙm.
®˚X : 3 ÿ•-‹-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp
©Wf-£˚]j æo-Æu A•l-T-˚P-´p ÿ•-‹-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-° AYt˚\l ◊ßV
„r-®-˚X-L-∞p TVu-T-”jß ˙UmT”j’-°u-\-]o. œZk˚R´u Cd Li-”-©-•l◊Ls
©u-]o ˙S¨”m Lt-\p ©Wf-£-˚]L˚[d œZk˚RLs Ru]m-©d-˚L-Ÿ-Pu Gß-o
˘LÙs[ YØYœd-œ-°-\-’. Uh”UpX E⁄-YÙd°V L¶Rd L⁄j’L˚[ ’p-≠-V-UÙ-L-
‹m, ÿ›˚UVÙL‹m, G∞-˚U-VÙ-L-‹m ˘Y∞-´-”°-\Ùu. ˘UÙØ-´-≠-⁄k-’ ˙Yfl-Th-”
Y˚WTPm, Th-•-Vp, TPeLs B°V-Yt-±u ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\m SPj-’-
°u-\Ùu.
©Wf-£˚]LfidLÙ] æo-‹m, ˘NVp-ß-\u-L-fimL¶Rd L⁄j-’d-Ls, ß\u-Ls ˙TÙu-\Yt˚\f ˘NVp-ß-\u-L˚[l TVu-T-
”j-’YRu YÙ´XÙLl ˘Tfl°\ÙoLs. ˘NVp-ß-\u-L˚[l ©Wf-N˚]LfidLÙ] æo-‹-
LÙ‘m ®˚XL∞p TVu-T-”j-’-m ˙TÙ’ A±-‹-⁄-YÙdLm SPlT˘RlT•?
©Wf-£˚]L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œm˙TÙ’LY-≤dL ˙Yi-•-V˚Y:
1. ˙R˚Y-VÙ] NÙtL˚[ Uh-”˙U ET- VÙ-°dL
˙Yi-”m.
2.. G∞V YÙd-°V A˚Ul◊
3. YÙoj- R-L-[Ùp RL-Yp-L˚[ Í•
U˚\d-LÙ-U≠⁄l-T-’.
4. TZdLUÙ] „ZpLs/ ®Lr‹Ls/ CPeL˚[
Eh-T-”j-Rp.
5. Gi-L˚[ CP-U-ßl©uT• NÙp-¤-Rp
6. TX-ÆR L¶Rf NVp-Ls Tp˙Yfl LhPe-L∞p
CPm˘Tflm ©Wf-£- ]-L˚[j RÆojRp.
2
57
©Wf-£-û]j ¾o-Üm ùNVp §\u-LÞm
®˚X 1 ©Wf-£˚]l Tœl-TÙn‹
˘NVp-ß-\u : AX£ BWÙn-Rp
©Wf-£-˚]˚Vf -N¨-VÙL ®o-Q-´j-Rp.
˙Yfl-ThP YØ-L˚[d Li-”-©-•j-Rp.
N¨-VÙ] YØ˚Vj ˙Rok-˘R-”jRp.
©Wf-£˚]j æo-‹d-LÙ] YØ˚Vd ·flRp.
˘NVp-ß-\u : RW‹ Tœl-TÙn‹
RL-Yp-Ls ˙NL-¨j-Rp.
˙R˚Y-VÙ] ◊ßV RW-‹-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdœRp.
RL-Yp-L˚[ ˙SÙd-Lj-ßt-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙL Y¨-˚NlT”jß Y˚Ll-T-”jßl
Th-•Vp C”-Rp.
RL-Yp-Lfid-°- P- V-Ÿs[ TWv-TW ˘RÙPo◊/ ˙Yfl-TÙ-”-L˚[d Li-P-±-Rp.
®˚X 2 ©Wf-£˚]j æo‹
˘NVp-ß-\u : L¶-Rf ˘NVp-TÙ”-L˚[f ˘Nn-Rp
L¶-Rf ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L∞u -æo-‹-L˚[ F°j-’d ·fl-Rp/U]dL-Qd-LÙLd
·flRp
˙Yfl-ThP L¶-Rf ˘NVpÿ˚\-L˚[l TVu-T-”j-’Rp.
N¨-VÙ] Æ˚P Li-”-©-•jRp.
TVu-T-”j-ßV L¶-Rf ˘NVpÿ˚\-´u YÙnl-◊-L˚[l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-Rp/
Ußl-©-Pp.
˘NVp-ß-\u : UÙߨLs E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp
CVp-TÙLl ˘TÙ⁄jR-UÙ] UÙߨ-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp
˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] YØ Li-P-±-Rp / L⁄Æ Li-P-±-Rp.
’p-≠-V-UÙL, ÷h-TUÙLl UÙߨLs ˘Nn-Rp.
UÙߨ-L-∞u AZ˚Lf —VUÙL Ußl-©-Pp, ˙Um-T-”j-Rp.
258
©Wf-£-û]j ¾o-Üm ùNVp §\u-LÞm
˘NVpÿ˚\j -ß-\u : F°jRp
F°l-T-Rt-LÙ] Ejß-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp
(ÿ˚\, TVuT”jßV „jßWm)
T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-’l TÙoj-Rp (’p≠Vm, ÿ˚\)
UflT¨∫X˚]´u A•l-T-˚P-´p N¨-VÙ] A[-Æ-≠-⁄k-’, Æj-ß-VÙ-Nm
Yk-R-Rt-LÙ] LÙW-Qm Li-P-±-Rp / ˙Um-T-”j-Rp.
®˚X: 3 ÿ•-‹-Ls E⁄-YÙd-œ-Rp
˘NVp-ÿ˚\j ß-\u : L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\m
Li-P-±kR L⁄j-’-Ls, ÿ•-‹-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚YL˚[ ˙Yfl-ThP ÿ˚\-´p
˘Y∞l-T-”j-’-Rp. (Æ[dLm / TPÆ[dLm)
G∞V L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt\ ÿ˚\˚Vl TVu-T-”jßd L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\m SPj-’-Rp.
(NÙu-fl-Ls Utflm ERÙ-W-Qj-’-Pu)
Li-P-˚PkR L⁄j-’-Ls, ÿ•-‹-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚YL˚[j ˘RÙœjRp.
2
59
©Wf-£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m Tp-˙Yfl Lh-PeL-∞p ˙Yfl-ThP ˘NVpÿ˚\j
-ß-\u-L˚[l TVuT”jßd L¶R A±‹ E⁄-YÙdLm S˚P˘Tflm Yœl-T˚\f
„Z˚Xl TÙ⁄eLs.
Lt\p ˘NVp- ÿ˚\Ls Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-”d œ±l-◊-Ls
2. ©Wf-£˚]l Tœl-TÙn‹
©Wf-£˚]˚Vj æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp,
˘Tt\ A±˙YÙ” ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”jß ARu
æo-‹d-LÙ] YØ-L˚[ B˙XÙ-£j-Rp ˛
˙Rok-˘R-”j-Rp,
—V T-¨-˙NÙ-R˚]
1. ©Wf-£˚] ˘Y∞- -Pp
3. ©Wf-£˚]j æo‹
©Wf-£˚]˚Vl Tœl-TÙn-‹ ˘Nn’ Æ˚P
Li”©•jRp. ˙R˚Y-VÙ-]Ùp Ju-fld-œ
˙Ut-ThP YÙnl-◊-L˚[Ÿm T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-Rp.
U‡ SL-Wd LÙh-£-L˚[d LÙQ SL-Wj-˚R-V-˚Pk-RÙu. Gq-Y-[‹ Bh-Ls! CkR Tv-
≥p GjR˚] ˙To C⁄d-°u-\-]o? U‡ LQd-°Pj ˘RÙPe°]Ùu.
YX-’ Td-Lm 3 ˙To ≈Rm AU⁄m 9 C⁄d-˚L-Ls. CP-’- Td-Lm 2 ˙To ≈Rm AU⁄m 8
C⁄d-˚L-Ls Gu-˙]Ù-” ˙Noj’ 8 ˙To C⁄d˚L Cp-XÙ-Up ®t-°u-\-]o. HL-˙R-Nm
Gj-R˚] ˙To Tv-≥p Es-[-]o?
RU-’ FLj˚Rd œ±j-’d˘LÙs-°u-\-]o.
˘Y∞-´”°u\]o.
Gp-˙XÙ-⁄d-œm ˙Yfl ˙Yfl Gi-Ls °˚PjR˙Ru? £k-ßjR ÿ˚\L˚[l T°ok’
˘LÙs˙YÙUÙ?
F°jR ÿ˚\˚Vj R≤jR≤-VÙL G›-’-°u-\-]o. £Xo ˘Y∞-´-”-°u-\-]o.
CkR YØLs -N¨-VÙ-]RÙ? ˙Yfl YØ-Ls Es[]YÙ? ˛ œ›-YÙ-°u-\-]o;
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m ˚LVÙiP ÿ˚\-L˚[d œ›-Æp ˘Y∞-´-”-°u-\-]o. ÆYÙ-Rm.
N¨-VÙ] YØL˚[d Li-P-±-°u-\-]o. œ› ˘Y∞-¬”.
GkR YØ˚V Htfld˘LÙs[XÙm.? LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp, T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-Rp, ˙Rok-˘R-”j-Rp.
øe-Ls G˚Rj ˙Rok-˘R-”l-¿o-Ls?
Htfld˘LÙs[d·•V YØ-L∞u ÍXm œZk˚R-Ls R≤jR≤-VÙLl
©Wf-£˚]Lfidœj æo‹ LÙi°u-\-]o. ˘Y∞-´-”-°u-\-]o.
L¶Rf ˘NVp ÿ˚\-L˚[ Æ[d-œ-°u-\-]o˛ Tœl-TÙn‹ (J˙W ˙TÙu\˚Y,
ÆjßVÙ-N-UÙ-]-˚Y, Ht◊˚PV˚Y)
B£-¨-Vo ˘RÙœj-Rp (B£-¨-Vo T˚Pl◊ ˘Y∞-´-Pp)
˙U˙X œ±l-©h”s[ ˘NVpÿ˚\Ls ÍXm œZk˚R-Ls E⁄-YÙd-°V L⁄j-’-Ls, ß\u-Ls,
˘NVpÿ˚\j -ß-\u-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚YL˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’ Li-”-©-•d-L-XÙUÙ?
360
LiQÙÍf£
hne-bn-cp-ج Fßs\? ˛ `mj
Lt-\p NV-pÿ˚\L∞u ÍXm œZk˚RL∞Pm SPd-œm Tu-ÿL A±‹ Y[of-
£˚V Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m G] SÙm TÙoj-˙RÙm. G≤p ARt-
LÙ] Ußl-¿h”f ˘NVpÿ˚\ Gq-YÙfl A˚UV ˙Yi”m?
Ußl-©-P-≠u ÿRp ®˚X- GuT’ Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] RL-Yp-L˚[f NL¨lTRÙL
A˚UŸ-Up-XYÙ? CjRL-Yp-Ls Ge-°-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm? Tp˙Yfl E˚\-Æ-Pe-L-∞-≠-
⁄k-’ RL-Yp-L˚[f ˙NL-¨dL ˙Yi-”-Up-XYÙ? VÙo? Hu? œZk˚R´u Y[of£˚V
ÿ›˚UVÙLl TÙod-L ER‹m RL-Yp-L˚[ B£-¨-Vo RÙ˙] ˙NL-¨dL ˙Yi-”m.
RL-Yp-Ls þ Lt-\-Ûd-Lô] U§l-©-P-Ûd-Ï
Lt-©j-Rp ˚L˙Vh-•p ©W-ß-T-≠l◊l Td-Lj-ß-¤s[ RL-Yp-L˚[ (U.-R-˛1) B£-
¨-Vo Gl-˙TÙ-’ ˙NL-¨j-ß-⁄l-TÙo?
R≤-VÙ-Ld L˚R G›-ßV˙TÙ’
UÙQ-Yl T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl˚T Ußl-©-”m˙TÙ’
Ck-®-˚X-´p ˙Ut-œ-±l-©h-”s[ RL-Yp-Ls B£-¨-V-⁄d-œj ˙R˚YVÙ?
Æ˚[-VÙh-” Æ[d-Lm RVÙ-¨lT-ßp œZk˚R GkR ®˚X-´p C⁄d-°-\Ùu,
L⁄j-ßp ˘Ttfls[ A±-‹ ®˚X Gu] ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ A±V CjRL-Yp-Ls B£-¨-
V⁄dœ ER-‹-Up-XYÙ? CVp-TÙL C˚Y Lt-\p ˘NVpÿ-˚\-L˚[ YØ -SPjR ER-‹-
T˚Y-VÙ-œm.
TÙLm˛ 3˘UÙØ˚V Ußl-©”-Y-’ Gq-YÙ-fl?
Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-Ls˛1
A⁄i Æ˚[-VÙh-” Æß-L- [Ÿm,
Æ˚[-VÙh-” ÿ˚\L˚[-Ÿm
G›-ß- ⁄kRÙu.
YÙd-°-Ve-L˚[ J›e-LÙL
G›-ß -⁄k-RÙu.
L⁄j-’ ÿ›- U-VÙL C⁄k-R-’.
3
61
hne-bn-cp-ج Fßs\? ˛ `mj
CkRj RL-Yp-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p B£-¨-Vo Lt-\p ˘NV-pÿ-˚\-L-∞p ˙R˚Y-VÙ]
UÙt-\e-L˚[f ˘Nn-V-XÙm. RÙu ˘NnV ˙Yi-•V ER-Æ-´u A[-‹, ÿ˚\, ˙TÙu-\-
Yt˚\ B£-¨-Vo æo-UÙ-≤j-’ S˚P-ÿ-˚\-T-”jß C⁄l-TÙo.
Cq-YÙ-fl Lt-\p ˘NVpÿ-˚\-L˚[ ÿu-S-Pjß ˘Np-¤m RL-Yp-Ls, Lt-\-p
Ußl-¿h-•p C⁄k’ °˚Pd-Ld ·•-V-˚Y-VÙ-œm.
Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-©-P-≠p °˚Pd-œm RL-Yp-L-∞u ˘TÙ’l Ti◊-Ls G˚Y-?
Lt-\-p ˘NVp ÿ˚\-L-∞u ÍXm B£-¨-V-⁄d-œd °˚Pl-T˚Y.
Lt-\p ˘NVp ÿ˚\-L˚[ ÿu SPj-ßf ˘Np-T˚Y.
°˚PjR RL-Yp-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p EP˙]Ù Ap-X-’ ©u-]˙WÙ ˘NVp
-TÙ-”-L-∞p ˘NnV ˙Yi-•V UÙt-\e-Ls, ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ER-Æ-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚Y
œZk˚RLfid-œl ©u-Úh-P-UÙLd °˚Pd-œm.
CkRj RL-Yp-Ls œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt\p ®˚X-˚Vl Tt±l TV-‡s[ RL-YpL˚[
A∞d-°-u\].
RL-Yp-Ls ˛ Ußl-©-P˙X Lt-\p
Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-Ls 2. C’, RÙu ˘NnR ˘NVp-TÙh-˚Pf —V-UÙ-L˙Y Ußl-©-”-
Y-RÙ-œm. œZk˚R Ru ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ Gq-YÙ-fl LÙi-°-\Ùu? Ru-˚]l Tt-±V
L⁄j-’ Gu-]? Gufl —V Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-°-\Ùu. CkR Ußl-©-P˙X Lt-\p ˘RÙPo-TÙ]
RL-Yp-L˚[ A∞d-°-\-’.
Ußl-©-P˙X Lt-\p ˛ RL-Yp-L-∞u ˘TÙ’l Ti◊-Ls
Lt-\p ˘NV-pÿ˚\´u˙TÙ’ œZk- R-Ls ˘Nn-Ÿm —V Ußl-¿h-•u ÍXm °˚Pl-T-’.
—V-UÙL ˙Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-Ls A∞l-T-˚Y.
R]-’ Lt-\p ˘NV-p ÿ˚\´u, ßh-P-™-Pp, S˚P-ÿ-˚\, Ußl-©-Pp ˙TÙu-\-
˚Yl Tt± A±V œZk-˚Rdœm, C˚Rl-Tt±d œZk˚R A±k-’s-[Ù]Ù
Gu\±V B£-¨-V-⁄d-œm ˙R˚Y-VÙ] RL-Yp-Ls A∞l-T-˚Y-VÙ-œm.
RL-Yp-Ls- ˛ Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-Pp
Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-Ls˛3, Gq-YÙ-\Ù-]-’? Lt-\p ˙SÙd-L-ÿ-UÙL Jl-◊-˚Ul-T”j-
’m-˙TÙ-’ œZk-˚R-´u Lt-\-p ®˚X˚V Æ[d-œm RL-Yp-L-[Ù-œm C˚Y,
Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-Ls 2
ÿu]o NÙu-]-Yt-±u
˘RÙPof-£-VpX
CWi-PÙ-Y-’ NÙu-]- Y.
362
hne-bn-cp-ج Fßs\? ˛ `mj
C²-V-²u, LûR ØÝ-ûU-Vôd-Lp
C˚Y J⁄ AX-°u ÿ•-Æ-˙XÙ, T⁄-Yj-ßu ÿ•-Æ˙XÙ ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-∞-P˙UÙ œZk-˚R-
L-∞-P˙UÙ Lt-\p ®˚X˚V A±-ÆdL B£-¨-Vo ˙NL-¨jR RL-Yp-L-[ÙL C⁄d-L-XÙm.
Cq-YÙ-fl œZk˚R E⁄-YÙd-°V A±‹ GkR A[‹ ®˚X ˘LÙi-”s-[-’ Gu\ RL-
Yp-Ls Lt-\p Ußl-¿-˙PÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚P-V-]YÙœm.
Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-Pp ˛ RL-Yp-L-∞u ˘TÙ’j Ru-˚U-Ls
˘Tt\ L⁄j-’ GkR A[‹ ®˚X LÙi-”s-[-’ Gu-fl A±-Y-Rt-LÙ] RL-YpL˚[
A∞j-Rp.
Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Le-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p œZk-˚R-L∞u Lt-\p ®˚X˚Vj æo-
UÙ≤dL ER‹m RL-Yp-L˚[ A∞j-Rp.
Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-Pp ˛ RL-Yp E˚\-Æ-Pe-Ls
Lt-\p S˚P- T-flm Yœl-T- \˙V Lt-\- Xl Tt-±V RL-Yp-Ls NL- l-©t-LÙ] £\kR
E˚\-Æ-P-UÙ-œm. Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´u ˙TÙ’ B£-¨-Vo ˙NL-¨jR RL-Yp-Ls Lt-©j-
Rp ˚L˙Vh-•u ©W-ß-T-≠l-◊l Td-Le-L-∞p LÙQl-T-”m. Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´u TÙL-
UÙ] œZk-˚R-´u YÙn-˘UÙØd L⁄j’˚WLs, ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-Ls ˙TÙu\
Lt-\p ˘Y∞l-TÙ-”-L-fim, RL-Yp ˙NL-¨l-©t-LÙ] E˚\-Æ-Pe-L-[Ù-œm. Lt-\-˚Xl-Tt±j
RL-Yp-Ls A∞d-œm ˙Yfl-TX E˚\-Æ-Pe-L-fim Ei-Pp-X-YÙ? A˚Y G˚Y?
Si-To-Ls ©\ B£-¨-Vo-Ls
˘Tt-˙\Ùo NÍ-Lm
GRt-LÙL Cj-R˚] RL-Yp E˚\-Æ-Pe-Ls?
Yœl-T-˚\˙V RL-Yp ˙NL-¨l-T-Rt-LÙ] £\kR E˚\-Æ-P-UÙL C⁄d-œm-˙TÙ-’, Yœl-
©t-œ ˘Y∞˙V GRt-LÙLd œZk-˚R-˚Vl Tt-±V RL-Yp-L˚[ ÆNÙ-¨d-°-˙\Ùm? ClT•
ÆNÙ-¨d-œm ÿu Sm-ÿu-‡s[ œZk-˚R-˚Vl Tt± SÙm A±V ˙Yi-•-V-’i-”. Gu-
˘]u] £\l-Tm-Ne-Ls AY≤Pm/AY-∞-Pm Es-[]?
œZk-˚R-Ls ˙Yfl-Th-P-Yo-Ls. AYo-L-fid-œd ˘LÙ”d-œm Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-
L-fim ˙Yfl-Th-P-˚Y, Ht-fld-˘LÙs-fim Ru-˚U-Ÿm ˙Yfl-Th-P˚Y. A-Yu ◊Ze-œm
CPe-Lfim ˙Yfl-Th-P-˚Y-VÙ-R-≠-]Ùp Ußl-¿-”m ˙Yfl-ThP E˚\-Æ-Pe-L˚[ SÙP
˙Yi-•-Ÿs-[’.
Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-Ls 3
TPj-ßu A•l-T- P- p G∞V
YÙd-°VeL-∞p L˚R H›-ß-]Ùu.
ÿ›- U-VÙ] L⁄j-’ Ei-”.
˘T⁄m-TÙ-XÙ] YÙoj- R-L˚[f
N -VÙL G›’-°-\Ùu.
£\lTÙL Y∞- -”°-\Ùu.
L˚R-´u ÿ•-‹, £\l-TÙL
C⁄kR’.
3
63
hne-bn-cp-ج Fßs\? ˛ `mj
Ußl¿h” ÿ˚\-Ls
Yœl-T-˚\-´p J⁄ Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-” S˚P-˘T-flm ˙TÙ’ œZk-˚R´u A±-‹-
⁄-YÙd-Lm £\kR ÿ˚\-´p S˚P-˘T-\- ˙Yi”m. œZk˚R R]’ Tu-ÿL A±˚Yl
TVu-T-”j-R- ˙Yi”m. CRt-LÙLl TX-ÿ˚\L-˚[d ˚LVÙ-fi-˙YÙ-Up-XYÙ? A˚Y
VÙ˚Y?
œZk-˚R-L˚[d œ›d-L-[Ùd-œ-Rp.
˘TÙfll-◊-L-˚[f —V-UÙL Ht-fld ˘LÙs[ YÙnl-T-∞jRp.
CWi-” ˙TW-Pe-°V £fl œ›d-L-[ÙdœRp.
œ›-Æp ˙SW-•-VÙLl Te-œ ˘TflRp.
˙Nok-’ ˘NV-XÙt-flRp.
Al-T-•-VÙ-]Ùp Cd Lt-\p ÿ˚\-L-˚[˙V Ußl-©-P-¤dœ TVu-T-”j-R-XÙ-Up-XYÙ?
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ Ußl-¿h” ÿ˚\˚Vl TVu-T-”j-’m ˙TÙ’m °˚Pd-œm RL-YpLs
G˚Y? ARu œQ-S-XuLs Gu-]? SÙd-Lm Gu-]? AR-]Ùp B£- -V-⁄d-œd °˚Pd-
œm TXu Gu-]? ARt-LÙL ET-˙VÙ-°d-œm L⁄-Æ-Ls VÙ˚Y? CYt-˚\l Tt± ƨ-
YÙL ÆYÙ-ßdL ˙Yi-”-Up-XYÙ?
J⁄ CWi-PÙm Yœl◊ B£-¨˚V "TPok-’ TPok-’' Gu\ TÙPj-ßp ÈN-¶d-LÙ-
˚Vl Tt±d œ±l◊ RVÙ-WÙd-œ-Y-Rt-LÙ] ˘NVp-TÙ-” SPjR Yœl-T-˚\-´p SPjßV
˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[l TÙol-˙TÙm.
ÈN-¶d-LÙ-˚Vl- Tt±l TÙPl-◊j-R-Lj-ßp œ±l-©-Pl-Th-”s-[-˚Rj R≤-VÙLd
Li”-©-•dL YÙnl◊ A∞j-Rp.
TÙP-lT-œ-ß-´-≠-⁄k-’ Li-P-±k-R-Yt-˚\f £±V œ›d-L-∞p Te-œ ˚Yj-Rp.
ÈN-¶d-LÙ-˚Vl- Tt± AßL RL-Yp-Ls APe-°V ◊j-R-Lj˚Rd œ›d-L-fidœ
A∞j-Rp.
œ›-Æp YÙ£j-Rp.
R≤-VÙ-Ld œ±l◊ RVÙ-¨j-Rp.
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m RVÙ-¨jR œ±l-◊-L˚[d œ›-Æp ˘Y∞-´-Pp.
œZk- R-L-∞u R≤j-Ru˚U-Ls
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk-˚RŸm R≤j-
Ru˚U YÙnk-R-YoLs.
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk-˚R-´u Lt-\p
ÿ˚\-L-fim Yfl-Th-P- Y-VÙ-œm.
Jq- YÙ-⁄ œZk- Rd-œm R]d˙L
E¨V £k-ßdœm ÿ˚\-Ÿi-”.
Tu-ÿL A±-‹j R[j-ßu Tp- Yfl
·fl-Ls £X¨Pm Aß-L-UÙ-L-‹m,
£X -Pm œ˚\k-’m LÙQl-T”m.
œZk- R- u Æ⁄l-Te-Ls, Bo-Ye-
Ls, U]- Y›f-£-Ls Yfl-Th-P- Y-
VÙ-œm..
Jq- YÙ-⁄ œZk- RŸm Yfl-ThP
œ”mTf „Z≠≠-⁄k-’, Yfl-ThP
YÙrd˚L A‡-T-Ye-L˙[Ù-” Y⁄-
°-\Ùu. AYo-L-∞u Æ⁄l-T-eL-∞-
¤m Li˙QÙh-Pe-L-∞-¤m A˚Y
©W-ß-T-≠d-œm.
364 ˘TÙ’d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp
œ›-Æu ˘TÙ’l T˚Pl◊j RVÙ-¨j-Rp
œ›l T˚Pl◊L˚[ ˘Y∞-´-Pp
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œ›-l T˚Pl-◊L-∞u £\l-Tm-Ne-L˚[l Tt± ÆYÙ-ßj-Rp
-B£-¨-Vo T˚Pl-˚T ˘Y∞-´-Pp
B£-¨-Vo T˚Pl-©u £\l-Tm-Ne-L˚[l Tt± ÆYÙ-ßj-Rp
ÆYÙ-Rj-ßu A•l-T-˚P-´p Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m R]-’ T˚Pl◊L˚[
˙Um-T-”jß G›-’-Rp.
œ› Ußl-©-Pp
œ±l◊ E⁄YÙd-œm ˘NVp-TÙh-•u A•l-T-˚P-´p œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh-•u
T•-L˚[ ¡i-”m Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-˙YÙm.
R≤-VÙ-Lj RVÙ-¨jR œ±l-˙TÙ-” œ›-Æp ˙Nok-R]o.
œ›Æp SPjR ˙Yi-•V ˘NV-pÿ-˚\-L-˚[l Tt± B£-¨-Vo N¨-VÙ]
A±-‹flj-Rp-Ls YZe-°-]Ùo.
Re-Ls œ±l˚T Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m YÙ£j-RÙo-Ls.
Ut-fls-[-Yo-Ls Re-Ls L⁄j-’-L-˚[-Ÿm A±-‹-flj-Rp-L-˚[-Ÿm ·±-]Ùo-Ls.
Ad L⁄j-’d-L˚[ Eh-T-”jß J⁄ ◊ßV œ±l◊ RVÙ-¨j-RÙo-Ls.
Cd œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh-•p Ge-˘Lp-XÙm Ußl-©-Pp SPk-R-’?
©\ œZk-˚R-Ls RÙe-Ls RVÙ-¨jR œ±l˚T ˘Y∞-´h-P-˙TÙ-’ RÙu G›-ßV
œ±l-˙TÙ-” Jl-◊-˚Ul-T-”jß A’ Gk-R-[-‹d-œ Es-[-’ G] A±k-RÙo-Ls.
R]-’ T˚Pl˚Tl ©\-W-’ T˚Pl-˙TÙ-” Jl-◊-˚Ul-T-”jßl ©\ œZk-˚R-L-∞u
£\l-◊-L˚[ A±--kRÙo-Ls.
Cf £\l-◊-L˚[ U]-ßp ˘LÙi-” R]-’ T˚Pl˚T ˙Um-T-”j-’-°-\Ùu. Ce-œ
Ußl©P˙X Lt-\-XÙL UÙfl-°-\-’.
œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-” S˚P-˘T-flm ˙TÙ’m, SPkR ©\-œm Ußl-©-P-¤d-LÙL ET-˙VÙ-
°jR Ej-ß-L-fim L⁄-Æ-L-fim G˚Y?
œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-” ˛
A±-‹-flj-RpLs
GpXÙd œZk˚RL-fim RÙm
G›ßV˚R YÙ£j-’
˘Y∞- -”Rp.
Jq- YÙ-⁄ œZk- RŸm
˘Y∞- -”m- TÙ-’m Aßp
©•j-R- Y-L- [-Ÿm ©•d-LÙ-R- Y-
L- [-Ÿm œ±j’ Yj-’
LXk-’- W-VÙ-”Rp.
™Lf £\k-R˚Rd Li-”-©-•j-Rp.
GR-]Ùp £\k-R-’ G] ÆYÙ-ßj-Rp.
˙Um-T-”jß UÙt± G›-’-Rp.
3
65
hne-bn-cp-ج coXn-Iƒ ˛ `mj
œZk˚R-Ls Re-L-fid-°-˚P-˙V ˙Ls-Æ-Ls ˙Lh-Pp.
œZk˚RLs ET-˙VÙ-°d-œm ˙NÙR-˚]l -Th-•-Vp.
œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-” R]d-œ Gq-YÙ-fl ER-Æ-V-’ Gu\ —V-U-ßl-¿-”.
NL Ußl-¿-”
Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-•u GkR ®˚X- p, Gq-YÙ-fl NL Ußl-¿-” SPjR ˙Yi-”- Uu-flm,
ARt-œ Gu-˘]u] Ej-ß-L-˚[d ˚LVÙ[ ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-flm B£-¨-Vo N¨-VÙLj
ßhP™P ˙Yi-”m. Al-˙TÙ-’ RÙu NL Ußl-¿-” S˚P-˘T-flm.
ÿu-]o œ±l-©hP œ±l◊ RVÙ-¨dœm ˘NVp-TÙh-•p œZk˚R —V-UÙL G›ßV
œ±l˚T ÿR-≠p £±V œ›-Æp ˘Y∞-´-”-°\’. Ceœ R]-’ T˚Pl˚T Si-To-
L∞u T˚Pl-˙TÙ-” Jl-◊-˚UlT”j-’Rp S˚P-˘Tt-\’.
Si-To-L-∞u T˚Pl◊ R]d-œl ©•j-R-’/©•d-LÙ-Up ˙TÙ]-˙Ru?
R]-’ T˚Pl-©p œ±l-©u ·fl-Ls Es-[-]YÙ?
˘NÙpX ˙Yi-•-V˚Y N¨-VÙLf ˘NÙpXl-Th-”s-[]YÙ?
.˙TÙu\ Æ]Ùd-L˚[j R]d-œs G›l-◊-°-\Ùu. Si-To-L-∞u T˚Pl-
˙TÙ-” Jl◊˚U ˘Nn-’ R]-’ T˚Pl-©u ˙Uu-˚UL-s,
œ˚\Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\d Li-P-±-°u-\Ùu.
NL-U-ßl¿-h-•t-LÙ-Ll TVu-T-”j-R -˙Yi-•V
Ej-ß-L-fim L⁄-Æ-L-fim G˚Y?
C⁄Y-⁄m LPk-’ ˘Nu\ Lt-\p ˘NV-pÿ-˚\-´u
Tp-˙Y-fl ®˚X-L-∞p Lt-\-˙XÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV
œ±l-◊-Ls APe-°V ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp.
B£-¨-Vo Yœl-©p LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-•V Ußl-©-Pp
˙Ls-Æ-Ls.
NL Ußl-¿-”f ˙NÙR-˚]l -Th-•-Vp
366
Kq∏v hne-bn-cp-ج ˛ `mj
G]’ L˚R Bm Cp˚X
G]-’ L˚R´p SpX RÙPd-L-ÿm
˘RÙPof-£-Ÿm ÿ•-‹m Ei-”.
SÙu L˚R˚V ÿ›- U-VÙ]
YÙd-°-VeL∞p G›-ß-Ÿs- [u.
L˚R- ®Lr-‹-Ls Y - N-VÙL Es-[-].
.
G]-’ L˘V›j-’ AZ-LÙ-L Es-[-’.
ÑV U§l-À-Ó
Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´u GpXÙ ®˚X-´-¤m —V Ußl-¿-” SPd-°-\-’. C’ CVp-TÙL
®Lr-°-\-’. £X ˙Y˚[-L-∞p ˘R¨k-’m SPd-°-\-’. Cj-R-˚LV Nk-Rol-Te-L˚[ SÙm T¨-
˙NÙ-ßl˙TÙm.
R]-’ A±-Æ˚]/ Lt-\p ˘NVpÿ-˚\-L˚[, Si-To-L-∞u A±‹/ Lt-\p ˘NV-p
ÿ˚\-L˙[Ù” Jl-©h-”l TÙod-œm-˙TÙ-’ ...
R]-’ Lt-\p ˘NVpÿ-˚\-L˚[/T˚Pl-◊-L˚[l ˘TÙ’-YÙL E⁄-YÙd-°V œ±l-◊-L∞u
A•lT-˚P-´p Ußl-©-”m-˙TÙ-’...
J⁄ R≤l-ThP ˘NVp-TÙh-•p B£-¨-V-¨u ©u-Úh-Pm °˚Pd-œm˙TÙ’...
ÆUo-N]lÈoY-UÙ] Lt-\-p A‘-œ-ÿ- \- Vl ©u-Tt-flm SÙm, œZk˚R CVp-TÙ-L-‹m
£X ˙Y˚[-L-∞p A±k-’m SPj’m CjR-˚LV —V Ußl-©-P-pL˚[d LPk’ ˘NpX
AY-‡d-œ ERY ˙Yi-PÙ-UÙ? R]-’ £k-R-˚]-˚Vl Tt-±f £k-ßdLj Ái-”m YÙnl-◊-
L˚[ BWmT Yœl-◊-L-∞-˙X˙V ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi-”m. Al-
˘TÙ-›-’-RÙu —V Ußl-¿-”m, Lt-\-¤m BZ-UÙL A˚U-Ÿm.
—V Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-V-‹m, R]-’ £k-R-˚]˚Vl Tt-±f
£k-ßd-L-‹m B£-¨-Vo ˙Lh-œm Æ]Ùd-Ls ER-‹m. Aj-
R˚LV Æ]Ùd-L˚[ Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-•u TX ®˚X-L-∞-
¤m SÙm G›l-◊-°-˙\Ùm. ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ Æ]Ùd-
L˚[d Lt-\-≠u GkR ®˚X-´p ET-˙VÙ-°dL ˙Yi-”m
Gufl BWÙn-˙YÙm.
1. CYt-fls Ee-L-fid-œl ©•j-R-UÙ-]-’ G’?
Æ⁄m-◊-Y-Rt-LÙ] LÙW-QeL-˚[d ·\ ÿ•ŸUÙ?
2. øe-Ls RVÙ¨j-R -œ-±l-©t-œm CRt-œm HRÙ-Y-’ ˘RÙPo-
◊s-[RÙ? Gu-˘]u] ˘RÙPo◊Ls Es-[]?
3. -œ-±l◊ RVÙ-¨d-œm ˙TÙ’ øe-Ls GYt-˚\-˘Vp-XÙm LY-]j-ßp-
˘LÙiºoLs?
L˚R˚V Ußl-©Pj RVÙ-WÙd-°V NÙR- ]l Th-•-V˚Xl TÙ⁄e-Ls.
3
67
]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-ج ˛ `mj
4. ÿR-≠p RVÙ-¨jR A•d-œ-±l˚Tl ˙TÙXÙYÙ C’ Es-[-’?
Gu˘]u] ˙Yfl-TÙ”-Ls Es-[]?
5. ˘NÙt-L-˚[j ˙Rok-˘R-”jR ˙TÙ’ LY-]j-ßp ˘LÙi-P˚Y VÙ˚Y?
6. ·”-Rp ˘NÙt-L-˚[l TVu-T-”j-RÙ-R-˙Ru?
7. ÿu]o G›-ß-V˚R UÙt± G›-’m ˙TÙ’ Gu-˘]u] UÙt-\e-Ls
˘NnVj æo-UÙ-≤j-æo-Ls?
CYt-fls Gu-˘]u] ˙Ls-Æ-L˚[ øe-Ls ˙Lh--¿o-Ls?
B£-¨-Vo Ußl-¿”
œZk-˚R-´u Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Rp B£-¨-V-¨u Au-\Ù-Pf ˘NVp-TÙh-
•u ÿd-°-V-UÙ] Tœß Gu-fl L⁄-Rl-T-”-°-\-’. B£-¨-V-˚Wl TÙfljR Y˚W,
RÙu ßh-P-™h-” SPj-ßV Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls YØ-VÙL Gßo-TÙojR
A±-‹-⁄-YÙd-Lm S˚P-˘Tt-\RÙ G]l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-Rp.
J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX-Lh-Pj-ßp Ht-ThP œZk-˚R-´u Y[of-£-˚Vl
◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-fiRp.
Tp-˙Y-fl TÙPe-L-∞u ÍXm °˚PjR A±-YÙd-Lj-ßu ˙Uu˚UL˚[
Efl-ß- Nn-Rp.
œZk-˚R-´u Tu-ÿL A±‹ Y[of£®˚X-˚Vl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-Y-˙RÙ-” ARu
Y[of-£-˚V-Ÿm, T¨-QÙ-Uj-˚R-Ÿm ◊¨k-’-˘LÙi-” Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-Ls A∞jRp.
œZk-˚R-Ls Yœl-©-¤m, ˘Y∞-´-¤m, œ”m-Tj-ß-¤m, NÍ-Lj-ß-¤m LÙh-”m R≤
Bfi-˚U˚V-Ÿm NÍL D”-TÙh-˚P-Ÿm ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[p.
CjR-˚LV ÿ˚\-´p A˚UkR Yœl-©-¤m, ˘Y∞-´-¤m SPd-œm ÿ›-˚U-VÙ]
Y[of-£-´u ®˚X-L˚[ B£-¨-Vo Ußl-©P ˙Yi-”m. ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ˙Y˚[-L-∞p Tp-
˙Y-fl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ER-Æ-Ls SpL ˙Yi-”m. Aq-Yl-˙TÙ-’ AYt˚\l Tß‹ ˘Nn-
Y-’m Cu-±-V-˚U-VÙ-R-RÙ-œm.
œ•-¤m, ≈”m, YV-¤m, YÙnd-LÙ-¤m, Y\i-” Æh-P-˙RÙ !
—V Ußl-¿h-•t-LÙ-Ld
œZk- R-L˙[ ET- VÙ-°d-œmEjß-L -fim L⁄-Æ -L -fimG˚Y? œZk˚R LPk-’ Nu\ Lt-\p
˘NV-pÿ- \- u Jq- YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-
-¤m SPd-œm NVp-TÙ-”-
L˙[Ù” RÙPo-◊- PV œ±l-◊-Ls
APe-°V NÙR- ]l-Th-•-Vp.
B£- -Vo Yœl-©p Y∞- h-”
ÆYÙ-ßjR —V Ußl-¿h-”d
˙LsÆLs.
Lt-\- Xl Tt±d œZk- R˙V E⁄-
YÙd-°V —V Y∞-¬h-”d
œ±l◊Ls.
368
kzbw hne-bn-cp-ج ˛ `mj
Aq-YÙ-˘\-≤p Lt-\p˛Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm N¨-VÙ], ÷h-
T-UÙ] RL-Yp-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p RÙu Ußl-©-Pp SPjR ˙Yi-”m. CRt-LÙLl TX
˙Y˚[-L-∞p Tp-˙Y-fl Ej-ß-L-˚[-Ÿm L⁄-Æ-L-˚[-Ÿm ET-˙VÙ-°dL ˙Yi-•-Y-⁄m. ET-
˙VÙ-°d-œm Ej-ß-L-fim L⁄-Æ-L-fim ˙Yfl-Th-P-RÙL C⁄k-RÙp Uh-”˙U CR˚] G∞-
RÙ-L-‹m SpX ÿ˚\-´-¤m S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”jR ÿ•-Ÿm.
œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-”L˚[f N¨-VÙ] ÿ˚\-´p Et-fl ˙SÙd-œm B£-¨Vo ÿ˚\-NÙWÙ
Ußl-¿h˚P Al-˙TÙ˙R SPj-’-°-\Ùo. Aq-YÙ-˘\-≤p œ±l◊ RVÙ-¨d-œm ˘NVpÿ˚\-
´u Tp-˙Y-fl ®˚X-L-∞p SPkR œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[l TÙ⁄e-Ls. —V-UÙLj RVÙ-
WÙd-°V œ±l˚Td œ›-Æp YÙ£j-’ ˘Y∞-´h-”, ˙Um-T-”jß ˘Y∞-´h-P-˙TÙ-’ G˚Y-
˘Vp-XÙm Ußl-©-Pl-Th-P] GuT˚Rl TÙol-˙TÙm.
®Lr-Æu / TÙPd L⁄j-˙RÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV Lt-\p GkR A[‹ SPk-’s-[-’?
E⁄-YÙd-°V L⁄j˚R ÿ˚\-VÙL ˘Y∞l-T-”jR ÿ•k-RRÙ?
NÍLj ß\u-Ls ˛ ©\-¨u L⁄j-’d-L˚[d LY-≤d-L-‹m, Ußl-©-P-‹m, AYt˚\
R]-’ A±-˙YÙ-” ˙Nol-T-Rt-LÙ] Æ⁄l-Tm / U]-®˚X GkR A[-Æt-œ Es[’?
œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh-•u ˙SÙd-Lm, LÙX A[-‹, Ht-fld-˘LÙiP ˘TÙfll-◊-L-∞u
Ru˚U B°-V-Yt-±t-˙LtT SPk-’ ˘LÙs[ GkR A[-Ætœ CV-¤-°u-\-’?
CRt-LÙL B£-¨˚V ET-˙VÙ-°jR L⁄Æ Gu-]-YÙL C⁄d-œm? J⁄ ˙NÙR-˚]l-
Th-•-Vp RVÙ-¨l-˙TÙm. ARu ·fl-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-” Yœl-©-¤s[ GpXÙd
œ›d-L-∞u ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[-Ÿm Ußl-©-”-Y-Rp-XYÙ £\k-R-’? Ht-\-’?
Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß-Ls ˛ Lt-\p L⁄-Æ-Ls
Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙ-Ll TX-ÆR Lt-\p L⁄-Æ-L˚[ ET-˙VÙ-°d-L-XÙm. B]Ùp
B£-¬-Vo TûPl-©u ùUô¯j ùRôPo-Tô] úUu-ûU-ûVl Tt±
AÚi Su-\ô-Ll úT£-]ôu. AÚ-Ôd-Ï Yô£d-Ïm TZd-Lm Es--[Õ
úTôp úRôu-ß-¡-\-Õ. GûRl-Tt-±-Vô-]ô-Ûm BrkR LÚjûRf Nh-
ùPu-ß áß-Y-Õ Ut-\-Yo-L-°u Lt-\ûX ªL-Üm Tô§d-¡-\-Õ. AR-]ôp
AÚ¦u Cj-R-ûLV Ïßd- -Ó-Lû[d ÏÝ-®-Ûm YÏl-©-Ûm SPdÏm
A±-Ü-Ú-YôdL ùNVp-Ø-û\d-Ï Ht-\-Yô-ß Uôt± AûUdL úYiÓm.
þLt-©j-Rp ϱl-úTh-¥u ©W-§-T- -l× Td-Lj-§- - -Úk-Õ.
3
69
A[ym-]-Is‚ hne-bn-cp-ج ˛ `mj
Lt-\-≠u ˙SÙd-Lm, Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ- \- u Ru- U, Ußl-©-P-≠u ˙SÙdLm, Ußl-©-”m
ÿ˚\, œZk- R-L-fid-œ ARu ÍXm °˚PdL ˙Yi-•V Lt-\p ERÆLs ˙TÙu-\-
˚Y˙V J⁄ œ±l-©hP ˙Y˚[- p GkR Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß˚V TVuT”jR ˙Yi-”- Uu-
T-Ru A•l-T˚P.
Al-T-•l-ThP Ej-ß˚V B£-¨-Vo-RÙu Rok-˘R-”dL Yi-”m. £X Ußl¿h”
Ej-ß-L-fim, L⁄-Æ-L-fim ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-]. AYt-˚\l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj’, Ge-˙L,
Gl-˙TÙ-’ TVuT”jR ˙Yi-”-˘U] B˙XÙ-£l-˙TÙm.
1. T«t-£j-Rôs (Work Sheet)
T´t-£jRÙs œZk-˚R-L-fid-œ Ht-\-RÙ-L‹m, G›-’m ˙R˚Y˚Vj Ái-”-Y-
RÙL‹m C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m. œZk˚R G›-ßV œ±l-◊-Ls ÍXm AYo-L-∞u EQof-£-
Ls, £k-R- ]-Ls, ˘UÙØj-ß-\u-Ls B°-VYt˚\ Tt-±l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[ CV-¤m. œ±l-
◊-L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’ œZk- R-L-∞u Lt-\p Y[of-£˚V Ußl©P ÿ•-Ÿm. B£-
-Vo, œZk- R, ˘Tt- \Ùo B°- VÙ- -Pm NÙu-fl-L- [Ù-” G”j-’- WdL T´t-£jRÙs
ER‹m.
œZk-˚R-L-fid-œd ·”-Rp Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-Ls A∞d-L-‹m T´t-£jRÙs
ÍXm CV-¤m. Cj-R-˚LV Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-L-fid-LÙL Yœl-T-˚\d-œs Es[ Nk-Rol-
Te-L˚[ Uh-”-Up-XÙ-Up, Yh-PÙW YÙnl-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm TVu-T-”jR ÿ•-Ÿm. T´t£jRÙs-
L˚[ Yœl-T-˚\-´-˙X˙V Èojß ˘NnV ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-±p-˚X. ˘Tt-˙\Ùo ER-Æ-Ÿ-P-
‡m Yh-PÙW Y[e-L˚[ ET-˙VÙ-°j-’m ÿ›˚U-VÙd-œm T´t-£j-RÙs-Ls A±-‹j
˙RP-≠u ◊ßV ®˚X-L-fid-œd œZk-˚R-L˚[ A˚Zj-’f ˘Np¤m. T´t-£j-RÙs-
L˚[d œZk- R-L˙[ Um-T-”j-’m NVp-TÙh˚Pf Nn- YÙ-UÙ? EeLs, NL B£¨Vo-
L-∞u L⁄j’ Gu]?
T´t-£jRÙs-Ls A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”j-’-T˚Y Uh-”-Up-X. Y˚WkR TPe-L-˚[Ÿm
Th-•-Vp-L-˚[Ÿm SÙP-Le-L-˚[-Ÿm T´t-£j RÙs-L-∞p Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L-[Ù-Ll TVu-T-
”j-R-XÙm. J⁄ AX-°u ÿ•-Æp, J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX-Lh-Pj-ßt-œl ©u-]o ˘Tt\
A±-‹-L˚[ B£-¨˚V Ußl-©-P-‹m, œZk˚R —V-UÙL ˘R¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[-‹m T´t-£j-
RÙs-Ls ER-‹m.
370
A[ym-]-Is‚ hne-bn-cp-ج ˛ `mj
T´t-£j RÙs-L-˚[l T¨-˙NÙ-ßj-’ ˘UÙØj ˘RÙPo-TÙ] A±‹ Ui-P-Xe-L°p
Ht-T-”jR Yi-•V Uu-˚U-L-˚[d Li-”-©-•d-L-XÙm. ARt-LÙ] ©uÚhPe-L˚[l
T´t-£j-RÙ-∞-˙X˙V Tß‹ ˘Nn-’ YZeLXÙm.
AW-— R™r EVo®˚XlTs∞, NÙ˚X
KQ ÆZÙ2010 BLvh 20 ùYs°d ¡ZûU LôûX 10 U¦d-Ï
ùRôPd¡ ûYl-T-Yo : §Ú.Uô¬VlTu (ùTtú\ôo B£¬Vo NeLj RûXYo)
-úTôh-¥ ®TWeLs
Bi-L-Þd-Ï ùTi-L-Þd-Ï Gp-úXô-Úd-Ïm
Yôp T±jRp CûN Sôt -Lô - édúLôXl úTôh-¥
Kh-Pl TkRVm Vôû]dÏ Yôp YûWRp L«ß CÝjRp
Nôl-Tô-Ó úTôh-¥ E±V¥ ®]ô¥ ®]ô
U§-Vm : K-Q ®ÚkÕ
• Wô_ô-®t-Ï GkùRk-Rl úTôh-¥-L-°p Te-ùL-Ód-L-Xôm? ............................................................
• Wô_ô-Üm WôRô-Üm úNokÕ Te-ùL-Ód-L CVÛm úTôh-¥Ls GûY? .........................
• KQ ®ZôûYj ùRôPe¡ ûYl-T-Yo Vôo? .................................................................................................
• AÚi ùLôi-Ó YkR Õi-Ól ©W-Ñ-Wj-§p £X Tϧ-Lû[d LôQ-®pûX.
ØÝûUlTÓjÕeLs?
TôW§ LûXUu\m
K-Q-®Zô
2010............................................., .................... §eLs ¡ZûU
......................................... :§Ú. Tô. AÚQôfNXm( Foj RûXYo)
úTôh-¥- ®TWeLs
Ae-Lu-Yô-¥ BWmTl Ts° SÓ¨ûXl Ts° ùT¬-V-Yo-L-Þd-Ï
........................................ ........................................ ......................................... ........................................
........................................ ........................................ ........................................ .......................................
....................................... ...................................... ........................................ ......................................
3
71
hne-bn-cp-ج X¥-߃, Sqfp-Iƒ ˛ `mj
˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp (Check List)G∞-RÙ-Lf NVp-T-”j-Rd ·•-V-’m, NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ ÿ˚\-VÙ-Ll Tß‹ Nn’
RL-Yp-L-˚[f ˙NL-¨l-T-Rt-œm ER-Yd-·-•-V-’-UÙ] J⁄ Ußl-¿h-”d L⁄Æ˙V ˙NÙR-
˚]l-Th-•-Vp. œZk˚R —V T¨-˙NÙ-R˚] ˘Nn-Y-Rt-œm, B£-¨-Vo œZk-˚R˚V Ußl-
©-”-Y-Rt-œm ˙NÙR˚]l Th-•-V-˚Xl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. B]Ùp HRÙ-Y-’ J⁄ ß\-≤u
˘Y∞l-TÙh˚P Uh-”˙U Ußl-©P CV-¤m Gu\ œ˚\-TÙ-” ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-V-¤d-œ
Es-[-’.
CWi-PÙm Yœl◊ ˘UÙØl-TÙP Yœl-©p SÙP-L-U-V-UÙd-œm „r-®-˚X-´p œ›f ˘NVp-
TÙ-”-L˚[ Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œ ER-‹m ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-’.
œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh-•p Te-˙Lt-◊.
1. Yt-◊-flj-RÙ-U˙X A˚]-Y-⁄m œ›-Æp Te-˙Lt-\-]o.
2. Rm L⁄j-˚R/ T˚Pl˚T A˚]-Y-⁄m ˘Y∞-´h-P-]o.
3. VÙ-⁄m VÙ˚W-Ÿm R˚P ˘NnV ÿVt-£l-T-ßp˚X.
4. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m œ›-Æ-¤s[ ©\⁄dœ ER-‹m Y˚L-´p A±-‹-flj-Rp-L-˚[-Ÿm
L⁄j-’-L-˚[-Ÿm ·±-]o.
TÙPl-˘TÙ-⁄-fid-œ ÿd-°Vj-’-Ym
5. Ru L⁄j-’d-Ls/T˚Pl-◊-Ls Tt-±V ©\W’ L⁄j-’-L˚[ BWÙnk-’ A±-Rp.
6. ©\-˚Wd LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-≠p Te-˙Lt-Lf ˘Nn-’ A±-‹-˚WLs YZe-œ-Rp.
Jj-’- Zl◊
7. ©\-¨-Pm Bo-Yj-˚Rj Ái-•, LXk-’ ˘LÙs-[f ˘Nn-Rp.
8. œ›-Æp Ru ˘TÙfll˚T EQok-’, ˙SWm, A±-‹-flj-Rl-ThP T˚Pl◊ B°-V-
Yt˚\d œ±j-’ Efll-©-]o-L-fid-œ ®˚]-Óh-”-Rp.
9. Rm Gi-Qe-Ls, L⁄j-’-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ ˘Y∞-´-P-‹m Ußl-©-P-‹m ©\-⁄d-œ
YÙnl-◊ R⁄-Rp.
L⁄j-’l-T- -UÙt-\m
10. œZk˚R-Ls Re-L-[-’ L⁄j-’d-L-˚[j ˘R∞-YÙL ˘Y∞-´h-P-]o.
11. ˘R∞-YÙ-L-‹m J›e-LÙ-L-‹m ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-fim Y˚L-´-p RÙe-Ls E⁄-YÙd-°V
A±-˚Yd œZk-˚R-Ls ˘Y∞-´h-P-]o.
ÏÝûY U§l-©-Ó-Y-Rt-Lô]
úNôR-û]l Th-¥-Vp
ÏÝf ùNVp-TôhûP U§l-©-Ó-Y-RtÏ
Cf-úNô-R-û]l- Th-¥-V--u AûUl-©p
Gu-ù]u] Uôt-\e-Ls ùNnV
úYi-Óm? AYtû\ YÏl-©p
Gq-Yô-ß ùNVp-T-ÓjR Ø¥-Ùm?
372
hne-bn-cp-ج X¥-ß ƒ, Sqfp-Iƒ ˛ `mj
Lt-\p T˚Pl-◊-L- [-Ÿm Y∞-¬-”-L- [-Ÿm Ußl-©Pf NÙR- ]l Th-•-V- Xl
TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm.
œ±l-©hP ˙SÙd-Lj-ßu A•l-T-˚P-´p ˙R˚Yl-T-”m RL-Yp-L˚[j ßWhP
ER‹m Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´u ÿd-°V -®-˚X-L˚[ Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œf ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-
•-V-˚Xl TVu-T-”j-’-Y˙R £\k-R-’. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´u ˙SÙd-Le-Ls UÙflm-˙TÙ’
L⁄-Æ-L-fim UÙfl-T-”m.
˙NÙR-˚]l-Th-•-V-≠u YÙ´-XÙ-Ld °˚Pd-œm RL-Yp-L˚[l Tœj-RÙWÙV-‹m,
œZk-˚R-´u A±‹j R[j-˚Rj ßh-Pl-T-”jßl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ©uÚhP-ÿm ER-
ÆŸm YZeL‹m B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ CVX ˙Yi-”m. Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿h-•t-œm Ußl-
¿h•u YØ-VÙL SPd-œm Lt-\-¤d-œm ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-V-˚Xl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm.
3. Et-fl ˙SÙd-Lp
J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX C˚P-˘Y-∞-´p œZk-˚R-L-∞u SPj-˚R, Æ⁄l-Te-Ls,
˙S¨-”m Lt-\p CPo-TÙ-”-Ls B°-V-Yt-˚\l Tt-±V J⁄ ˘TÙ’d L⁄j-’ B£-¨-V-⁄d-
œd °˚PdL ˙Yi-”m. CRu ÍX-UÙLd œZk-˚R-˚Vl Tt-±V Ußl-¿h-•t-œj ˙R˚Y-
VÙ] TV-‡s[ RL-Yp-Ls °˚Pd-œm. CRt-LÙ-Ll TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”m ÿ˚\-L-fis
J⁄ Ej-ß˙V Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp.
Et-fl˙SÙd-L-≠u YÙ´-XÙLd œZk-˚R˚Vd œ±jR ˙Yfl Gu-˘]u]
RLYpL˚[ A±V CV-¤m?
œZk-˚R-L-∞u SPj-˚R, TZd-Le-Ls ÿR-≠-V] Tt± A±Rp.
B£-¨-V-¨u A±-‹-flj-Rp-Ls GkR A[‹ TVu-Th-”s-[-] Gu-T-˚Rd œ±j-’
A±Rp.
Lt-\-¤d-LÙL Yœl-T˚\ J›e-L-˚Ul◊ GkR A[Æt-œ ER-Æ-V-’ Gu-T˚R A±-
Y-Rt-œ (œ-±l-TÙ-Ld œ›f-˘N-Vp-TÙh-•t-œ).
4. Æ]Ùd-Ls Æ]-Yp
Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\-L-∞u Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”m Æ]Ùd-L-
∞u YÙ´-XÙ-L˙Y œZk˚R ©Wf-£-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙQ Æ˚Z-°-\Ùu. æo‹ Li-Pl-
©u-]-⁄m Æ]Ùd-Ls Æ]Y ˙Yi-•-V- ˙R˚Y Ht-T-P-XÙm. Ak-®-˚X-´p Æ]Ùd-
3
73
hne-bn-cp-ج X¥-߃, Sqfp-Iƒ ˛ `mj
L∞u YÙ´XÙLd œZk-˚R-L∞u Lt-\p NVp-ÿ-˚\, LPk-’ Nu\ YØ-Ls, œZk˚R
E⁄-YÙd-°V A±-‹, U]-®˚X ˙TÙu-\-Yt-˚\l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[ ÿ•-°-\-’.
6. UÙQ-Yo T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl◊ : (Portfolio)
J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX Lh-Pj-ßp œZk˚RLs ˘NnR Tp-˙Y-fl Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-
”-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ E⁄-YÙ] Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L-∞u ˘RÙœl˙T UÙQ-Yo T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-◊.
C’, œZk˚R J⁄ UÙRj-ßp, J⁄ T⁄-Yj-ßp, J⁄ Y⁄-Pj-ßp ˘NnR Lt-\p T˚Pl-◊-
L[Ù-œm. Cd-LÙX A[-Æp Tp-˙Y-fl Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[f ˘Nn-Y-Ru ÍX-UÙL
˘UÙØd Lt-\-≠p œZk˚R A˚PkR Lt-\p Y[of£ œ±j-R RL-Yp-L˚[ Cl -T˚Pl-
◊j ˘RÙœl◊ R⁄-°-\-’. Aßp œZk˚R R≤-VÙL E⁄-YÙd-°V T˚Pl-◊-Ls CPm-˘T-\-
XÙm. ˙U¤m œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh-•u YÙ´-XÙ-L-‹m Yœl-©p ˘TÙ’-YÙL E⁄-YÙ] Lt-
\p ˘Y∞l-TÙ-”-L-∞u ˘Y∞-¬-”-Ls, Ußl-¿-”-Ls B°-V-˚Y-Ÿm CPm˘Tt-±-⁄d-œm.
T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl˚Tl TVu-T-”jßd œZk-˚R-´u J⁄e-°-˚QkR Y[of-£
œ±jR ˘R∞-YÙ] L⁄j˚R E⁄-YÙdL CVX ˙Yi-”m. Cß-≠-⁄k-’ œZk-˚R-´u
Lt-\p Y[of-£- V A±k-’ LÙs[ ÿ•-Ÿm. T˚Pl-◊j RÙœl-©p Gu- ]u] Lt\p
NÙu-fl-L˚[ Eh-T-”j-R-XÙm?
UÙQ-Yo T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl◊ ˛ ˘UÙØ
Tp-˙Y-fl ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-Ls (—-V-UÙL E⁄-YÙd-Ll-Th-”d œ›-Æp ˙Um-
T”j-Rl-Th-P-˚Y)
Lt-\p NÙu-flL˚[ Ußl-©”-Y-Rt-LÙLd œZk-˚R-L˙[ E⁄YÙd-°V œ±l-◊-Ls.
˙So-LÙ-Qp ˛ Æ]Ù-®-Wp, A±d˚L
Th-•-Vp-Ls TPe-Ls
—V ˘Y∞-¬-”-Ls ˘RÙœl-◊-Ls
T´t-£j RÙs-Ls œZk-˚R-Ls E⁄-YÙd-°l TVu-T-”j-ßV
˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp-Ls
L˚Xd-Lp-Æ-´u Tp-˙Y-fl ’˚\L∞-≠-⁄k-’ (Ne-∏-Rm, CVd-Lm, LÙh£ Y•-Ym)
E⁄-YÙ] T˚Pl◊-L-fim ˘Y∞l-TÙ-”-L-∞u Ußl-¿-”-L-fim.
K-Æ-Vm Y˚WRp ˛ œZk˚Rd-œd
°˚PdL Yi-•V Lt-\p
A‡-TYe-Ls
CVt- L˚V Et-fl- SÙd-°d-
˙LÙ”-L- [-Ÿm Yi-Qe-L- [-Ÿm
TVu-T-”jß K-Æ-Vm Y˚W-°-\Ùo-Ls.
T\- Y-L- [-Ÿm ©\
E - -]e-L- [-Ÿm Yi-Qe-L- [l
TVuT”jß Y˚W-V-‹m,
AYt- \Ù-” RÙPo-◊- PV
˘Yq- Y-fl UÙØ Y∞-¬h-”
Y•-Ye-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m
˘Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls.
L˚R, LÆ˚R B°-V-Yt-±¤s[
LRÙ-TÙj-ß-We-L-∞u Ti◊
SXuL˚[ Æ[d-œm TPe-Ls
Y˚W°\Ùo-Ls.
≈h-•p Y[od-œm ÆXe-œ-L- [-Ÿm
Y] ÆXe-œ-L- [-Ÿm Lt-T˚]
˘Nn-’ K-Æ-V-UÙL Y˚W-°-\Ùo-Ls.
374
hne-bn-cp-ج X¥-߃, Sqfp-Iƒ ˛ `mj
J⁄ B£-¨-V-o ˚Yj-’s[ Ju-\Ùm Yœl◊ œZk-˚RL∞u
J⁄ T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-˚Tl TÙ⁄e-Ls.
3
75
hne-bn-cp-ج X¥-߃, Sqfp-Iƒ ˛ `mj
œZk- R-L-∞u T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl˚T Ußl-©-”-Y-ßu YÙ -XÙLd œZk- R- Vl
Tt±V Gu- ]u] L⁄j-’-L˚[ B£- -Vo ˘R¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[-XÙm?
œ±l-©hP LÙX Lh-Pj-ßp œZk-˚R-´u Lt-\-≠p Ht-ThP Y[of-£, UÙt-\m.
˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-¬h-” Y•-Ye-L˚[ E⁄YÙd-œ-Y-ß-¤s[ Y[of-£.
˘NVpÿ-˚\j -ß-\-≤p Ht-ThP Y[of£.
L⁄j-’l-T-¨-UÙt-\j-ßp œZk-˚R-L-∞-Pm Ht-T-”m Y[of£ (˙Y-fl-ThP ˘UÙØ
˘Y∞¬h” Y•-Ye-L-˚[l TVu-T-”j-’m ß\u)
UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u U]-lTÙe-œ / Ußl-◊-L-∞p E⁄-YÙ-œm Y[of£ / UÙt-\m.
L˚Xj-ß-\-≤p Ht-T-”m Y[of-£, Æ⁄l-Tm.
œZk- R-L-∞u T˚Pl-◊j RÙœl-©p NodL Yi-•V Lt-\p T˚Pl-◊-Ls Tt±V
œ±l-◊-L˚[d œZk- R-L- [Ù-” LXk-’- W-VÙ-• E⁄-YÙdL Yi-”m. Cd-œ-±l-◊-L-∞u A•l-
T- P- p Re-Ls T˚Pl-◊-L˚[d œZk- R-Ls —V Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-V-XÙm; NL Ußl-¿-”m
˘Nn-V-XÙm. B£- -V-⁄m CR˚] Ußl-©h-” Jq- YÙ-⁄ T˚Pl-©-¤m œZk- R- u Lt-\p
Y[of-£- Vl Tt-±V RW ®o-Q-Vd œ±l-◊-L˚[l Tß‹ NnV Yi-”m. C’ œZk- Rdœ
A∞d-Ll-T-”m Cu-±-V- U-VÙR ©uÚhP-UÙL A˚UŸm. ˙U¤m C’ œZk- R- u Lt-\-
˚Xd œ±j-’ ˘Tt- \Ùo-L-fi-Pu ˙T—m J⁄ BY-QUÙL A˚U-Ÿm. Yœl-◊l ˘Tt- \Ùo
B£- -Vo Ne-Ld ·h-Pj-ßp ˘Tt- \Ù-⁄-Pu L⁄j’l T -UÙt-\m ˘Nn-Y-Rt-œm T˚Pl-◊j
˘RÙœl- Tl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm.
T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl◊ E⁄YÙd-œm˙TÙ’ LY-≤dL ˙Yi-•-V-˚Y:
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ AX-œ, Ui-P-Xm B°-V-Yt-±u L⁄j-’, ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\j
ß\u-L-˙[Ù-” RÙPo-◊-˚PV Lt-\p NÙu-fl-Ls CPm-˘T\ Yi”m.
Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Ljßu A•l-T-˚P-´p SPkR A±-‹-⁄-YÙd-Lj-˚Rl
©WßT≠d-œm Lt-\p NÙu-fl-Ls CPm-˘T\ ˙Yi-”m.
A±-YÙd-Lj-ßu Tp-˙Yfl ®˚X-L˚[ Y¨-˚N-lT-• A±k-’ ˘LÙs
-YRtœm Y[of£ ®˚X-´-˚]l ◊¨k-’ LÙs-YRtœm HtTd Lt\p
NÙufl-L˚[ J›e-œ-T-”jß A˚UdL ˙Yi-”m.
TPe-Ls, T˚Pl-◊-Ls, E⁄-YÙd-°-V-˚Y-Ls, ˙NL-¨l-◊-Ls ˙TÙu\
376 Tp˙Y-fl Lt-\p NÙu-fl-Ls CPm-˘Tt-±-⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.
—V-UÙ-Lj RVÙ-¨j-’, œ›-Æp ˙Um-T-”j-ßV Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L-˚[l Tœj-RÙWÙnk-’m,
˙Um-T-”j-ß-Ÿm ˘Y∞-´P ˙Yi-”m.
—V Ußl-¿-”, —V ˘Y∞-¬-” ˙TÙu\ ™L BZ-UÙ] Lt-\-¤d-œ YØ-LÙh-•-V-Ru
Æ˚[-‹-Ls C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.
œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p Y[of-£-´˚] ®Wk-R-W-UÙL Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œl TVu-T-”m
UÙQYo T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-©u ÿd-°-Vj-’-Yj-˚Rl Tt± SÙm ÿu-]˙W LXk-’-˚W-
VÙ-•-˙]Ùm. J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX A[-Æp œZk˚RLs Tt\ Lt-\p A˚P-‹-L-˚[˙V
T⁄Y Ußl-¿h-•p SÙm Ußl-©-P-‹m BY-Ql-T-”j-R-‹m ˘Nn-°-˙\Ùm.
J⁄ T⁄-Yj-ßu Cfl-ß-´p œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p A˚P-‹-L˚[ Ußl-©-”m-˙TÙ-’
SÙm GYt-˚\-˘Vp-XÙm LY-]j-ßp ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m?
T⁄Y Ußl-¿h-•p œZk-˚R-L∞u Lt-\p A˚P‹-L-˚[d œ±j-R RL-Yp-Ls.
T⁄-Yj-ßu RÙPdLm ÿRp ÿ•‹ Y˚W-´-XÙ] Lt-\p A˚P‹ ARÙ-Y-’ RÙPo
Ußl-¿h-•u ÍX-UÙ-L, UÙQ-Yo T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-◊, Lt-©j-Rp ˚L˙V-”, œ›l
T˚Pl-◊-Ls B°-V-Yt-±p LÙQl-T-”m Lt-\p Y[of£ œ±jR TV-‡s[ œ±l◊Ls.
CVp-TÙL˙Y C˚Y CWi-•u A•l-T-˚P-´p Uh-”˙U œZk-˚R˚Vl Tt-±V
Ußl-¿” ÿ›-˚U-˘T-flm. G”j-’d-LÙh-PÙ-L, J⁄ T⁄-Yj-ßp œZk˚R SÙu-œ L˚R-Ls
G›-ß-]Ùu Gu-fl L⁄-R-XÙm. C’ ˘RÙPo-TÙ] Gu-˘]u] NÙu-fl-Ls T˚Pl-◊j
˘RÙœl-©p CPm- ˘T-flm? œZk˚R G›-ßV L˚R-L-fim L˚R G›’m ˘NVp-ÿ˚\-
˙VÙ” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV B£-¨-V-¨u TV-‡s[ œ±l◊Lfim C⁄d-œm. L˚R G›’-Y-
˙RÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV L˚R˚V Æ[d-œm ÿ˚\, L˚R ®Lr-‹-Ls, ©u-]¶ Æ[dLm,
L˚Rd-·-flm L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞-lT-”j’m ÿ˚\ B°-V-Yt-±u Y[of-£-Ÿm Ce-œ Ußl-
©-Pl-T-”m.
Aq-YÙ-˘\-≤p œZk-˚R-´u L˚R G›-’m ß\˚] Ußl-©-”m-˙TÙ-’ T˚Pl◊j
˘RÙœl©¤m T⁄-Y Ußl-¿h-•-¤m CPm-˘Tt\ L˚R-L˚[ Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œm J˙W
ÿd°Vj-’-Ym ˘LÙ”d-Ll-TP ˙Yi-”Up-XYÙ? Cd-L-⁄j-ßu A•l-T-˚P´p ˘RÙPo
Ußl¿”, T⁄Y Ußl-¿-” B°-V-Yt-˚\j ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”j-’-Y-ßu YÙ´-XÙLd œZk-˚R-
´u Lt-\˚Xd œ±jR ÿ›-˚U-VÙ] L⁄j˚R Gq-YÙ-fl E⁄-YÙd-L-XÙm?
3
77
hne-bn-cp-ج Fßs\? ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
„r-®- X- -Vp Lt\˚X
Ußl-©”-Y- Rl-T-•?CWi-PÙm Yœl◊ B£-¨-Vo J⁄-Yo R]-’ œZk˚R-L-˚[d œ±j-’
˘Yq-˙Yfl „r-®˚X-L-∞p ˙NL-¨j-R RL-Yp-Ls C˚Y.
1. Ui-¶t-œs ˘Np-¤m Ri-Ω-o Gu]YÙ°-\-’ Gu\ T¨-˙NÙ-R˚]˚Vf ˘NnR
˙TÙ’ Ne-∏-RÙ-Æu œ› ˙YL-UÙ-Lf ˘Nn-R-’. œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh•tœj R˚X˚U
RÙe-L‹m L⁄j-’d-L-˚[l T°ok-’ ˘LÙs-[‹m AY-fid-œj ß\-˚UŸi-”.
2. Æ˚R ÿ˚[d-LÙ-R-Ru LÙW-Qm Gu-]- Gu\ Æ]Ù-Æt-œ LÙÆ-VÙ-RÙu
N¨-VÙ] Tß-X-∞j-RÙs.
3. —t-fll-◊-\j-ß-≠-⁄d-œm ≈”-L˚[ Et-fl-˙SÙd° AYt˚\ ™Lf £\l-TÙL K-Æ-V
-UÙ-Lj æhP ’o-LÙ-YÙp ÿ•k-R-’.
4. EQ-‹d-LÙ-Ll TVu-T-”j-’m Aß-L-UÙ] RÙY-Wl Tœ-ß-L˚[ Aß-L-UÙ-Ll
Th•V≠hP-Ys Ru-VÙ.
Cj-R -L -Yp-L -∞u Ti◊L-fim TVu- -L -fim J˙W UÙß-¨ -VÙ -]˚YVÙ?
G”j’dLÙhPÙL, Y˚Ll-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] Tp-˙Y\Ù] A•l-T˚P-L-˚[d œ±j-’l
˙TÙ’UÙ] L⁄j-ßp˚X Gu\ Ei˚U, Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\´u ˙TÙ’ RÙm Gl-T-•l-
ThP ERÆ A∞dL ˙Yi-”m Gu-T-˚Rl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[ B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ ERÆ´⁄d-
œ-Up-X-YÙ? C’ Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh˚P ÿu-˙]Ùd°f ˘N¤j-’-Y-Rtœm Lt-\p Ußl-
¿h-•t-œm R˚Y-VÙ] RL-Y-XÙ-œm. Aq-YÙ-\Ù- u, ©\ RL-Yp-L-∞u Ti-◊-L-fim SÙd-
L-ÿm Gu-]-YÙL C⁄d-œm?.
RL-Yp-Ls ˛ Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿h-•t-œ
B£-¨-Vo œ±l-©-¤s[ Ju-fl, Íu-fl, Ik-’ B°-V- RL-Yp-L˚[ AYo GkRf
„r®-˚X-´p Tß‹ ˘Nn-ß-⁄lTÙo?
378
hne-bn-cp-ج Fßs\? ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
œ›f˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-fid-°-˚P-´p
Y˚Ll-T-”j-’m ®˚X-´p
A˚PkR A±-˚Yl T¨-˙NÙ-ßd-œm ˘TÙ›-’
Ck-®-˚X-´p ˙Ut-·-\l-Th-P RL-Yp-Ls B£-¨-V-⁄d-œj ˙R˚Yl-T-”Y˙Ru-?
œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh-•u TXu Gu], L⁄j-ßp, A˚PkR A±-Æu ˘TÙ’l-
Ti◊ Gu] ˙TÙu\Yt-˚\d œ±j-’ A±k-’ ˘LÙs[ Cj-R-L-Yp-Ls B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ
ER-Æ-´-⁄d-œ-Up-XYÙ? CVp-TÙ-L˙Y C’ Lt-\p ˘NVpÿ˚\˚V ÿu-˙]Ùd-°f
˘N¤j’-Y-Rt-LÙ] RL-Yp-L-[Ù-œm. Cj-R-L-Yp-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p B£-¨-Vo Lt-\p
˘NVp-TÙh-•p ˙R˚Y-VÙ] UÙt-\e-Ls ˘Nn-ß-⁄l-TÙo. RÙm A∞dL ˙Yi-•V
ERÆ´u Ru-˚U, A[-‹, ÿ˚\ ˙TÙu-\-Yt-˚\-Ÿm ßh-P-™h-” S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”jß
C-⁄l-TÙo. Cq-YÙ-fl Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\-L˚[ ÿu-˙]Ùd-°f ˘N¤j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ]
RLYpLs Lt-\-p Ußl-¿-” Gu\ ˙SÙd˚L A˚P-Y-Rt-LÙ] Ju-\Ù-œm.
Lt-\-p Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-L-∞u ˘TÙ’l-Ti-◊-Ls G˚Y?
Lt-\-≠p RÙu GkR ®˚X-´p C⁄d-°-˙\u Gu-T-˚R-Ÿm GkR ®˚X˚V
A˚PV ˙Yi-”m Gu-T-˚R-Ÿm œZk˚R A±k-’ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m. Ak®-˚X˚V
A˚PVj R]-’ A±-Æp Gu-˘]u] UÙt-\e-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m Gu-T-˚R-
Ÿm œZk˚R Lt-\p Ußl-¿h-•u YÙ´-XÙL A±-°-\Ùu. Cj-R-˚LV Ußl¿h-”j RL-
YpL˙[ A”j-’ GkR ˘NVp-TÙh˚P A∞dL ˙Yi-”m Gu-T-˚Rj æo-UÙ-≤dL B£-
¨-V-⁄d-œ YØ-LÙh-”-°-\-’. Yœl-T-˚\-d Lt-\-≠u-˙TÙ-’ E⁄-YÙ-œm Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”-
Ls Lt-\-p Ußl-¿h-•u Æ˚[‹-L-[Ù-œm.
RL-Yp-Ls ˛ Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\p
B£-¨-Vo Tß‹ ˘NnR CWi-PÙ-Y-’, SÙu-LÙ-Y-’ œ±l-◊-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’
B£¨V⁄dœd °˚PjR RL-Yp-Ls G˚Y? C’ RÙu ˘NnR ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls œ±j’
œZk-˚R˙V SPj-ßV —V-U-ßl-¿-PÙ-œm. œZk˚R R]-’ ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ Gq-YÙ-fl
LÙi°\Ùu? Ru-˚]d -œ-±jR —V A©l-©-WÙ-Vm Gu-], RÙu £k-ßjR YØ-Ls
©Wf£˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙi-T-Rt-œ GkR A[-‹d-œ ER-Æ-] ˙TÙu\ —V Ußl-¿-”-L∞u
Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\p Gu\ ˙SÙd-Lj-˙RÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV RL-Yp-L-[Ù-œm.
3
79
hne-bn-cp-ج Fßs\? ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
CjRL-Yp-L-∞u ˘TÙ’l-Ti-◊-Ls G˚Y?
Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\L-∞u ˙TÙ’ B£-¨-V-⁄d-œd °˚PlT˚Y.
œZk-˚R´u —V Ußl-¿h-•u YØd °˚PlT˚Y.
œZk-˚R-´-Pm Ht-ThP Lt-\p Ti-◊, ˘LÙ”d-Ll-T-”m Lt-\p ˘NVpÿ˚\
˙TÙu\Yt-˚\d œ±j-’d œZk˚Rd-œm B£-¨-V-⁄dœm R∞-YÙ] RL-YpL-˚[j
R⁄-°u-\-’.
—V ˙Um-TÙh-•t-œ YÙnl-T-∞d-°-\-’.
RL-Yp-Ls ˛ Lt-\˚X Ußl-©P
Cfl-ß-´-¤s[ CWi-” œ±l-◊-L-fim B£-¨-V-⁄dœj R⁄m RL-Yp-Ls VÙ˚Y?
œZk-˚R-L-∞-Pm E⁄-YÙ] L⁄j-’d-Ls, ˘NVp-ÿ˚\jß-\u-L-s B°-V-Yt˚\l
©±˘RÙ⁄ „Z-≠p T¨-˙NÙ-R˚] ˘Nn-R-˙TÙ-’ B£-¨-V-⁄d-œd °˚PjR ÿ•-‹-L˙[
Cd-œ-±l-◊Ls. œZk-˚R´u Lt-\˚Xd œ±l-©-”m NÙu-fl-Ls C˚Y, NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙL
Ko AX-°u ÿ•Æp Cj-R-˚LV RL-Yp-L˚[ B£-¨-Vo ˙NL-¨l-T-’ CVp-◊. BL˙Y
RÙu C˚Y Lt-\p Ußl-¿” Gu\ ˙SÙd-Lj˚R ®˚\-˙Yt-fl-°u-\-].
Cj-R-L-Yp-L-∞u ˘TÙ’l-Ti-◊-Ls G˚Y?
A˚PkR L⁄j-’Ls GkR A[‹ ®˚X -®t-°u\] Gu-T˚R A±k-’ ˘LÙs[
ER-‹-°u-\-].
Lt-\p SÙd-Le-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p UÙQ-Y-≤u Lp-Æj RWj˚R ÿ•‹ NnVl
TVu-T-”m RL-Yp-˚L-[j R⁄-°u-\-].
Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-Ls, Ej-ß-Ls, L⁄-Æ-Ls
Lt-\-¤d-œl TX ÿ˚\-L-fii-”. B]Ùp TÙPj-ßh-Pd Li-˙QÙh-P-ÿm A‘-œ
ÿ˚\-L-fim Lt-\p˛Lt-©j-Rp ÿ˚\- - ]j Ro‹ Nn-Ÿm A[‹˙LÙp-L-[Ù-œm. ∏˙Z
RWl-Th-”s[ Lt-\p ÿ˚\-Ls Gk˘RkR Lt-\p A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\L-˙[Ù-” ˘RÙPo◊
˘LÙi”s-[] Gu-T˚R BWÙnk-’ TÙ⁄e-Ls.
L[lTV-Qm ˘Nn-’ LÙh-”-Rp (Demonstration)
ƨ-‹˚W ©Wf-£- ]j æo‹
œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls T´t£ Nn-Rp (Drilling)
J⁄e-°- Qk-’ Lt-\p T¨-˙NÙ-R-˚]--Ls
380
hne-bn-cp-ج Fßs\? ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
CYt-fls NÍL A±-YÙd-Lj-ßu A•l-T- P- p A˚UkR Lt-\-¤d-œl TÙ⁄j-
R-UÙ-]˚Y G˚Y? Lt-\-˙XÙ-” Ußl-¿-”m SPd-œm ˙TÙ’ Lt-\p ÿ˚\-L˚[-Ÿm
Ußl©Pl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. B]Ùp Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ÿ˚\-´u ˙SÙd-Lm, TVu-T-”j-’m
L⁄-Æ-Ls CYt-±tœ HtT Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-L-fim UÙfl-Th-P-RÙL C⁄d-œm.
œ› Ußl-¿-”
""˘LÙ—- Y[o-Y-Rt-LÙ] „Zp SU-’ —t-fll-◊-\j-ßp Es[-]YÙ Gu-\ ˘NVp-
TÙh•u Tœ-ß-VÙL —t-fll-◊\ Bn-‹d-œf Np-¤m- TÙ-’ GYt- \- Vp-XÙm Et-fl- SÙdL
˙Yi”m Gu-T˚Rd Li-”-©-•j-RÙo-Ls. ÿR≠p R≤j-R-≤VÙLj RL-Yp-L-˚[f
˙NL¨j-RÙo-Ls. Li-P-±k-R-Yt˚\f £fl œ›-Æp T°ok-’ ˘LÙi-PÙo-Ls. ˘RÙPok-’
D Y[o-Y-Rt-LÙ] „Zp —t-fll-◊-\j-ßp Es[-]YÙ Gu-T˚Rd Li-P-±-Ÿm ˘TÙ⁄h-”
œ›YÙLf ˘Nu-\-]o. Li-P-±k-R-Yt˚\d œ-›-Æp T°ok-’ ˘LÙiP-]o. —t-fll-◊\m
UÙN-˚PYRt-œd LÙW-Q-UÙ-]-Yo-Ls VÙYo? RÙu ˘Nn-Y-’m ©\o ˘Nn-Y-’-m Gu\
Ah-P-Y-˚Q-˚Vj R≤j-R-≤VÙLl Èojß ˘Nn-’ Li-P-±-V-‹m ˘Nn-R -]o.
LiP±kRYt˚\d œ›-Æp Te-œ ˚Yj-R-]o.''
L[l-T-V-Qm ˘RÙPo-TÙL ˙U˙X ·\l-ThP ˘NVp-TÙh-•p Íu-fl ÿ˚\ œ›f
˘NVp-TÙ-” S˚P-˘T-fl-°-\-’.
GYt˚\ Et-fl-˙SÙdL ˙Yi-”m Gu-T-˚Rd Li-P-±-Ÿm-˙TÙ-’.
Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp YÙ´-XÙ-Lj RL-Yp-L-˚[f ˙NL-¨d-œm˙TÙ’.
ÿ•-‹-L˚[ J⁄e-°-˚Qd-œm-˙TÙ-’.
CYt-fls ÿRp ®˚X-´˚]l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-˙YÙm.
œ›-Æp S˚P-˘T-fl-Y-’ Gu]?
B£- -Vo, œ›-Æp S˚P- T\ Yi-•V NVp-ÿ- \-L- [l Tt± G”j-’- Wd°\Ùo.
R≤j-R-≤-VÙ-Ld Li-P-±k-R-©u œ›-Æt-œ Y⁄-°-\Ùo-Ls.
YÙ£j-’ ˘Y∞- -”-°-\Ùo-Ls.
Ut-\-Yo-Ls Re-Ls A©l-©-WÙ-Ve-L-˚[d ·fl-°-\Ùo-Ls.
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m ˘Y∞-´-”-m ˙TÙ’ Ut-\-Yo-Ls G›-’-°-\Ùo-Ls.
3
81
hne-bn-cp-ج Fßs\? ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
Ce-œ S˚P-˘Tt\ œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p Gk-˘RkR ®˚X-´p Ußl-¿-”
S˚P˘Tt-\-’?
RÙu Li”©•jR RL-Yp-Ls ©Wf-£-˚]j æo-Ætœ Ht\RÙ? —VUßl¿”
˘Nn°\Ùo-Ls.
©\ œZk˚RL∞u Li”©•l◊dL˙[Ù” Jl-©h-”j RÙu GkR ®˚X-´p
Es˙[u Gufl AYo-L˙[ Ußl-©-”-°-\Ùo-Ls.
RÙu Li-P-±k-R-˚YL˚[ ÆPl ©\ œZk˚RLs Li©•jRYt±p Gu˘]u]
˙Uu-˚U-Ls/œ˚\-L-s Ei˘P]d Li”©•d°\ÙoLs? CYt-˚\ U]-ßp
˘LÙi˙P A”jR LhPjßp SPdœm CjR˚LV NVpTÙ”L∞p D”T”°\ÙoLs.
Ce-œ Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\-XÙL UÙfl-°u-\-’.
œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-” S˚P-˘T-flm-˙TÙ-’m
S˚P-˘Tt-\l- ©-\-œm Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙ]
£X Ej-ß-Lfim L⁄-Æ-L-fim
œZk˚R-Ls Re-L-fid-œs Æ]Ùd-Ls Æ]-‹-Rp.
œZk˚R-Ls TVu-T-”j’m ˙NÙR-˚]l -Th-•-Vp
œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ” R]d-œ Gq-YÙ-fl ER-Æ-V-’ Gu-T˚R
—V-Ußl¿” ˘Nn’ ˘Y∞-´-Pp.
NL Ußl-¿-”
Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Lm Gu] Gu-T-˚R-Ÿm AR˚] A˚P-Y-˘Rl-T• Gu-T-˚Rl
◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-Y-Rt-LÙ] CVp-TÙ] YÙnl˚T NL Ußl-¿-” A∞d°\’. C⁄-Y-⁄-˚PV
Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L-˚[Ÿm NL Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-’ AYt˚\ ˙UmT”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] A±-
382
hne-bn-cp-ج Fßs\? ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
‹fljRp-Ls YZe-œ-Y-Ru ÍXm Lt-\-˚Xl Tt±V ˙Um-ThP Tœl-TÙn‹ S˚P-˘T-fl-
°\’. Cj-’-Pu CVp-TÙ] ©u-Úh-P-ÿm Jq-˘YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄d-œm °˚Pd-œm.
ÿu-]od œ±l-©hP L[l-T-V-Qm ˘RÙPo-TÙ] A±d-˚L˚Vl T˚Pl◊j
˘RÙœl©p ˙Nodœm -ÿu J⁄-Y-⁄d-˘LÙ-⁄-Yo YÙ£j-’j ReLs L⁄j’-L˚[l Tß‹
˘Nn°-\Ùo-Ls. Ce-œ BZ-UÙ] NL Ußl-¿-” S˚P-˘T-flm. LÙW-Qm Gu-]-˘Yu-\Ùp
C⁄-Yo Uh-”˙U Es[ „r-®˚X´p AYWYo ˘NnR A±d-˚L-Ÿ-Pu Jl-©h-”l TÙol-
T-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-°˚Pd-°-\-’. Ce-œd œZk˚R´u U]-ßp S˚P-˘T-fl-Y-’ Gu]?
Si-T-≤u A±d˚L´p R]d-œl -©-•j-R-’/ ©•d-LÙR’ G’? Hu?
R]-’ A±d-˚L˚V ÆP Si-T-≤u A±d-˚L-´p Æ[d-L-UÙ]
œ±l-◊-Ls EiPÙ/ Cp-˚XVÙ?
˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ Æ[d-Lm ÿ›-˚U-VÙ-]-’m ƨ-YÙ-]-˚Y-ŸUÙ?
˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ ERÙ-W-Qe-Ls ˙R˚Y-VÙ-]-˚Y RÙ]Ù?
Si-Tu Cf-˘N-Vp-TÙh˚P SÙu A‘-°V’ ˙TÙu˙\ A‘°Ÿs[Ù]Ù?
B°-V- Æ]ÙdL˚[j RUd-œs Æ]-‹-°-\Ùo-Ls.
CYt-±u YÙ -XÙL C⁄-Y-⁄d-œm Ußl-©-”m YÙnl◊ °˚Pd-°u-\-’. Aj’Pu
TVu-R-⁄m Lt-\˚Xl ˘TÙfll˙Ttœm YiQm R≤l-ThP Y[of-£-Ÿm ˘TÙfll-◊m
Lt\˚Xl Tt±f —V-UÙL Ußl-©-”-m Ru-˚U-Ÿm Ru]m-©d-˚L-Ÿm NL Ußl-¿h-•u
YÙ´XÙLd œZk˚Rd-œd °˚Pd-°u-\-’.
NL Ußl-¿h-•t-LÙLl TVu-T-”jRlT”m L⁄-Æ-Ls
C⁄-Y-⁄m LPk-’ ˘Nu\ Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´u Tp-˙Y-fl ®˚X-L-∞p SPkR
Lt\˙XÙ” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV œ±l-◊-Ls APe-°V ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp.
B£-¨˚V Yœl-©p LXk-’-˚W-VÙ”m ˙TÙ’ ˙LhP Ußl-¿h-” Æ]Ùd-Ls.
TÙP Ë≠-¤s[ NL Ußl-¿h-”f ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp.
—V Ußl-¿-”
Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞p œZk˚R —V Ußl-¿h-•u YØ-VÙ-Ld LPk-’
˘Np°\Ùu. C˚Y CVpTÙL S˚P-˘T -flT˚YVÙ-œm. £X ˙Y˚[-L -∞p
˘NVt˚LVÙL‹m SPd°u\]. Cj-R˚LV „r-®-˚X-Ls G˚Y?
R]-’ A±˚Y / Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˚Vf NL œZk-˚R´u A±‹ / Lt-\p ˘NVp-
3
83
hne-bn-cp-ج Fßs\? ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
ÿ˚\ŸPu Jl-©h-”l TÙod-œm-˙TÙ-’.
R]-’ Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˚V / T˚Pl-˚Tl ˘TÙ’-YÙL E⁄-YÙd-°V RW-®o-Q-Vd
œ±l◊L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p Ußl-©-”m-˙TÙ-’.
J⁄ œ±l-©hP ˘NVp-TÙh-•p B£-¨-˚V-´u ©u-Úh-Pm °˚Pd-œm-˙TÙ-’.
ÆUo-N]l Èo-YUÙ] Yœl-T˚\ ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[j ˙R”m SÙm, Cj-R-˚LV —V
Ußl-¿-”-Ls ˘NnV AYo-L-˚[j ÁiP ˙Yi-”Up-XYÙ? œZk˚RLs Re-Ls —V £k-
R˚]-L-˚[d œ±j-’f £k-ßd-Lj Ái-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-L˚[j ˘RÙPdLl-Ts∞ Yœl-
©-˙X˙V Ht-T-”j-ßd ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi-”m. Aq-YÙ-fl ˘Nn-RÙp Uh-”˙U œZk˚RL∞u —V
Ußl-¿-”m Lt-\-¤m BZ-UÙL A˚U-Ÿm.
B£-¨˚V Ußl-¿-”
œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-Y-’ Gu-T-’ B£-¨-˚V-´u Au-\ÙP
LP˚UL∞u J⁄ Tœ-ß-VÙ-L˙Y L⁄-Rl-Th-” Y⁄-°u-\-’. Ko B£-¨--˚V˚Vl ˘TÙflj-R-
Y˚W CRu ˙SÙdLm Gu]?
J⁄ Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´u YÙ´-XÙL SÙm
Gßo-TÙojR ®˚X-´-XÙ] A±-YÙd-Lm
œZk˚R-L-∞-Pm Ht-Th-”s-[RÙ Gu-T-˚Rl
T¨˙NÙßd-L.
J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX A[-Æp œZk˚R
A˚PkR ÿu-˙]t-\j-˚Rl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs-[.
Tp-˙Y-fl Ui-P-Xe-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm
Lp-Æ-´u ˙Uu-˚U˚V Efl-ßl-T-”j-R.
œZk-˚R-´u Tu-ÿL A±‹ Y[of-£-´u
R[e-L-˚[d Li-P-±-Y-’-Pu, ARu Y[of
£˚V-Ÿm T¨-QÙ-Uj-˚R-Ÿm ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-”,
˘RÙPok-’s[ Lt-\p A‡-T-Ye-˚[ YZeœ
Y-Rt-œ.
384
hne-bn-cp-ج Fßs\? ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
œZk˚R, Ts-∞-´-¤m Ts-∞d-œ ˘Y∞-˙V-Ÿm œ”m-Tj-ß-¤m NÍ-Lj-ß-¤m
˘Y∞lT”j’m Bfi-˚U-˚V-Ÿm NÍL D”-TÙh-•u R[j-˚R-Ÿm Li-P-±-Y-Rtœ.
Cm-ÿ- \- p Yœl-©-¤m Yœl-◊d-œ Y∞- V-Ÿm J⁄ œZk- R- u J⁄e-°- QkR
Y[of-£˚V B£-¨˚V Ußl-¿-” ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m. ˙U¤m ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ˙SWe-L-∞p
ERÆ ˘Nn-Y-’m Tß‹ ˘Nn-Y-’m Cu-±-V-˚U-VÙ-R-RÙ-œm. CR]•l-T-˚P-´p...
œZk-˚R˚V J⁄e-°-˚QkR ®˚X-´p LÙQ ˙Yi-”m.
AYu / AY-˚[l Tt-±V ˘Nn-ß-L-˚[f ˙NL-¨dL ˙Yi-”m.
˙NL-¨jR ˘Nn-ß-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ©u-Úh-Pm A∞dL
˙Yi-”m.
˙R˚Y-VÙ] ˙SWe-L-∞p ERÆ ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m.
B°-V˚Y B£-¨-˚V-´u Au-\ÙP LP˚UL-∞u J⁄ Tœ-ß -RÙu.
Lt-\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm N¨-VÙ-]-’m ÷h-T-UÙ-]-
’-UÙ] ˘Nn-ß-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´-˙X˙V Ußl-¿-” SPjR ˙Yi-”m. CRu ˘TÙ⁄h-”
Ko B£-¨-˚V Tp-˙Y-fl „r-®-˚X-L-∞p Tp-˙Y-fl Ej-ß-L-˚[-Ÿm L⁄-Æ-L-˚[-Ÿm TVu-
T-”jR ˙Yi-•-Y-⁄m. TVu-T-”j-’m Ej-ß-L-fim L⁄-Æ-L-fim ˙Yfl-Th-PÙp Uh”˙U
CR-˚]l TVu-R-⁄m Y˚L-´p S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”jR ÿ•-Ÿm.
Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß-Ls, L⁄-Æ-Ls ˛ „r-®- X- -Vp Lp-Æ´p
Yœl-T- \d Lt-\-≠u ˙SÙd-Lm, Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ- \- u Ru- U, Ußl-¿h-•u
˙SÙdLm, Ußl-©-”m ÿ˚\, œZk˚R-L-fid-œ ARu YØ-VÙ-Ld °˚PdL ˙Yi-•V ERÆ
B°-V--Yt±u A•lT- P´p RÙu J⁄ œ±l-©hP „Z-≠p Gq-Y- L-VÙ] Ußl-¿h-”
Ej-ß-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m Gu-T-˚Rj æo-UÙ-≤dL ˙Yi-”m. B£¨˚V˙V
AR˚]j ˙Ro‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m. Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß-Ls, L⁄-Æ-Ls B°V˚Y Tt±
Ußl-¿h-” EjßLs Gu-‡m Tœ-ß- p ·\l-Th-”s-[-’. Aj’Pu -„Zp ®- X -Vp
Lp-Æ´p AYt˚\ Ge˙L TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi”˘UuT˚Rl Tt±f £k-ßd-L-XÙm.
1. ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp
CWi-PÙm Yœl-◊f „r-®-˚X´Vp Yœl-©p Et-fl˙SÙd-Lp ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˚V
Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œj ’˚Q-◊-¨-Ÿm J⁄ ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-V-˚Xl TÙ⁄e-Ls.
3
85
hne-bn-cp-ج Fßs\? ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
©WNÙj A¥RÙ N¥RÙ A⁄i ©√RÙ
1. ©Wf-£- ]j æo-‹d-LÙ] NÙu-fl-L˚[
Et-fl- SÙd° Li-”-©-•j-’s-[-]o.
2. ˘TÙ⁄s-L-fid-°- P- V-VÙ]
˙YflTÙh- Pl ◊¨k-’ LÙi-”s-[Ùo-Ls.
3. ˘TÙ⁄s-L-fid-°- P˙V Es[
Jl-◊- U- Vd Li-”©•j-’s-[Ùo-Ls.
4. £\l-◊j-Ru- U-L- [d Li-”
©•j-’s-[Ùo-Ls.
5. RL-Yp-L˚[ ÿ˚\-VÙL G›-ß-Ÿs-[-]o.
6. A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œ Ju-±t-œ
˙Ut-ThP (TPm, Ah-P-Y˚Q) ÿ˚\-L˚[l
TVu-T-”j-ß-Ÿs-[-]o.
Lt-\p T˚Pl◊Ls, Lt-\p Y∞-¬-”-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œf NÙR˚]l
Th-•-V- Xl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. œ±l-©hP SÙd-Lj-ßu A•l-T- P- p SÙm Gßo-TÙodœm
RL-Yp-Ls °˚Pl-T-Rt-œl TVu-T-”m Y˚L-´p Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-´u ÿd-°-V-UÙ]
®˚X-L˚[ Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œf ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-V-˚Xl TVu-T-”j-’-Y-’ Sp-X-’.
Jq˘YÙ⁄ ®˚X-´-¤m ˙SÙd-Le-Ls UÙfl-Y-Rt-œ HtT Ußl-¿h-”d L⁄-Æ-L-fim
UÙflT”m.
2. Et-fl ˙SÙd-Lp
ÿRp Yœl-©p E´-¨-L-∞u TPe-L˚[ Ei-‘m EQ-Æu A•l-T-˚P-´p
Y˚Ll-T-”jß Jh-”-°u\ ˘NVp-TÙh-˚Pd LY-≤-Ÿe-Ls.
œZk˚R-Ls ˙NL-¨jR Tp-˙Y-fl E´-¨-L-∞u TPe-Ls Yœl-©p ˘RÙe-L-Æ-Pl-
T-”-°u\]. œZk˚R-Ls œ›d-L-[Ù-°-\Ùo-Ls. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œ›-Æt-œm Tp-˙Y-fl
E´¨L∞u TPe-Ls A∞dLl-T”-°-\-’. £\l-◊j-Ru-˚Ud-˙LtT Y˚Ll-T-”jß Jh-”-
°\Ùo-Ls. GRu A•l-T-˚P-´p Y˚Ll-T-”j-Rl-Th-P-’ Gu-fl Tß‹ ˘Nn-°-\Ùo-Ls.
Y˚Ll-T”j-ßl Th-•-Vp RVÙ-¨d-°-\Ùo-Ls.
Cf-˘N-Vp-TÙh˚P Et-fl ˙SÙd-œ-Rp YÙ´-XÙL B£-¨Vod-œ Gu-˘]u] RL-
YpLs °˚Pd-œm?
©Wf-£-˚]j æo-‹d-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ÿ˚\-´p UÙQYo-Ls œ›-Æp L⁄j-’l
T¨-UÙt-\m ˘Nn-R-˚Rl Tt-±.
G]-’ œ›- Efll©]o-L-∞u Et-fl- SÙd-LpEt-fl-˙SÙd-Lp
386
hne-bn-cp-ج Fßs\? ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
E´-¨-]eL-˚[d œ›-YÙL Y˚Ll-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œd œZk˚R Tp-˙Y-\Ù] ®Tk-R˚]/
- A•l-T˚PL˚[l TVuT-”j-ß-V-˚Rl Tt-±.
ÿ˚\-VÙL G›-’-m œZk˚R´u ß\-˚]l-Tt-±.
CRu A•l-T- P- p Tp- Y-fl ®˚X- -¤s[Yo-L-fid-œl TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Lt-\p NVp-
TÙ-”-L˚[ A∞dL B£- Vod-œ CV-¤m. Gßo-TÙojR ®˚X´p Es-[-Yo-L-fidœm
ARtœd ∏r ®˚X- -¤s-[-Yo-L-fidœm ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ERÆ A∞d-L- CV-¤m.
˙SW-•-VÙ] Et-fl˙SÙd-L-≠u YÙ´-XÙL œZk˚R-L-˚[l Tt± ˙Y˘\u-˘]u]
A±V CV-¤m?
œZk˚RL-∞u SPj-˚R, TZd-L-Y-Zd-Le-Ls B°VYt-˚\l Tt-±.
B£-¨-V-¨u A±-‹-˚W-L˚[ GkR A[‹ ©u-Tt-fl-°-\Ùo-Ls Gu-T-’ Tt-±.
Lt-\-¤d-LÙL Yœl-T-˚\-´u A˚Ul◊ GkR A[‹ ER-‹m Gu-T˚R A±V
(œ-±l-TÙL œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh-•t-œ).
3. Æ]Ùd-Ls Æ]-‹-Rp
Yœl-©p œZk˚RLs ˘NnR J⁄ ˙NÙR-˚]-´p AYo-Ls ˙NÙR-˚]-´u Tp˙Yfl
®˚X-Ls YØ-VÙ-Ld LPk-’ ˘Nu-\-]o. ÿ•-‹-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-°-]o.
œZk˚R LPk-’ ˘Nu\ ˙NÙR-˚]-´u ®˚X-L-˚[-Ÿm E⁄-YÙd-°V L⁄j-ß-˚]Ÿm
—V-UÙL Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-œ AY-‡d-œ ERÆ ˘Nn-Ÿm Y˚L-´p Æ]-‹m £X
Æ]ÙdL˚[d LY-≤-Ÿe-Ls.
Ee-Ls FLm Gu]?
Li-”-©-•j-R˚Y G˚Y?
FLm N¨-VÙL C⁄k-RRÙ?
Li-”-©-•jR-Rt-œm FLj-ßt-œm C˚P˙V Gu-˘]u] ˙Yfl-TÙ”Ls Es[]?
ÿ•-‹d-œ Y⁄-Y-Rtœ Ee-L-fid-œ ER-Æ-V˚Y G˚Y?
B£-¨-V-¨u Cl-T-•l-ThP Æ]Ùd-L-fid-œ C⁄dL ˙Yi-•V R≤j-Ru-˚U-Ls G˚Y?
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk˚RŸm Lt-\˚X A‘-œ-Y-’ Gq-YÙ-fl Gu-T˚R A±k-’ ˘LÙs
-Y-RÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.
œZk˚R´u Ru-]m-©-d˚L-˚V-Ÿm, AY-‡-˚PV Lt-\p ß\-˚]-Ÿm AY-‡d-œ
G”j’-˚WdL CV¤-Y-RÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.
—V-U-ßl-¿h-” YÙnl-◊-Ls
Lt-\˚X Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] YØ-ÿ- \-L˚[d œZk˚R-LsG”j-’˚Wd-°-\Ùo-Ls.
Lt-\- Xl Tt-±f £k-ßd-°-\Ùo-Ls.ARu Gp- X- V-Ÿm Uu- UL˚[Ÿm Li-”-©-•j-’f—V-UÙL Y∞´”°-\Ùo-Ls.
Lt-\-≠u Uu- U-L- [l ◊¨k-’˘LÙs[ ER-‹-Y-’-Pu Lt-\-≠uA”jR ®˚Xd-œf Np-Y-Rt-œGu] Nn-V-XÙm Gu-T- RdLi-P-±-Vj Ái”°-\Ùo-Ls.
R]-’m, ©\-W-’m Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L˚[ Ußl-©h-”f —V-UÙ-L-‹m NLœZk˚R-Lfid-œm ©u-Úh-PmA∞d-°-\Ùo-Ls.
3
87
hne-bn-cp-ج Fßs\? ˛ ]cn-k-c-]-T\w
Lt-\p „Z-¤d-œ HtTd œZk˚R-L-s Re-L-[-’ L⁄j-’d-L-˚[-Ÿm,
Li-˙QÙhPj-˚R-Ÿm Æ[dL ER-‹m ß\kR Æ]Ùd-L-[ÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.
Lt-\p „Z-¤d-œ HtTd œZk˚R A”jR ®˚Xd-œf ˘NpX ER‹m Y˚L-´XÙ]
Æ]Ùd-L-[ÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.
≈h-”f-„-Z˚Xl Tt-±-Ÿm, YÙrd-˚L-Ÿ-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV ©Wf-£-˚]-Ls Tt-±-Ÿm,
œZk-˚R-´u Tp-˙Y-fl A‡-T-Ye-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ] Li-˙QÙh-Pm
B°VYt-˚\l Tt-±V RL-Yp °˚Pl-T-]-YÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.
Æ]Ùd-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm œZk˚R´u Tß-˚Xl Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’
AYoL-fidœ A∞dL Yi-•V ©u-Úh-P-ÿm ER-Æ-Ÿm Gq-YÙ-fl A˚UV Yi”m
Gu-T˚R B£-¨-Vo æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp ˙Yi-”m.
4. NÙR-˚]˚V Ußl-©-”m-˙TÙ-’
œZk˚R-Ls —V-UÙLf ˙NÙR-˚]L˚[ Y•-Y-˚Ud-L-‹m, ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p
D”TP‹m, RL-Yp-L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m ÿ•-‹-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-L -‹m
©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹ LÙi-T-Rt-œ-UÙ] YÙnl-◊-Ls „r-®˚X´Vp Yœl-©p °˚PdL
˙Yi-”m. A-Yo-Ls ˘NnR ˙NÙR-˚]L˚[ Ußl©”-Y-Ru YØ-VÙL, AYo-Ls ˘Tt\
A±-˚Y-Ÿm ARt-œl TVu-T-”j-ßV Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-˚V-Ÿm ÿ›-˚U-VÙL Ußl-©P
CV-¤m.
5. œZk-˚R T˚Pl-◊j RÙœl◊ (Port Folio)
Et-fl˙SÙd-Lp œ±l◊
Bn-‹d œ±l◊
L[l-T-VQ A±d˚L
˙So-LÙ-Qp ˛ Æ]Ù-®-Wp A±d˚L
TPe-Ls
Ah-P-Y-˚Q-Ls, Y˚W-T-Pe-Ls
LQd- L-”l◊ ˛ T•-Ye-Ls, A±d- L-Ls
©W-ß-T-≠l◊d œ±l-◊-Ls
T˚Pl-◊-Ls
388
L¦-R U§lÀÓ Gq-Yôß?
A±-YÙdLf NVp-ÿ- \- p Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-”-YRu SÙdLm Gu-]- Yu\Ùp,
Lt-\¤d-LÙ] ©u-Úh-Pm œZk˚Rd-œ A∞d-L-‹m, Lt-\p SÙd-Lj˚R A˚P-Y-RtLÙ]
ERÆ A∞l-T-RtœUÙ-œm. CRt-œj R˚Y-VÙ] RL-Yp-Ls B£- -V-⁄d-œ Ußl-©-”R≠u
ÍXm °˚Pd-°u-\-]. R]-’ Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Lm Gu-]-˘Yu-fl ˘R∞-YÙ-Lj ˘R¨k’
˘LÙiP œZk˚RVÙp R]-’ Lt-\˚Xf —V-UÙL Ußl-©P ÿ•-Ÿm. œ›d-L-[Ù-Ld Lt-
\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p D”-T-”-Y-Ru-Í-Xm R]-’ Lt-\-˚Xd œ±jR RL-Yp-Ls NL
œZk˚RL∞u YÙ´-XÙLd œZk˚Rd-œd °˚Pd-°u-\-’. Cq-YÙ-fl ˙Yfl-ThP E˚\-
ÆPe-L -∞-≠-⁄k-’ Lt-\ -˚Xd- œ-±j-R Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-Ls œZk˚Rd-œm
B£¨V⁄dœm °˚Pl-T-’ Gq-YÙ-fl G]l- TÙol-˙TÙm.
Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-Ls
Ko B£-¨Vo R]-’ œZk˚RL-˚[d œ±j-’l Tp-˙Yfl „r-®-˚X-L-∞p, R]’
©W-ßT≠l◊ Td-Lj-ßp ˙NL-¨jR RL-Yp-L-˚[l TÙ⁄e-Ls.
CkRj RL-Yp-L-∞u Ru-˚U-L-fim TVu-TÙ-”-L-fim Ju-fl -˙TÙp Es-[-]YÙ?
ERÙ-W-Q-UÙ-L, WÆVÙp ©Wf-£-˚]dœj æo‹ LÙQ ˙Yfl-ThP YØ-L-˚[d Li-P-±V
CV-X-Æp˚X Gu\ RL-Y˚X A±kR B£-¨-V-⁄d-œ, Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-•u J⁄
®˚X´p, RÙu Gq-Æ-R-UÙ] ERÆ˚V AY-‡d-œ YZeL ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-fl Li-P-±V
ERÆ´-⁄d-œ-Up-XYÙ? C’ Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh˚Pj ˘RÙPo-Y-Rt-œ ER-‹-Y-’m Lt-\p
Ußl-¿h-•t-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ-]-’-UÙ] J⁄ RL-Yp Gu-\Ùp Ut\ RL-Yp-L-∞u
Ru˚ULfim ˙SÙd-L-ÿm Gu-]-YÙ-´-⁄d-œm?
RL-Yp-Ls ˛ Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿h-•t-œ
Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-Ls ˛ 1 I B£-¨-Vo Gk-˘RkR „r-®-˚X-L-∞p ˙NL-¨j-ß-⁄l-TÙo?
1. ©Wf-£-˚]˚Vl Tœl-TÙ-Ÿm ®˚X-´p
2. ©Wf-£-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙ‘m ®˚X-´p
L¶R Ußl-¿-”- Gq-YÙ-fl?
Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-Ls 1
A©-WÙ-™VÙp ©Wf-£- ]-L-fidœj
æo‹ LÙQl Tp-˙Y-fl YØ-L-˚[d
LiP±V CV-¤m. B]Ùp
WÆdœl ©Wf-£-˚]-L-fid-œj æo‹
LÙQl Tp-˙Y-fl YØ-L-˚[d
LiP±V CV-XÙ’.
J⁄ Y¨-˚N-´p Tj-’ VÙ˚]d-
œh•-Ls Es-[-]. AYt˚\
CWi” Y - N-L-[Ùd-œm- TÙ-’ J⁄
Y¨-˚N´p Gj-R˚]? Íu-fl
Y¨˚N-L-∞p Bd°-]Ù˙XÙ? TPj-
ßu ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu Gi- Qd
LiP±k’ ·h-•f NÙp-Y-Rt-œm
˘T⁄d-Lt- T-X˚]E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-Rt-œm
Gp- XÙ-WÙ-¤m CV-¤-°u-\RÙ?
J⁄ SÙs Tj-’ VÙ˚]d-œh-•-Ls
≈Rm E⁄-YÙd-°-]Ùp H› SÙh-L-∞p
Gj-R˚] VÙ˚]d-œh-•-Ls Gu\
Æ]ÙÆtœ Gp- XÙ-WÙ-¤m Æ˚P
Li-P-±V CV-X-Æp- X. Æx-‘
Uh”˙U N -VÙ] Æ˚P- Vd
·±]Ùu.
3
89
L¦-R U§lÀÓ Gq-Yôß?
CkR ®˚X-L-∞p CqYÙ-\Ù] RL-Yp-Ls B£-¨-Vod-œ GRtœl TVu-T-”m?
A©-WÙ™, ©Wf-£-˚] TœlTÙn-Æp Ge-°-⁄d-°-\Ùs? ©Wf-£-˚]dœj æo‹
LÙi-T-ßp R]-’ Yœl-©u ˘TÙ’-YÙ] ®˚X Gu]? Cf-˘Nn-ß-L˚[ A±k-’
˘LÙs[ CkRj RL-Yp-Ls B£-¨-Vod-œ ER-Æ-´-⁄d-œ-Up-XYÙ? NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙL C˚Y
Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-•-˚]j ˘RÙPo-Y-Rt-LÙ] RL-Yp-L-˙[-VÙ-œm. Ck-Rj RL-Yp-L-∞u
A•l-T- P- p B£- Vo Lt-\p NVp-TÙh-•p R˚Y-VÙ] UÙt-\e-L˚[f Nnß⁄dL-
XÙm. RÙu ˘LÙ”dL ˙Yi-•-V -E-R-Æ-´u Ru-˚U, A[-‹, ÿ˚\ GuTYt-˚\-Ÿm
B£-¨Vo æo-UÙ-≤j-’ S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”j-ß-´-⁄d-L-XÙm. Cq-YÙ-fl Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-•-
˚]j ˘RÙPok-’ SPjR ER-‹m Cj-R-˚LV RL-Yp-Ls, Lt\¤dLÙ] Ußl-¿-” Gu\
˙SÙd-Lj˚R ®˚\-˙Yt-fl-m.
Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-L-∞u Ti-◊-Ls G˚Y?
C˚Y Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-fid-°-˚P˙V B£-¨-V-⁄d-œd °˚Pd-°u-\-].
Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-•˚]j ˘RÙPok-’ ˘LÙi-” ˘NpXl TVu-T-”-°u-\-].
A±-Æ-‡-˚PV GpXÙ Ui-P-Xe-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’-m RL-Yp-Ls °˚Pd-°u-\].
°˚PjR RL-Yp-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p EP-]-•-VÙ-L˙YÙ Ap-X-’ A”jR
®˚X´˙XÙ ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p UÙt-\-˙UÙ, ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ER-Æ˙VÙ œZk˚Rd-œl
©uÚhP-UÙL YZe-Ll-T-”-°-\-’.
RL-Yp-Ls ˛ Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\p
B£- Vo Tß‹ NnR CWi-PÙ-Y-’ RL-YpL∞-≠-⁄k-’ B£- -Vod-œd °˚PjR
RLYp-Ls Gu-˘]u]? C˚Y œZk˚R ˘NnR ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[d œ±j-’ AY-]’
—V Ußl-¿-”-L˙[ Bœm. œZk˚R R]-’ ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ Gq-YÙ-fl LÙi°\Ùu?
œZk˚Rdœj Ru˚]d œ±jRÙ] L⁄j-’ Gu-]-YÙ-L C⁄d-œm? RÙu £k-ßjR YØ-
Ls ©Wf-£-˚]dœj æo-‹-LÙQ GkR A[-‹d-œ ER-Æ]? Gu\ —V Ußl-¿-”-Ls,
Ußl¿˙P Lt-\p Gu\ ˙SÙd-Lj-’-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV RL-Yp-L˚[ œZk˚Rdœ A∞d-
°u\].
Ußl-¿h-”j RL-Yp-Ls ˛ 2
Si-To-L-fi-Pu Jl-©h-”l TÙoj-R-
˙TÙ-’ Y•-Ye-L- [l TVu-T-”jß
SÙu E⁄-YÙd°V ≈h˚P ÆP
Ne∏RÙ E⁄-YÙd-°V ≈˙P Sp-X-’
Gufl G]d-œl ◊¨k-R-’. ’oLÙ
RÙu Y˚WkR ≈h˚P Ußl-©h-”
Cq-YÙ-fl ·±-]Ùs.
390
U§l-ÀhÓ Øû\-Lsþ L¦-Rm
R]-’ Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞u ßh-P-™-Pp, ˘NVp-T-”j-’-Rp, ©Wf-£-˚]dœj æo‹
LÙ‘-Rp ˙TÙu\-Yt-˚\d œ±j-’ A±k-’ ˘LÙs[ œZk˚Rd-œm, C˚Rl-Tt±d
œZk˚R ˙TÙ’-UÙ] A±-‹-˚P-V-Yu-RÙ]Ù Gu\±Vj ˙R˚YVÙ] RL-Yp-L˚[
B£-¨-Vod-œm YZe-œ-°-\-’.
RL-Yp-Ls ˛ Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-Pp
Í-u\Ù-Y-’ Ußl-©-Pp RL-Yp-Ls Gj-R-˚L-V˚Y? Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Lj-˙RÙ-”
Jl©h”l- TÙod-œm ˙TÙ’ œZk˚R´Pm SPkR Lt-\-≠u RWj-˚Rj ˘R∞-YÙd-œ-°u\
RL-Yp-L˙[ C˚Y. C’ £X-˙Y˚[ Jo AX-°u Cflß-´˙XÙ Ap-X-’ J⁄ T⁄-Yjßu
Cfl-ß-´-˙XÙ, Ap-X-’ ˘Tt-˙\Ù-¨P˙UÙ Ap-X-’ UÙQ-Yo-L-∞P˙UÙ Lt-\p RWj-˚Rj
˘R¨-Æl-T-Rt-LÙL B£-¨-Vo ˙NL-¨jR RL-Yp-L-fim BL-XÙm. Cq-YÙ-fl œZk˚R
A˚PkR A±‹ A-Y-≤Pm GkR A[-‹d-œ ®˚X ®t-°-\-’ Gu\ RL-Yp, Lt-\˚X
Ußl-©-Pp Gu\ ˙SÙd-Lj-’-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-˚P-V-RÙœm.
Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-Ls, Ej-ß-Ls, L⁄-Æ-Ls
Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-©-P-¤m, Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\-¤m Yœl-T-˚\-´p Lt-\p
˘NVpTÙ”L∞Ú˙P SPl-T-˚Y-VÙ-œm. J⁄ Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-” S˚P-˘T-flm-˙TÙ-’
œZk˚R-´u A±-YÙd-Lm TV-‡s[ ÿ˚\´p S˚P-˘T\ SÙm TX YØ-L-˚[l
©uTtflY’i-”.
œ› Ußl-©-Pp
œ› Uß-¿h•u J⁄ ERÙ-W-Qj˚R G”j-’ NÙßj-’l TÙod-L-XÙm. CWiPÙm
Yœl-©p YZe-°V J⁄ ˘NVp-TÙh˚Pl TÙ⁄e-Ls.
œZk-˚R-L-∞u B˚P-L-fid-œ UÙ˘T-⁄m Æ˚Xd-œ-˚\-l◊.
C]m Æ˚X C]m Æ˚X
TÙYÙ˚P 85 Ï. Nh˚P 95 Ï.
£fl-™-Vo E”l◊ 120 Ï. LÙp Nh˚P 75 Ï.
Es-[Ù˚P 32 Ï. T≤-Vu 25 Ï.
Ußl¿h-”j RL-Yp-Ls ˛ 3
˘UÙj-R-ÿs[ 31 UÙQ-Yo-L-∞p 15
˙T⁄d-œd LØj-R-≠p CPo-lTÙ-”
˙S -”-°-\-’.
Ju-fld-œm Ut-ThP L¶R
˘NVp-Ls Y⁄-°u\ ©Wf-
£˚]L˚[ Y•Y- UdL T⁄m-
TÙu- U-VÙ] œZk˚R-L-fid-œm
CV-X-Æp- X.
˙Yfl-ThP A[-‹-L-fi- PV
˘NqYLe-L- [d LÙ”j-’,
CYt±p Nq-Y-Le-Ls G˚Y
Gufl LhP- TÙ-’ WÙ_ -Æt-œd
LÙW-Qe-L˚[d Li-P-±-V-‹m
Æ[d-L-‹m ÿ•k-R-’.
3
91
ÏÝ U§l-ÀÓþ L¦-Rm
˘Pn£ E”l-◊, TÙYÙ-˚P, ˘Th•d-˙LÙh ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ YÙe-°-]Ùs. AßoxP-
NdLWj˚Rf —Zt-±-V- TÙ-’ AY-fid-œ Jq- YÙ-⁄ C]j-ߤm °˚PjR RsfiT•˚Vl
TÙ⁄e-Ls.
˘Pn£ YÙe-°-V-’ RsfiT• °˚Pj-R-’
£fl-™-Vo E”l◊ 20 Ï.
TÙYÙ˚P 15 Ï.
˘Th•d-˙LÙh 5 Ï.
˘Pn-£d-œ RsfiT• °˚Pj-R-’ Ï. ?
L˚P-´p ˘LÙ”j-R-’ Ï. ?
CkRf ˘NVp-TÙh-˚Pf ˘NnV B£-¨-Vo R]-’ Yœl-T-˚\-´p TVu-T-”j-ßV
Tp-˙Y-fl ÿ˚\-L-˚[l TÙ⁄e-Ls.
ÿR-≠p œZk˚RLs R≤j-R-≤-VÙLl ©Wf-£-˚]-˚Vl Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-R-]o.
£X-⁄-˚PV ˘Y∞-´-P-¤d-œl-©u œ›-YÙd-Ll-Th-P-’. œ›d-L-[ÙLf ˘NVp-TP
˙Yi”˘Uu\ œ±l◊Ls YZe-Ll-Th-P-].
œ›d-L -∞p ˘RÙœd-Ll-ThP YØ-ÿ-˚\-L˚[ Yœl-©p ˘Y∞-´h-”,
©Wf£˚]dœj æo‹LÙ‘m Tp˙Y\Ù] YØ-ÿ-˚\-Ls œ±j-’ Yœl-©p
LXk’˚WVÙPlThP’. Ht-fld-˘LÙs-[l-TP ˙Yi-•-V-Yt˚\ Ht-fld-˘LÙi-”m
˘TÙ⁄kRÙRYt˚\ ®WÙ-L-¨j-’m ˘RÙœd-Ll-Th-P-’. CkR YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-∞p ™L-‹m
˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] Ju˚\d œZk˚R-Ls ˙Rok-˘R-”j-’l ©Wf-£-˚]d-œ R≤j-R-≤-VÙLj
æo‹ LÙQ-‹m ˘Nn-R-]o. ˘RÙPok-’ œ›d-L-[Ùd-Ll-Th-P-’. A”j-R-ÿ˚\
œ›dL[ÙLf ˘NVpTP ˙Yi”˘Uufl œ±l◊Ls YZe-Ll-Th-P-].
œ›Æp Li-P-±kR Tp˙Yfl ˘NVp-TÙh-” ÿ˚\-Ls Yœl-T-˚\-´p
˘Y∞´PlTh-P -]. Ut\ œ›d-Ls Æ]Ùd-Ls Æ]Æ AYt˚\l Tt±d
LXk’˚WVÙ•]o. B£-¨-Vo R]-’ YØ-ÿ-˚\-L˚[ ˘Y∞-´h-PÙo. LXk’˚WVÙPp
ÍXm ™L-‹m ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˘NVp-TÙh-”ÿ˚\ ˙Rok-˘R-”d-Ll-Th-P-’.
Ck-Rl ©Wf-£- ]d-œj æo‹ LÙi-T- RÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊- PV œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-”- 1 ˛ p
SPkR Ußl-¿h-˚Pl Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-Ÿe-Ls.
œ›f ˘NVp -TÙh -•t -LÙ]œ±l◊Ls GpXÙd œZk˚R-L-fim AYo-Ls
G›-ß-V-Yt˚\ YÙ£j-’ Y∞- P˙Yi-”m, LÙWQLÙ¨Vj’PuÆ[dL Yi”m.
Jq- YÙ-⁄ œZk˚R Y∞- -”m-˙TÙ-’m Aßp Ht-fld- LÙs[˙Yi-•V YØ-ÿ- \-L- [-Ÿm˘TÙ⁄k-RÙR YØ-ÿ- \-L- [-ŸmTt± ÆYÙ-ßdL Yi-”m.
™L-‹m TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] YØ-Ls/ÿ˚\-L˚[d Li-P-±V Yi-”m.
CWi-PÙ-Y-’ œ›f NVp-TÙh-•uT¨k-’- W-Ls Gu]YÙL C⁄dœm?
Gp- XÙ-⁄˙U AY-W-Yo Li-P-±kRYØ ÿ˚\˚V Y∞-´P˙Yi”m.
™L-‹m TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] YØÿ˚\Ls Li-P-±-Vl-TP˙Yi”m.
Jq- YÙ-⁄-Y-⁄m AY-W-YoLiP±kR-Rt-œm UXÙLdœ›Æp LXk’˚WVÙ•°˚PlTYt- \-Ÿm Tß‹˘NnV Yi-”m.
392
ÏÝ U§l-ÀÓþ L¦-Rm
Ceœd œ›-Æp G˚R Ußl-©h-PÙo-Ls?
J⁄ œZk˚R J⁄ YØ-ÿ-˚\-˚Vd Li-”-©-•j-RÙu. C’-˙TÙu-fl Ut\
œZk˚RLfim TX YØ-L- [d Li-P-±k-R-]o. CYt-±p GkR YØ-ÿ˚\ ©Wf-£- ]dœj
æo‹ LÙQ ™L-‹m ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]’? Hu? C˚Y œ›-Æp ÆYÙßdLlT”°u\].
Cj-R -˚LV ˘NVp-TÙh-•u-˙TÙ -’ œ› Efll-© -]o -Ls J⁄-Y-⁄d-˘LÙ -⁄ -Yo
Ußl©”°u\]o. Cq-YÙ-fl J⁄-Y-⁄d-˘LÙ-⁄-Yo Ußl-©-”m-˙TÙ-’ —V Ußl-©-”-R-¤m
CVpTÙ-L SPd-°-\-’.
Ce-œ B£-¨-Vo GYt-˚\-˘Vp-XÙm Ußl-©h-”s-[Ùo?
Gk-˘RkRd œZk˚R-Ls N¨-VÙ] YØ-ÿ-˚\-˚Vd Li-P-±k-R-]o?
AYo-Ls Li-P-±kR YØ-ÿ˚\ N¨-VÙ-]-’RÙ]Ù?
YØÿ˚\ Li-P-±V CV-XÙ-R-Yo-Ls GYo? Hu?
CkR Ußl-©-P-≠u ÍXm œZk˚Rd-œd œ›-Æ≠⁄k’ AYu TVu-T-”j-ßV
L⁄jß˚]d œ±j-’m ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-˚Vd œ±j-’m Gu-˘]u] ©u-Úh-P-ÿm
ERÆŸm °˚Pj-ß-⁄d-œm?
RÙu Li-P-±kR YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-∞u ®˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm œ˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm ◊¨k-’
˘LÙs°u\]o.
RÙu Li-P-±k-R-Yt-±-tœm Ru Si-To-Ls Li-P-±k-R-Yt-±tœm C˚P˙V
Gu˘]u] ˙YflTÙ”Ls Es-[-] G]l ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs°u-\-]o.
Si-To-Ls Li-P-±k-R-Yt-±p Ht-fld-˘LÙs[jRd-L-’/ Ht-fld-˘LÙs-[ ÿ•VÙR-’
G’-˘Y] A±k-’ ˘LÙs-°\Ùo-Ls.
Al-T-•-VÙ-]Ùp CWi-PÙ-Y-’ œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh-•p Ußl©Pl-Th-P-’ G˚Y?
œZk˚R-L-fid-œd œ›-Æ-≠-⁄k-’ °˚PjR ©u-Úh-Pm Lt-\-≠p GkR A[‹d-œj
RÙd-Lj˚R Ht-T-”j-ß-´-⁄d-œm?
œ›f ˘NVp-TÙ-” SPd-œm-˙TÙ-’m SPkR ©u-◊m Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙL Gu-˘]u-]-
Ej-ß-L-˚[Ÿm L⁄-Æ-L-˚[Ÿm TVu-T-”j-ß´⁄lTÙo-Ls?
œ›d-L-fid-°-˚P-´-¤m œ›-Ƥm Æ]Ùd-Ls Æ]-‹-Rp.
œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh˚P/Lt-\p T˚Pl-©˚] Ußl-©”YRtLÙ] œ›-Æu
˙NÙR˚]l-Th-•-Vp
3
93
NL U§l-ÀÓþ L¦-Rm
NL Ußl-¿”
ÿu-]od ·\l-ThP ˘NVp-TÙh-•tLÙLd œZk˚R R≤l-ThP ÿ˚\-´p Li-P-
±kR ©Wf-£-˚]l Tœl-TÙn‹ YØ-L-˚[-Ÿm, ˘NVp-TÙh-” ÿ˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm R]-’
œ›Æ]⁄Pu T°ok-’ ˘LÙs-°-\Ùu. Ce-œd œZk˚R RÙu Li-P-±kR YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-
˚[-Ÿm ˘NVp-TÙh-” ÿ˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm R]-’ Si-To-L-fi--Pu Jl-©h-”l TÙod-°-\Ùu.
ARu ÍXm R]-’ YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-∞-¤m ˘NVp-TÙh-” ÿ˚\-L-∞-¤-ÿs[ ®˚\-
œ˚\-L˚[d Li-P-±-°u-\Ùu. CRu YØ-VÙLj RÙu Li-P-±k-R-Rt-œm Ru SiTu
Li-P-±k-RRt-œm Es[ ˙Yfl-TÙ-” Gu]? Si-Tu Li-P-±k-R-Yt-±p G˚R Ht-fld
˘LÙs-[-XÙm? Ht-Lj -R-LÙ-R-’ G’? Hu? Gufl —V-UÙL Ußl-©-P-‹m ˘Nn-°-\Ùu. NL
Ußl¿h•tLÙL Gu-˘]u] Ej-ß-L˚[Ÿm L⁄-Æ-L-˚[Ÿm TVu-T-”jRXÙm?
NL Ußl-¿h-”f ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp.
©Wf-£-˚]l Tœl-TÙn‹ ®˚X-´-¤m, ARt-œj æo‹ LÙ‘m ®˚X-´-¤m
B£-¨Vo ˙L-h-”d LXk’˚WVÙ•V Ußl¿h” Æ]Ùd-Ls.
Li-P-±kR A[-˚Y-Ls / Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-Ls.
—V-Ußl¿”
Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ -”-L -∞u ˙TÙ’ œZk-˚R Ru˚]j RÙ˙] —V-UÙL
Ußl©”°\Ùu. C’ AYu A±-VÙ-U- X˙V AY-‡s S˚P- T-fl-°-\-’. £X Y˚[L∞p
˘R¨k-’m SPdL-XÙm.
R]-’ A±-Æ˚] / NVp-TÙh-” ÿ˚\˚V, R]-’ Si-T-≤u A±‹ / NVpTÙh”
ÿ˚\-Ÿ-Pu Jl-©-”m-˙TÙ-’.
R]-’ Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh˚P / T˚Pl-˚T, ˘TÙ’-YÙL E⁄YÙd°V Ußl-¿h-”d
œ±l-◊-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p Ußl-©-”m˙TÙ’.
RÙu ˘NnR ˘NVp-TÙh-•t-œ B£-¨V¨u ©u-Úh-Pm °˚Pd-œm-˙TÙ-’.
CWi-PÙm Yœl-©p Al-◊Æu ≈” Gu-‡m TÙPj-ßp Ae-∏-L-¨d-Ll-T-PÙR
A[-Æ˚]l TVu-T-”jß ø[m LQd-°”m ˘NVp-TÙh˚P (°-Qt-±-≠-⁄k-’ Gq-Y[‹
ÁWj-ßp UWe-Ls Es[]) Ts-∞-´p ˘Nn-R-˙TÙ-’, A[dLj ˙Rok˘R-”jR Lm-©u
A•l-T-˚P´p FLe-L-˚[d ·±-]o. ©u◊ A[k-’ TÙoj-R-]o. Al˙TÙ’ B£¨Vo
L⁄m-T-X-˚L-´p £X Æ]Ùd-L˚[ G›-ß-]Ùo. A˚Y- :
øe-Ls F°jR A[‹ Gu]?
NL Ußl-©-Pp Æß--Ls
©\-W-’ Lt-\˚X Ht-fld-
˘LÙsfieLs, Ae-∏-L- -Ÿe-Ls.
£\l-◊l Ti◊-L- [d
Li”©•ŸeLs.
Lt-\p SÙd-Lm Ut-flm
Li”©•jR Ußl-¿h-”d
œ±l◊L∞u A•l-T- P- p
˙UmT”j’YRtœj R˚YVÙ]
T¨k-’- W-L˚[ YZeœe-Ls.
TVuR⁄m A±‹fljRp-L˚[
YZe-œe-Ls
394
ÑV U§l-ÀÓþ L¦-Rm
øe-Ls F°jR ÿ˚\ Gu]?
Ee-L-fi-˚PV FLe-L-fi-Pu A’ ˘TÙ⁄k-’-°\RÙ?
Ee-L-fi-˚PV £X FLe-L˚[ Ei˚UVÙ] A[‹Pu ˘TÙ⁄kRf -˘NnV
Gu] ˘Nn-V-XÙm?
Yœl-©p S˚P- T-fl-m Lt-\p NVp-TÙ-”-L-fid-°- P- p B£- -V-W-’ ÿ˚\VÙ]
R˚X-¬-”-L-∞u YØ-VÙLd œZk˚R R]-’ A±-˚Y-Ÿm Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-” ÿ˚\-
˚VŸm ˙NÙßj-R-±-V-‹m —V-UÙL Ußl-©-P-‹m YÙnl-◊-Ls °˚Pj-R-]. œZk˚R´u
—V Ußl¿” AY]’ Lt-\-XÙ-L˙Y UÙ±-Æ-”-°-\-’ Gu-fl G”j-’d ·\j R˚Y´p˚X
ApXYÙ?
—V Ußl¿h•u TV-]ÙL E⁄-YÙ-œm A±-‹-L˚[ Gq-YÙ-fl ET˙VÙLl
T”jRXÙm? ARt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊d-Ls Gu-˘]u]? Æx-‘-Æu —V -˘Y∞¬h-”d
œ±l˚Tf ˙NÙß-Ÿe-Ls.
°Qt-±u A⁄-°p C⁄d-œm Ik-’ UWe-L-fid°- P˙V-VÙ]
C˚P-˘Y∞ F°j-’ G›-Rl-Th-P-’. A[k-’ TÙoj-R-˙TÙ-’
CWi-” FLe-Ls °h-Pj-RhP N¨-VÙ-´-⁄k-R-]. Ut\ Íu-flm
N¨-VÙL A˚U-V-Æp-˚X. N¨-VÙ] A[-Æ-≠-⁄k-’ ™L‹m
ÆjßVÙNlTh” C⁄k-R-]. Gu-˚]ÆP SiToLs Aß-L-
UÙLf N¨-VÙ-] Æ˚P-L˚[d Li-P-±k’s[]o.
—V Ußl-¿h-•p LY-≤dL˙Yi-•-V-˚Y. SÙu Ht-fld- LÙiP Ej-ß-Ls/
YØ-Ls.
SÙu £k-ßjR ÿ˚\
G]-’ Li-”-©-•l-©u/ ÿ•-Æu
˙Uu-˚U-Ls, Gp-˚X-Ls /
LÙWQeLs.
SÙu L⁄j-’d-L˚[/
Li”©•l◊L˚[
˘Y∞´”mÿ˚\.
G]-’ Lt-\p T˚Pl-◊-L-∞u
®˚\Ls.
3
95
B£-¬-Vo U§l-ÀÓþ L¦-Rm
œ› Ußl-¿-”, NL Ußl-¿-”, —V Ußl-¿-” B°V ÿ˚\-Ls C˚Qk-’ Y⁄m-
Lt-\p Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\˙V J⁄e-°-˚QkR Lt-\p Bœm. A±-‹-⁄-YÙd-Lf ˘NVp-ÿ-
˚\-Ÿm, ©Wf-£˚] A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ] ÆUo-N]Èo-Y-UÙ] Lt-\-p TV-‡s[ ÿ˚\´p
S˚P-˘T\j ˙R˚Yl-T-”m YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-fim, Ej-ß-L-fim, ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-fim, Cq J⁄e-
°-˚QkR Lt-\-≠p APe-œm. A˚Rl Tt± BWÙn˙YÙm.
B£- -V-o Ußl-¿-”
ÿu-]od ·\l-ThP ˘NVp-TÙh-•p TX ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ ®˚X-L-∞¤m
œZk˚RL∞u œ›f NVp-TÙh-•˚] B£-¨-Vo Ußl-©h-•-⁄l-TÙo Ap-XYÙ? ARtœ
Gu˘]u] Ej-ßL˚[d ˚LVÙi-•-⁄l-TÙo? Gu-˘]u] L⁄j-’L˚[
Ußl©h•⁄lTÙo? AR-]Ùp œZk˚Rdœd °˚PjR TVu Gu-]? B£- -V- u SÙdLm-
Gu-]YÙL C⁄k-ß-⁄d-œm-?
œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh-˚Pj æÆ-W -UÙ-Ld Li-LÙ-¶j-’d ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-œm
B£¨V˚Wl ˘TÙflj-R-Y-˚W-´p ÿ˚\NÙWÙ Ußl-¿-” Al-˙TÙ˙R S˚P-˘T-fl-°-\’.
AlT•VÙ-]Ùp ©Wf-£-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙ‘m ®˚X-L∞p SPkR œ›f ˘NVp-TÙh•p
œZk˚R-Ls R≤j-R-≤-VÙLj RVÙ-¨j-R˚Rd œ›-Æp YÙ£j-’ ˘Y∞-´h-”,
LXk’˚WVÙ• ˙Uu-˚UlT”jß ˘Y∞-´h-P-˙TÙ-’ Ußl-©-PlTh-P-˚Y G˚Y G]d
LÙQ-XÙm.
©Wf-£-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙ‘m ß\˚] GkR A[-‹d-œ A˚Pk-’s-[Ùu?
Y•-Y-˚UjR YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm NVp-TÙh-” ÿ˚\-L-˚[-Ÿm TV-‡s-[ -ÿ-˚\´p
TVu-T-”jR CV-¤-°u-\RÙ?
NÍ-Lj-ßp D”-T-”m ß\u-Ls ˛ ©\-⁄-˚PV L⁄j-’-L∞p LY-]m ˘N¤j-R-‹m,
Ußl-©-P-‹m, R]’ A±-‹-Pu C˚QdL‹m ˙R˚Y-VÙ] U]lTdœYm /
U]-®˚X B°-V˚Y GkR A[-‹d-œ Es-[]?
œ›f NVp-TÙh-•u SÙd-Lm, SWm, NVp-TÙh-•u Ru˚U B°-V-Yt±tœ
Ht\ Y˚L-´p ˘NVp-TP GkR A[-‹d-œ CV-¤-°u-\’?
Cq-YÙ-fl œZk˚R-L-∞u Lt-\˚X ®Wk-R-W-UÙL Ußl-©P B£-¨-Vo
TVuT”j-’m L⁄-Æ-Ls G˚Y? AYt-±p GYt-˚\-˘Vp-XÙm œZk-˚R-Ls
TVu-T”j-R-XÙm G] B˙XÙ-£-Ÿe-Ls.
396 Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß-Ls, L⁄-Æ-Ls
90 Ut-flm 128m Td-Le-L-∞p œ±l-©-Pl-Th-”s[ Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß-L-˚[-Ÿm
L⁄ÆL˚[-Ÿm L¶Rd Lt-\-≠p Gq-YÙ-fl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm?
1 T´t-£j-RÙs (Work Sheet)L¶-Rd-L-⁄j-’L˚[ Y•-Y-˚Ud-L-‹m A˚Y GkR A[-‹d-œd œZk-˚R˚V
A˚Pk-’s-[] G] A±-V-‹m T´t-£j-RÙ˚[ SÙm TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm. ∏˙Z
RWlTh”s[ T´t-£j RÙ˚[l TÙ⁄e-Ls.
Aß-L-m G’?
VÙ˚] WÙ_Ù Æ⁄k-’ ˘LÙ”l-T-Rt-LÙ-L ˚Yj’s[ TZe-L-∞u ˚TL-˚[l TÙ⁄eLs.
CYt-±p Aß-L-UÙ-]-’ G’?
T´t£jRÙs GRtœ? L⁄j-’⁄YÙdL
E⁄-YÙd°V L⁄j-’d-Ls
GkR[‹dœf N -VÙ-]˚Y G]d
Li-P-±V
œZk˚R´u Lt-\p
ÿu˙]t\j˚R ®o-Q- dL
œZk˚Rd-œj R]-’ A±-Æ˚]l
Tt±f- —V-UÙ-Ll ◊¨k-’ LÙs[
˘Tt- \Ù-⁄d-œd œZk˚RL∞u
Lt\p ÿu- ]t-\j˚Rf NÙu-fl-
L∞u ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu R∞-‹-T-”j-R.
T´t-£j-RÙs Ußl-¿-”
œ› Ußl-¿-”
NL Ußl-¿-”
Gu\ Ej-ß-L-∞u YØ-VÙLd œZk- R-
L˚[ CVp-TÙ-L˙Y —V Ußl-¿h-”dœ
A˚Zj-’f NpXl T´t-£j-RÙ∞u
Ußl-¿-” ER‹m.
J⁄ œ›Æ-¤s[
Gi-¶d˚L
œ›dL-∞u
Gi-¶d˚L
˘UÙj-Rm
U§l-ÀhÓ Ej§L , LÚ®L
[
ss
3
97
U§l-ÀhÓ Ej-§-Ls, LÚ-®-Lsþ L¦-Rm
2. ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp
©Wf-£-˚]-dœj æo‹ LÙ‘m R]-’ ß\˚] Ußl-©-Pl TVu-T-”j-’m ˙NÙR-˚]l
Th-•-V-≠p Gu-˘]u] ·fl-L˚[ Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m?
SÙu Gu-˚]l Tt±
˘TVo :
Gi. —V Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l◊Ls Ei” Cp˚X
1. SÙu ©Wf-£-˚]-˚Vf N¨-VÙ-L EQok’s˙[u.
2. ©Wf-£-˚]j æo-‹d-LÙLl Tp-˙Y-fl YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[d Li-P-±k-˙Ru.
3. SÙu Li-P-±kR YØÿ˚\L˚[ Si-To-L-fi-Pu T°ok-’ ˘LÙi-˙Pu.
4. ˘TÙ’d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp YØl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ©Wf-£-˚]
æo‹ YØÿ˚\˚Vj ˙Rok-˘R-”dL Gu-]Ùp ÿ•k-R-’
5. ˙R˚Y-VÙ] RL-Yp-L˚[f ˙NL-¨d-L- Gu-]Ùp ÿ•k-R-’.
6. Tp˙Y\Ù] YØÿ˚\L∞p ˙Um-Th-P-Yt-˚\d Li-P-±k-˙Ru
7. N¨-VÙ] Æ˚P˚Vd Li”©•j˙Ru.
8. Gu-‡-˚PV Æ˚P-L-∞-p HtThP œ˚\-L-fid-LÙ] LÙW-Qj˚R
SÙu ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-˙Pu.
9. G]-’ ÿ•-‹-L-˚[-Ÿm L⁄j-’-L-˚[-Ÿm œ›-Æ-¤m Yœl-©-¤m
T°ok-’ ˘LÙs[ Gu-]Ùp ÿ•k-R-’.
3. Æ]Ùd-L˚[ Ußl-©-”-Rp
œZk˚R-L-∞Pm S˚P-˘T-flm Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-P-‹m, œZk˚R-L-fid-œj R]-’
Lt-\˚X Ußl-©-P-‹m ˘RÙPok-’ ˘NnV ˙Yi-•V UÙt-\e-L˚[ ÿ•‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m
Æ]Ùd-L-[Ùp CV-¤m. YÙn-˘UÙ-Ø-VÙL Æ]-‹m Æ]Ùd-L-∞u YÙ´-XÙL Yœl-◊f
„Zp Sh◊\‹-˚P-V-RÙ-L-‹m ˙RP-¤d-œj Ái-”-Y-RÙ-L-‹m A˚U-Ÿm Gu-T˚R SÙm
EQok’s˙[Ùm.
398
hne-bn-cp-ج X¥-߃, Sqfp-Iƒ ˛ KWnXw
Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Lj-˙RÙ-” Jl-©h-”d œZk˚RVÙp Gu] ˘NnV CV-¤m GuT˚RŸm
◊¨k-’d˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m.
œZk˚RL-∞u ©WßT≠l©-≠-⁄k-’m Æ]Ùd-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’m AYu £kR˚]
G˚Y Gu-T-˚R-Ÿm Gu] ˘NnV CV-¤m Gu-T-˚R-Ÿm Li-P-±V ˙Yi-”m.
œ±l-©hP L⁄j-’-Ls ˘RÙPo-TÙL UÙQ-Yo-L-∞u ß\u-Ls, RY-\Ù] L⁄j-’d-
Ls, TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi-•V ˘NVp-ÿ˚\Ls B°-V-Yt-˚\d Li-P-±V ˙Yi-”m.
UÙQ-Yo-Ls ˘Nu-\-˚PkR Lt-\p ®˚X-˚Vl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-”m.
CkR Ußl-¿h-” ˙SÙd-Le-L-˚[ SÙm Æ]Ùd-Ls YÙ´-XÙ-Ll ˘T\ CV¤m.
Æ]Ùd-Ls TV-‡s-[-˚Y-VÙL A˚U-Y-’ Gl-˙TÙ-’? Gq-YÙ-fl?
SU-’ Æ]Ùd-L-∞p £X Æ]Ùd-Ls ©\ Æ]Ùd-L-˚[- ÆP Su-\ÙL A˚Uk-’s[]
Gu-fl RÙu-fl-UpXYÙ? Aq-YÙ-\Ù] Æ]Ùd-L-∞u TÙ’l Ti◊Ls G˚Y? AYt˚\
Ee-Ls Lt-©j-Rp ˚L˙Vh• (Teaching Manual) ≠⁄k-’ Li-”-©-•j-’l Tœl-TÙn‹
˘Nn-V-‹m.
Æ]Ùd-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-œm ÿ˚\-´p £X UÙt-\e-L-˚[f ˘Nn-RÙp ˙Ut-œ-±l-©hP
˙SÙd-Le-L˚[ ®˚\-˙Yt\ CV-¤m. ˘T⁄d-Lp ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV CWi-” Æ]Ùd-Ls
∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s-[-]. AYt-fls øe-Ls ˙Rok-˘R-”d-œm TV-‡s[ Æ]Ù G’?
(1) 5+5+5 = ..............5x3 = .................
(2) 5+5+5 Cu Ut-flm 5x3 Cu Æ˚P-Ls J˙W ˘RÙ˚L-VÙ-Ld LÙW-Qm
Gu]?
Æ˚P LÙi-T-’Pu ÿRp Æ]Ù-Æp œZk˚Rd-œs G›kR U]l-˙TÙ-WÙh-Pm ÿ•-Y-
˚P-°-\-’. B]Ùp, CWi-PÙ-Y˙RÙ? TX-ÿ˚\ ·h-”-Y˙R ˘T⁄d-Lp Gu-‡m L⁄j-’-
⁄-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œ ER-‹-°-\-’.
4. G]’ T˚Pl◊j RÙœl◊ (Port Folio)J⁄ œ±l-©hP LÙX A[-Æp œZk˚R-Ls ˘NnR Tp- Y-fl- Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-
∞≠⁄k’ E⁄-YÙ] Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L-∞u RÙœl˙T G]’ T˚Pl◊j RÙœl◊ (Port folio)
G]’ T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p GYt˚\ Eh-T-”j-R-XÙm?
3
99
TûPl-×j ùRôÏl×þ L¦-Rm
©Wf-£-˚]j æo-‹d œ±l-◊-Ls.
G]-’ L¶-Rl ◊j-R-Lj-ß-≠-⁄k-’ ˙Rok
-˘R-”d-Ll-Th-P˚Y.
œZk˚RLs E⁄-YÙd-°V ©Wf-£-˚]-Ls.
œZk˚R-Ls E⁄YÙd-°V ÿ•-‹-Ls.
œZk˚RLs E⁄-YÙd-°V œ±l-◊-Ls.
TPe-Ls / Y˚W-T-Pe-Ls (Graphs). E⁄-YÙd-°V Th-•-Vp-Ls.
œZk˚RL-∞u ©WßT≠l◊-Ls, ◊ßV Li”-
©-•l-◊-Ls.
T´t-£j RÙsLs (Worksheet).
4100
hne-bn-cp-Øepw ^oUv_m°pw ˛ `mj
Lt-\-¤m Lt-©j-R-¤m TV-‡s[ Y˚L- p A˚U-Y-’ Gl- TÙ-’ Gu-T˚R J˙W
YÙd-°-Vj-ßp ·\-ÿ•ŸUÙ? Ee-Ls A‡-T-Yj- RÙ-” CWi-PÙm Yœl◊ œZk˚RLfidœd
°˚PjR Cd Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh˚PŸm C˚Qj-’ Bn‹ ˘Nn-Ÿe-Ls.
≈” Y˚W-V-XÙm
œZk-˚R-L˚[ LiL˚[ Í•d-˘LÙi-” AY-W-Yo ≈h-•tœs SPl-T’ ˙TÙp
Lt-T˚] ˘Nn-Vf ˘NÙu]Ùo. ©\ A˚\-L˙[Ù” Jl©h”, Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ A˚\-Ÿm Geœ
A˚Ukß⁄d°u\] Gu-T-˚R œZk-˚R-Ls Lt-T˚] ˘Nn-R-]o. Li-˚Qj ß\kR
©u £X œZk-˚R-Ls AYo-Ls LtT˚]´p LiP ≈h•u TPj-˚Rl Tt± ·±-]Ùo-
Ls. ""J⁄ T\-˚Y-˚Vl ˙TÙu-fl ≈h-•u ˙U˙X T\k-’ ˘Nufl ∏˙Z
˘Ne-œj-RÙ-Ll TÙojRÙp ≈” Gl-T-• C⁄dœm?''
""≈h-•t-œ ˙Ut-·˚W Cp˚X G]d L⁄-’eLs'', Guflm B£-¨-Vo
·±]Ùo. ""Al-T-•VÙ]Ùp Ak-Rl T\-˚Y- LÙ‘m ÆRj-ßp ≈” Y˚W-
V-XÙUÙ?'' œZk-˚R-Ls R≤-VÙLl TPm Y˚W-Vj RÙPe-°-]o. Y˚WŸm
ÿu-]-⁄m Y˚WŸm ˙TÙ’m œZk-˚R-L-fid-œ IVm G›k-R-’. B£-¨-
Vo AYt-fls £X-Yt˚\l Tt±l ˘TÙ’YÙL-‹m £X-Yt˚\l Tt± Ak-
RkRd œZk˚R-L-fi-Pu Uh-”m LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-•-]Ùo. TPm Y˚W-Y-Rt-
°-˚P˙V œZk-˚R-L-∞u Y˚WRp ß\-˚] A±k-’ ˘LÙs[ AYo-L-
∞u TPe-L-˚[l TÙoj-’d ˘LÙi˙P ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Æ]Ùd-L˚[
Æ]-Æ B£-¨-Vo œZk-˚R-L-fid-°-˚P˙V SPk-RÙo.
£X œZk-˚R-L-∞u TPe-L-˚[l TÙojR˙TÙ’ AYo-L-∞p £X-⁄dœ
Al-T-•l-ThP Li-˙QÙhPj-ßp TPm Y˚W-Y-’ L•-]m Gu-T-’ B£¨-
Tϧ --- 4
Lt-\p Ußl¿”-m©u-Úh-Pm A∞j-R-¤m
4
101
hne-bn-cp-Øepw ^oUv_m°pw ˛ `mj
V-⁄d-œl ◊¨k-R-’. AjR˚LV œZk˚R-Ls Aß-Lm-˙To Es[-]o Gu-fl ◊¨kR ˙TÙ’
B£-¨-Vo Ejß˚V UÙt-±-]Ùo. U˚N˚V Yœl-©u S”-Æp SLoj-ß Lh-PÙo. U˙X-
´-⁄k-’ CkR ˙U˚N-˚Vl TÙoj-RÙp Gl-T-• C⁄d-œm? AR˚] Y˚W-V-XÙUÙ? œZk-
˚R-Ls Y˚Wk-R-]o. A’-˙TÙu-fl J⁄ £fl ˘Th-•-´p Tp-˙Y-fl Y•-Ye-L-∞-¤s[
Æp˚X-L˚[ (Token) ˚Yj-R-©u ˙U≠-⁄k-’ TÙoj-RÙp ˙RÙu-flm LÙh-£˚Vd œZk-
˚R-Ls Y˚Wk-R-]o. ¡i”m AYo-Ls ≈” Y˚W-Vj ˘RÙPe-°-]o.
£X œZk˚RLs Y˚WkR TPe-L-∞p ≈h-•u Es˙[ Es[ A˚\-Ls
C˚Qd-Ll-T-PÙ-R˚R B£-¨-Vo LY≤j-RÙo. AYo-L˚[ J⁄ œ›-YÙd-°V ©u, ""YWÙk-
RÙ-Æ-≠-⁄k-’ N˚U-V-X-˚\d-œ Gq-YÙ-fl ˘Np-Y-’? YW-˙Yt-T˚\ Gq-YÙ-fl T”d˚L
A˚\-L˚[ C˚Qd-°u-\-’?'' Gufl ˙LhPÙo. œ›-Æ-p LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-•V-©u TPe-
L˚[ UÙt± Y˚W-Vj ˘RÙPe-°-]o. GpXÙ A˚\-L-fim C⁄k-RÙ-¤m AYt±u
A˚Ul◊ Ju-˙\Ù-˘PÙu-fl ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙL A˚U-V-Æp-˚X. B£-¨-Vo J⁄ œZk-˚R-
´u TPj˚Rl TÙoj-’, ""LÆ-RÙ-Æu ≈h-•u A˚\-L-∞p ™L-‹m T¨-V-’ G’? £±V’
G’?'' Gufl ˙LhPÙo. AY-fid-œd ˙LsÆ ◊¨k-R˙RÙ Gu-]˙YÙ? ˙YL-UÙL UÙt±
Y˚W-Vj ˘RÙPe-°-]Ùs.
©u-Úh-P-ÿm Lt-\-¤m
B£-¨-V-⁄d-œm œZk-˚R-L-fid-œm C˚P˙V Tp-˙Y-fl ÿ˚\-L-∞p S˚P-
˘T-flm T˚PdLj Ái”m R˚X´PpL˚[Ÿm LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-PpL˚[Ÿm TÙoj-˙RÙm.
Uh-”-Up-X, £X ˙Y˚[-L-∞p GpXÙd œZk˚R-L-fi-P-‡m £X ˙Y˚[-L-∞p œ›d-L-
fi-P-‡m £X-˙Y-˚[-L-∞p J⁄ œZk˚RŸ-Pu Uh-”m B£-¨-Vo R˚X´h-” AYo-L-
∞u Lt-\˚X Ußl¿-” ˘Nn-R-Ru A•l-T-˚P-´p ©u-Úh-Pm A∞d-°\Ùo. Ce-œ
B£-¨-Vo A∞jR ©uÚhPj-ßu Ti-◊-Ls G˚Y?
VÙ£≤-´u TP˙U Yœl-©p £\k-R-’ G]d ·\-Æp-˚X.
˘NpXm-UÙ-‹d-œd ·±-V-’ ◊¨-V-Æp˚X Gu-fl G”j-’-˚Wd-L-Æp-˚X.
UÙ≠≤ ˘LÙg-Nm ·P LY-≤dL ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-fl A±-‹-flj-R-‹™p-˚X.
GR-]Ùp? C˚Y Lt-\-≠u A”jR ®˚Xd-œd œZk-˚R˚V A˚Zj’f ˘NpX ER-
Y˙YÙ Ái-P˙YÙ ˘NnYßp˚X Gu-T-’ B£-¨-V-⁄d-œj ˘R¨-Ÿm. AR-]Ùp Yœl©p
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk-˚Rd-œm ˙R˚YlT”m -˙Y-˚[-´p, ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ERÆ A∞dL‹m
AYo-L-˚[f —V Ái-”-R-¤d-œs-[Ùd-œ-Y-Rt-œ- ER‹m ©u-Úh-P˙U B£-¨-Vo
A∞jRÙo G]-XÙm.
©u-Úh-Pm ˛ £\l-◊-Ls
1. œZk- R-L-∞-P-™-⁄k-’ Gu] Gßo-
TÙod-°u- \Ùm Gu-T-’ R∞-YÙd-
Ll-T-”-°u-\-’.
2. Lt-\- XÙ-” RÙPo-◊- PV’m
˘TÙ⁄s TÙßkR L⁄j’dLfim
A∞dLlT”°u\].
3. GkR YØ˙V Gq-YÙ-fl ÿu- ]Ùd-
°f NpX Yi-”m Gu-T’
œ±j’ œZk˚R˚Vf £k-ßdL
˚YdL CV-¤-°u-\-’.
4. Lt-\p SÙd-Lj-’-Pu RÙPo-◊-
˚PV N -VÙ] YØ- p Np-¤-
°u\ Lt-\p NV˚X Ae-∏-L- d-
°u-\-’.
5. ˙Uu- UL˚[f —h-•d-LÙh-”-°u-
\’. Ee-Ls Yœl-©-¤m œZk˚R´u
- Lt-\˚Xl TV-‡s-[-RÙdœY’m
Lt-©j-R˚X T˚Pl-TÙL
UÙt-fl-Y’m C˚Y-Vp-XYÙ?
4102
hne-bn-cp-Øepw ^oUv_m°pw ˛ `mj
©u-Úh-Pm ˛ IVe-Ls, Æ]Ùd-Ls
Tp- Y-fl TÙPe-L-∞p Lt-\p ˘NVp-TÙh-”-Pu Ußl-¿h- P-Ÿm ©u-Úh-Pj- R-Ÿm
J⁄e-°- Qj-’f ˘Np-Y-ßp Ee-L-fid-œ G›m IVe-Ls G˚Y? Aq-YÙ-\Ù] IVe-L- [
˘Y∞l-T-”j-’m £X Æ]Ùd-Ls ∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s-[]. AYt˚\ YÙ£-Ÿe-Ls. Ee-Ls
A‡-T-Ye-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p Æ˚P-L˚[l TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn-’ ƨ-‹-T-”j-’e-Ls.
Aj-’-Pu C˚Y Ee-L-fid-œs ◊ßV IVe-L˚[ Ht-T-”j-RXÙm. ERÙ-W-Q-
UÙL, œZk˚R G›-ßV ˘Nn-ßd-œ SÙu GjR-˚LV ©u-Úh-Pm A∞dL ˙Yi-”m?
T¨-˙NÙ-ßd-L-‹m.
©u-Úh-Pm Gu-\Ùp Gu]?
••••• Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Lj-ßu A•l-T-˚P-´p œZk-˚R-´u Lt-\˚X
Ußl-©h-”j ˘RÙPok-’ Lt-\-≠u ˙TÙd-˚Ll Tt± AYo-
Lfid-œ A∞d-œm RLYp-L-[Ù-œm.
••••• Lt-\p Lt-©j-Rp NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ U¤m Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ]
YØ-ÿ-˚\-L-˚[ B£-¨-V-⁄d-œd ·flm RLYp-L-[Ù-œm.
©u-Úh-Pm GRt-œ?
••••• œZk-˚R-Ls E⁄-YÙd-°V L⁄j-’-Ls, ß\u-Ls, L⁄j-’ E⁄
-YÙd-Lj-ßt-œl TVu-T-”j-ßV Ejß-Ls B°VYt-±u TVu
-L-˚[l Tt-±-Ÿm, ˙U¤m GYt-±-˘Xp-XÙm LY-]m ˘N¤jR
˙Yi-”m Gu-flm RLYp-L˚[ A∞l-T-Ru YÙ´XÙLd
œZk˚R-L∞u Lt-\-p RWj˚R Aß-L-¨d-Lf˘Nn°u-\-’.
••••• —V-UÙ-Ld Lt-L-‹m A±˚Y E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m ©Wf-£-˚]-dœj
æo‹ LÙQ-‹m CV-¤-°u\ ß\-‡s[Y]ÙL UÙt
-\-‹m CV-¤m Y˚L-´p R]-’ Lt-\˚X UÙt\ ER-‹m ˘NVp-
ÿ-˚\-L˚[Ÿm ß\u-L˚[Ÿm RL-Yp-L˚[Ÿm œZk-˚R-
Lfidœ A∞d-°u-\-’.
4
103
©u-Úh-Pm A∞l-T-Rt-LÙ] Ejß-Ls
G˚Y?
©u-Úh-Pm TV-‡s-[-RÙL A˚U-Y-’
Gl-˙TÙ-’?
(A˚Y Ußl-¿h-”-Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV ˘Yq-˙Y-fl Y•-Yj-ßp
A˚U-V-XÙm Gu-\Ù-¤m ˘TÙ’-YÙL... )
••••• LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-≠p LXk’ ˘LÙs-fiYRt-LÙ] Æ]Ùd-Ls
••••• —V Ußl-¿-”
••••• B£-¨-V-o L⁄j’
••••• Lt-\p T˚Pl◊-L∞p Tß‹˘NnRp.
••••• UÙQYo T˚Pl◊j˘RÙœl◊d œ±l-◊-Ls, ˙NÙR-˚]lTh-•-Vp
••••• Ußl-©-”-Y-’-Pu ˘RÙPok-’ S˚P-˘T-flm YÙn-˘UÙØ ˘Y∞-
¬-”-Ls / A±-‹-˚W-Ls.
••••• Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Lj -˚Rj ˘R∞-YÙ -Ll ◊¨k-’ AR-˚]f
A˚PV ER-‹-Y-RÙL C⁄d-œm.
••••• Jq- YÙ-⁄ Lt-\p NVp-TÙh-•¤m œZk- R- ‡˚PV -Lt\p
RWm ÿu-˙]±f ˘Np-Y-RtLÙ] YØ-Ÿ-Pu C˚Qk-R-RÙL
C⁄dœm.
••••• Yœl-©-¤s[ œZk˚R-L-∞u Gi-¶d˚L, ˙R˚Y-VÙ]
Lt\p L⁄-Æ-Ls œZk-˚R-L -fid-œm B£-¨ -V -⁄d-œm
°˚Pdœm ˙SWm, CYt-±u A•l-T-˚P-´p S˚P-ÿ-˚\l
T”jR CV-¤-Y-RÙL C⁄d-œm.
©u-Úh-Pm „Z-¤d-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙL
A˚U-Y-’ Gl-˙TÙ-’?
••••• Ußl-¿h”f ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˚V ˙SÙd-L-UÙ-Ld ˘LÙiP Lt-\-p
NÙu-fl-L-fi-Pu Jl-©h-”lTÙod-œm ˙TÙ’.
••••• œ±l-©hP Lt-\¤Pu ˘RÙPo◊˚PV R]-’ ß\-u Gp-˚X-,
ERÆ ˙R˚Y-VÙ] Tœ-ß-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\d œZk-˚R ◊¨k’
˘LÙs-fim Y˚L-´p RLYp-Ls A∞d-œm ˙TÙ’.
••••• œZk-˚R-´u Lt-\p ˙Um-TÙh-˚P (œ-Zk-˚R˚V Ap-X)
˚UVl-T-”j-’m-˙TÙ-’.
••••• œZk-˚R Ht-fld-˘LÙs-fim Y˚L-´p (Gi-¶d-˚L-´-¤m
Ti©-¤m) A±-‹-˚W-L-[Ù-L-˙YÙ, YØl-T-”j-Rp œ±l-◊-L-[Ù-
L˙YÙ A˚U-Ÿm ˙TÙ’.
4104 ©u-Úh-Pm A∞l-T-˘Rl-T-•?
••••• œZk-˚Rd-œl ◊¨Ÿm ˘UÙØ-´p E⁄-YÙd-Ll-T-”m A±
‹˚WLs, Æ]Ùd-Ls, œ±l-◊-Ls B°V Y•-YeL-∞p.
••••• ˙Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] Tœ-ß-Ls, YØ-Ls, ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-Ls
B°VYt˚\ Ht-fld-˘LÙs-[j Ái-”m Y•-Æp.
••••• œZk-˚R-´u Ru]m-©d-˚L-˚Vj Ái-”m Y˚L-´p.
©u-Úh-Pj˚R G∞-VRÙdL
Gu] ˘Nn-V-XÙm?
••••• Lt-\p ˙SÙd-Lj˚R ÿu-]˙W Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[
˙Yi-”m.
••••• Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-L-˚[Ÿm, A[-˚Y-L˚[Ÿm ˘TÙ’-YÙL
A˚UdL ˙Yi-”m.
••••• £k-ßd-œm ß\˚] œZk-˚R-L-∞˚P˙V Y[-Wf ˘NnV
˙Yi”m.
••••• NL-U-ßl-¿-”m, —V Ußl-¿”m ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] Ej-ß-L˚[d
Lt©jRp UÙß-¨-´p Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m.
4
105
Kq∏v hne-bn-cp-ج ˛ KWnXw
©u-Úh-Pm VÙ⁄d-œ?
œZk-˚R-L-˚[l ˘TÙflj-R-Y-˚W-´p Ußl-¿h-•u A•l-T-˚P-´p °˚PdL ˙Yi-
•V ©u-Úh-Pm Gj-R-˚L-V-RÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m?
Lt-\p ˘TÙfll-©-≠-⁄k-’ GR˚] Gßo-TÙod-°u-˙\Ùm Gu-T˚R Æ[d-œ-Y-RÙL
C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.
Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p Lt-\-˚Xl Tt±d œZk-˚Rd-œj ˘R∞-YÙ]
RL-Yp-L˚[ A∞dL ˙Yi-”m.
Lt-\˚X ˙Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] YØ-ÿ-˚\-Ls, œ±l-◊-Ls B°-V-Yt˚\ G”j-’
-˚WdL ˙Yi-”m.
RY-\Ù] L⁄j-’-L-˚[-Ÿm ˘Nn-ß-L-˚[-Ÿm œZk-˚R-´u LY-]j-ßt-œd ˘LÙi”
YW ˙Yi-”m.
œZk-˚R-´u Lt-\-≠p E⁄-YÙ] R≤jRu˚U YÙnkR’m, LY-≤d-Ll-TP ˙Yi-
•V’UÙ] ·flL˚[ ˘Y∞l-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m.
B£-¨ -V -˚Wl ˘TÙflj-R -Y -˚W -´p Ußl-¿h•u YÙ´-XÙ -Ll ˘Tfl-°u\
©u-Úh-Pm ™L ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]-’m £\l◊-˚P-V-’-UÙ-œm. LÙW-Qm A˚Y.
Lt-\p A‘œÿ˚\ Lt-©j-Rp ÿ˚\- B°VYt-±u TVu-L-˚[l Tt-±V N¨-VÙ]
RLYpL˚[ A∞d-°u-\-’.
Lt\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp ÿ˚\-Ls, Ej-ß-Ls B°V˚Y GkR A[‹ TÙPj-ßt-œm œZk- R-
L-fid-œm ˘TÙ⁄k-’-°u-\] Gu-T˚R Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] RLYpLs °˚Pd-°u\].
Lt-\-¤d-LÙ] Ußl-¿-”, Ußl-¿˙P Lt-\p Gu-T-]Yt-˙\Ù-” ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”jßl TVu
-T-”j-ßV Ußl-¿h-” Ej-ß-Ls Lt-\˚X GkR A[‹ ˙Um-T-”j-ß-] Gu-T˚R
Bn‹ ˘NnV ER-‹-°u-\-’.
Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L˚[ Ußl-©-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-L-fim A[-˚Y-L-fim
GkR A[‹ œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p RWj-ßt-œm, Lt-\p ©u-◊-Xj-ßt-œm ˘TÙ⁄jR
-UÙ-]˚Y Gu-T-˚Rd Li-P-±-V-‹m ˘NnV ˙Yi-•V UÙt-\e-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’
˘LÙs-[-‹m ER-‹-°u-\-’.
CYt-fl-Pu A”jR ®˚X Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ Gq-YÙ-fl A˚UV ˙Yi-”m Gu-T˚R
B£- -Vo Al- TÙ˙R æo-UÙ-≤l-T-’m, Ußl-¿h-•u YÙ -XÙ-Ll ˘Tfl-°u\ ©u-Úh-Pj-ßu
A•l-T-˚P-´-XÙ-œm. Uh-”-™u±d Lt-\-≠u Cl-˙TÙ-˚RV ®˚X-´-≠-⁄k-’ A”jR
4106
]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-ج ˛ KWnXw
®˚Xdœ J⁄ œZk-˚R˚V/ HWÙ-[UÙ] œZk-˚R-L˚[/ EV-Wf ˘Nn-Y-Rtœ B£-¨-Vo
A∞dL ˙Yi-•V ER-Æ-Ÿm ARt-œl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] Ej-ß-L-fim G˚Y Gu-T-˚Rj
æo-UÙ-≤l-T-’m B£-¨-V-⁄d-œd °˚Pd-œm ©u-Úh-Pjßu A•l-T-˚P-´XÙœm.
AR]Ùp CkRl ©uÚh-Pm Gu-T’ œZk˚Rd-œ A∞d-œm ©u-Úh-Pj-ß-≠-⁄k-’
ARu Ti-©-¤m ˙SÙd-Lj-ß-¤m ÿt-±-¤m UÙfl-Th-P-RÙ-œm
Ußl-¿-”m ©u-Úh-Pm A∞j-R-¤m
Ju-\Ùm Yœl-©p ÿRp A˚W Bi-•p SPkR Tp-˙Y-fl NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p TÙ¤ Gu\
œZk-˚R-´u Te˙Lt˚T Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-’ B£-¨˚V RVÙ-¨jR œ±l-◊-L-˚[l TÙ⁄e-
Ls.
E˚W-VÙ-Pp
---þ œ›-Æp E˚W-VÙ-Pp E⁄-YÙd-°-]Ùu.
---þ —VUÙL G›R ÿVt-£j-RÙu.
---þ G›-ß-V-Yt˚\ YÙ£jRÙu.
---þ SÙu G›-ßd ˘LÙ”j-R-Yt-˚\f —h-•d-LÙh-• YÙ£j-RÙu.
---þ œ› ˘Y∞-¬h•u˙TÙ’ TÙoj-’ YÙ£j-RÙu.
L˚R.
TPm 1, TPm 2 CYt-±u L⁄j-’-L˚[f N¨-VÙ-Ld ·±-]Ùu.
Æ[d-Lm
YÙ˚Z-˚Vl Tt±
---þ L⁄j˚Rl ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙi-PÙu.
---þ G›-ß-V-Yt˚\ YÙ£j-’ ˘Y∞-´h-PÙu.
---þ £X ˘NÙt-L˚[f N¨-VÙ] Y•-Yj-ßp G›-’-°-\Ùu.
---þ B£-¨-Vo G›-ß-V-Yt-˚\l TÙoj-’ G›R ÿVt-£d°-\Ùu.
4
107
A[˚Y
YÙ∞´p ®˚\jRp
---þ YÙ∞-´p øo ®˚\d-œm ˘NVp-TÙh-•p Te-œ ˘LÙi-PÙu.
---þ œY˚[´u TPm Y˚Wk-’ F°j-’ G›-ß-]Ùu.
---þ Y˚Wk-R-’ GjR˚] Gu-T-˚Rd ·\ ÿ•k-R-’.
©Wf-£-˚]-L-˚[l ◊¨k-’ LÙs-fi-Rp
E˚W´p Gj-R˚] UÙj-ß-˚W-Ls?
˛ ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙiPÙoL[Ù Gu\±V ˙LhLlThP Æ]Ùd-L-fid-œf
N¨VÙL Tß-X-∞jRÙu.
˛ ˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞u ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu œ›d-L-[ÙL UÙt-fl-°-\Ùu.
˛ ˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞u ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu ©Wf-£-˚]j æo-‹-L-∞p D”-T-”-°-\Ùu.
◊¨k-’ LÙs-[p
---þ TPj-ß-¤s[ E´-¨-]e-L˚[ A˚Y Ei-‘m EQ-‹-Pu ˘RÙPo◊
T”j-ß-]Ùu.
---þ LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-˚Xj ˘RÙPok-’ L⁄j-’-L-˚[d ·±-]Ùu.
---þ E´-¨-]e-Ls, AYt-±-u TVu-Ls B°VYt˚\ ˘RÙPo-◊T”jßl
◊¨k’ ˘LÙiP˚Rd ·±-]Ùu.
Cd-œ-±l-◊-L-∞u £\l-◊-Ls G˚Y?
TÙ¤ GkR ®˚X´p C⁄d°\Ùu Gu-flm GkR ®˚X˚V A˚PV ˙Yi-”m Gu-
T˚R-Ÿm CYt-±-≠-⁄k-’ ◊¨k-’ ˘LÙs[ CV-¤UÙ?
ÿRp A˚W-VÙi-•p Gßo-TÙojR RWj-˚R A˚Pk’s[Ù]Ù GuT˚Rl ◊¨k-’
˘LÙs[ Cd-œ-±l-©u YÙ´-XÙL CV-¤UÙ?
B£-¨˚V TÙ¤-Æt-œ A∞d-œm ©u-Úh-Pm Gq-YÙ-fl C⁄d-œm?
4
109
CYt˚\j RWm ®oQ´lTRtLÙL Ju-\Ùm Yœl◊ B£-¨-Vo- œ›dL∞Pm
·±V ˙TÙ’ Aß-L-UÙ] œ›d-L-fim ÿRp T˚Pl©tœ A Ÿm CWiPÙYRtœ B Ÿm
Íu-\ÙYRtœ C Ÿm A∞j-R-]o. J⁄ œ›Æ]o Uh-”m Ju-±t-œ 'A' Ÿm ©\-Yt-±t-
œ B °˙W-”m A∞j-R]o. øe-L-[ÙL C⁄k-RÙp Jq-˘YÙu-±t-œm GkR °˙W-” A∞l-
¿o-Ls Hu? CWi-PÙ-Y-’, Íu-\Ù-Y-’ T˚Pl◊-Ls J˙W RW-ÿ-˚P-V-]YÙ?
Ußl-©”YRtLÙLd œ›d-Ls E⁄-YÙd-°V RW®oQVd œ±l-◊ -Ls ∏˙Z
˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[].
©Wf-£˚] ˘RÙPo-TÙ] ˘T⁄m-TÙu- U-VÙ] L⁄j-’-Ls Eh-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[-].
L⁄j-’d-L-∞u J›e-œÿ˚\.
Tp-˙Y-fl Y˚L-VÙ] YÙd-°-Ve-Ls APe-°-Ÿs-[-].
J˙W Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l- Tl TVu-T-”j-ß-Ÿm Yq- Y-fl °˙W-”-Ls YWd-LÙ-WQm
Gu]?
CmÍu-fl T˚Pl◊-L-˚[-Ÿm Jl-¿-” ˘Nn-’ °˙W-” A∞dLd ·\-Æp-˚X.
T˚Pl©p œ±l-©hP Yœl-©p SÙm Gßo-TÙod-œm RWj˚R Ht-fld ˘LÙi-”RÙu
°˙W-” A∞dL ˙Yi-”m.
L⁄j-’ J›e-L-˚Ul◊ Gu-T-’ Gu]?
B °˙W-” A∞jR œ› ·±-V-˚Rl TÙ⁄e-Ls.
J¸ık’ Æ˚[-VÙ-”-Y-Rt-LÙL Gi-Ql-TP ˙Yi-•-V-Yo VÙo GuT˚Rj æoUÙ-
≤l-T-’ Gq-YÙ-fl Gu-T-’ ·\l-Th-”s-[-’.
Æ˚[-VÙh-•u Æß-ÿ-˚\-L-fim Æ˚[-VÙh-” ÿ˚\-Ÿm ·\l-Th-”s-[-’.
ÿ˚\l-T-”jß G›-ß-Ÿs-[-]o.
CWi-PÙ-Y-’ Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l˚Tf ˘NVp-TÙh-•t-œ HtT Æ[d-°V ˙TÙ’
Cd-œ-±l-◊-Ls E⁄-YÙ-´]. CkR Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-©-¤m Au-◊, ®°p
CYo-Ls J˙W RWj-ßp YW Yi-”- Uu-T-ßp- X. B -‡m Ußl- Ti-L- [d ·h”m-
˙TÙ-’ B °˙W-•u Gp-˚Xd-œs YW-XÙm. Cq-YÙ-fl ˘NVp-TÙh-•t-œ HtT Ußl-¿h-”d
œ±l-◊-L˚[ Æ[d° Ußl-¿-” SPj-’-Y-’ °˙W-” N¨-VÙL A˚U-Y-Rt-œ ER-‹-Up-XYÙ?
4110
"RiΩ⁄m LiΩ⁄m' Gu\ AX°p ®Lr‹ 1˛p Es[ ""G›’˙YÙm ˘Yt±
˘Tfl˙YÙm'' Gu\ ˘NVpTÙ” (B£¨Vo ˚L˙V” ˛ Tœß 2 TdLm ˛ 144) ˘NnR ˙TÙ’
œZk˚RLs G›ßV E˚WVÙPp T˚Pl◊L˚[l TÙ⁄eLs.
4
111
B£¨VoL∞Pm CYt˚\ Ußl©Pf ˘NÙu] ˙TÙ’ AYo ·±V L⁄j’LsRÙm
C˚Y.
®°p G›ßV E˚WVÙP˙X £\kR’. ÿRXÙYRÙL Es[ Èe-˘LÙ-• G›ßV
E˚WVÙP≠u ·fl-Ls N¨VÙL Es[’.
4112 EeLs L⁄j’ Gu]?
B£¨Vo ß⁄Uß. NÙkß ·±V˚Rl TÙ⁄eLs.
®°p, Èe-˘LÙ-• CYo-Ls G›ßV E˚WVÙPpL˚[ Jl©hPÙp Gu˚]l ˘TÙfljRY˚W
®°p G›ßV˙R £\kR’. CWi” E˚WVÙPpL∞¤m E˚WVÙP≠u ·flLs C⁄d°u\].
B]Ùp ®°p G›ßVßp ÿu]o Gl˙TÙ˙RÙ ˙LhP LÙLj˚R HUÙt±V S¨´u Ti◊
U˚\ÿLUÙL ˘Y∞lT”jRlTh”s[’. ˘NÙp¤m L⁄j’ ÿ›˚UVÙL Es[’. Èe-˘LÙ-•
G›ßVßp ÿu]o SPkR ®Lr‹ œ±l©PlTh”s[RÙp ˘RÙPok’ Y⁄m E˚WVÙP¤dœj
˘RÙPof£ Es[’ Li·PÙ°\’.
B£¨Vo ß⁄Uß. NÙkßVÙp CjR˚LV Ußl©Pp SPjR ÿ•kR˙Ru? CWi” ÆRd
Li˙QÙhPjßp BWÙnkRRu Æ˚[˙Y C’. E˚WVÙPp Gu\ ˘UÙØ ˘Y∞¬h”
Y•Yjßu ·flLs Tt±Ÿm ÿu]o SPkR L⁄jRÙdLm ©WßT≠d°\RÙ Gu\
Li˙QÙhPÿ˙U A˚Y. GpXÙj RLYpL˚[Ÿm ·\Æp˚XVÙ´‡m RÙu ·\
®˚]jR˚Rj ˘R∞YÙLl Tß‹ ˘Nn’s[Ùo. Y¨Lfid°˚P´p J¸ıkß⁄dœm
L⁄j’dL˚[d ·P Bn‹ ˘NnRRÙpRÙu ÿu]o SPkR L⁄jRÙdLm ©WßT≠lT˚R
AYWÙp Li”©•dL ÿ•kR’.
Ut\ œZk-˚R-Ls G›ßV E˚WVÙP˚Xl TÙ⁄eLs. CYoLfidœ GjR˚LV ERÆ
˙R˚YlT”°\’ Gufl BWÙnk’ TÙ⁄eLs.
4
113
£\kR ßhP™Pp
˘UÙØdL⁄jRXœ
AXœ 10 : ·i”d œ´p
©Wf£˚] UiPXm : J”dLlTh˙PÙ⁄dœ ÿu‡¨˚U CpXÙ˚U.
L⁄jRXœ : 1 ˘UÙØ
L⁄j’ : Jq˘YÙ⁄ Tœß´¤m £\lTÙ] SÙh”l◊\ Æ˚[VÙh”Ls
Es[]. G∞V YÙd°VeL˚[l TVuT”jßf £fl
œ±l◊Ls G›’Rp.
˙Rß :
˙SWm :
U]lTÙu˚U : SÙh”l◊\ Æ˚[VÙh”L∞p Teœ˘Tflm U]lTÙu˚U.
Lt\p L⁄ÆLs : B£¨Vo TÙPm
B£¨Vo ·tfl
""˙LÙUß KPÙ˙R!... KPÙ˙R!....''
""Gu˚]l ©•dL ÿ•VÙ˙R!''
"" WÙ_¯ E˚RjRÙp ˙SWÙ ˙LÙpRÙuPÙ!''.
TdLj’ ˚URÙ]jß≠⁄k’ TX œZk˚RL∞u EtNÙLd œWpLs ˙LhP].
_u]p A⁄˙L AUokß⁄kR ˘NmUXo „m©l˙TÙ] Ru LÙpL˚[j RPÆl
TÙojRÙs.
""G]dœ Uh”m Hu CkR Æß!''
AYfidœ LiΩo YkR’. R]’ Fufl˙LÙpL˚[ G”jRÙs. A˚R
Fu±VT• ˘U’YÙL SPk’ ˘Nufl ˚URÙ]j˚R A˚PkRÙs.
˘NmUXo ˚URÙ]jßp Gu˘]u] LÙh£L˚[l TÙojß⁄lTÙs?
œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙLl Tßp ·\h”m.
4114
œ›YÙL C⁄k’ LXk’˚WVÙ•l Tßp ·\h”m.
AYoLs ·flm TßpL˚[ YhPÙWl TÙPjßp EhT”j’eLs.
TÙPlTœß A±ÿLm
˛ YhPÙW TÙPjßp EhT”jßV TßpLs N¨RÙ]Ù Gufl TÙodLd
œZk˚RL˚[l TÙPlTœßdœs ÷˚ZVf ˘NnŸeLs.
˛ TÙPlTœß˚Vd œZk˚RLs YÙ£dLh”m. (FL YÙ£l◊)
˛ B£¨V¨u UÙߨ YÙ£l◊.
˛ Gu˚]l˙TÙp YÙ£dL ÿ•ŸUÙ? Gufl ˙Lh”d œZk˚RL˚[ YÙ£dLj
Ái”Rp.
˛ YÙ£l◊l ˙TÙh•
YÙ£l◊l ˙TÙh•dLÙ] Ußl¿h”d ·flL˚[d œZk˚RLfiPu
LXk’˚WVÙ• E⁄YÙdœRp.
˛ ARu A•lT˚P´p œZk˚RL∞u YÙ£l˚T Ußl©”Rp.
˘NmUX¨u SiToLs VÙo?
˘NmUX⁄dœ Æ˚[VÙh˚Pj RÆW ˙Yfl Gu˘]u] ˘R¨Ÿm?
˙TÙu\ ˙LsÆL˚[d ˙Lh”d œZk˚RL˚[ ¡i”m YÙ£dLj Ái”eLs.
AØjR˚R YÙ£jRp
TÙPlTœß´p Es[ œZk˚RLs YÙ£dL Yi”m Gufl B£¨Vo æoUÙ≤jR
˘NÙtL˚[ ˘NÙp≠d˘LÙi˙P L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’Rp. YÙ£l◊ EjßL˚[l
TVuT”jß J¨⁄ÿ˚\ B£¨Vo YÙ£j’d LÙh”Rp.
""SÙu J⁄ NÙp˚X AØl˙Tu. B]Ùp øeLs YÙ£dœm TÙ›’ SÙm G›ßV
GpXÙ NÙtL˚[Ÿm YÙ£dL Yi”m'' Gufl NÙp≠ Jq˘YÙ⁄ NÙpXÙL AØdL
˙Yi”m. Jq˘YÙ⁄ ˘NÙp˚XŸm AØdœm ˙TÙ’m Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚RŸm YÙ£dL
˙Yi”m. CqYÙfl L⁄mTX˚L´p ˘NÙtL˙[ CpXÙUp œZk˚RLs YÙ£dLh”m.
˘NVpÿ˚\
4
115
˛ £u]g£fl YV’ ÿRp øeLs ®˚\V Æ˚[VÙh”L˚[ Æ˚[VÙ•
C⁄l¿oLs ApXYÙ? Gu˘]u] Æ˚[VÙh”Ls Æ˚[VÙ• C⁄l¿oLs Gufl
˙Lh” Jq˘YÙ⁄Y⁄m ˘NÙpYRtœ YÙnl◊ A∞ŸeLs.
Jq˘YÙ⁄Yo ˘NÙpY˚RŸm L⁄mTX˚L´p G›’eLs.
ARtœ©u ""LiQÙÍf£'' Æ˚[VÙ”Y’ GlT•?
˛ œZk˚RLs R≤jR≤VÙLd ·\h”m.
˛ œ›Æp LXk’˚WVÙPh”m.
˛ L⁄j’f „¨-Vu E⁄YÙdœRp.
˛ Jq˘YÙ⁄ œZk˚RŸm L⁄j’L˚[d ·\h”m.
˛ CRu ERÆŸPu CqÆ˚[VÙh˚Pl Tt±d œ±l◊ G›’Rp.
˛ œ› ˘Y∞¬”.
˛ B£¨Vo TÙPj˚R ˘Y∞´”Rp.
˛ YÙ£dL YÙnlT∞jRp, œZk˚RL∞u T˚Pl◊LfiPu Jl©”Rp.
LiQÙÍf£
Gi‘Rp
J∞k’ LÙsfiRp
B£¨Vo TÙPm
LiQÙÍf£
J⁄Yo Li˚Q Í•d˘LÙi”
GiQ Yi”m. Ut\YoLs
J∞k’ LÙs[ Yi”m.
J∞kRYoL˚[d Li”©•jRÙp
AYoLs "A‹h'.
4116
ãr¨ûX«Vp LÚjRXÏ
AXœ : Æ⁄k’dœ YÙeL!
L⁄jRXœ : 5
Lt\p L⁄Æ : B£¨Vo TÙPm (Y´tfl Y≠ LÙWQeLs)
TÙPjßhP SÙdLeLs
©Wf£˚] UiPXm : R≤U≤R Utflm ˘TÙ’ —LÙRÙWm Tt±V
ÆØl◊Qo‹ Cu˚U.
L⁄j’ : ˙SÙnLs EiPÙYRtœl TX LÙWQeLs Es[].
˘NVpÿ˚\ : R]’/©\o EQ‹l TZdL YZdLeL˚[ Etfld
LY≤j’m YÙ£j’ A±k’m ˙SÙn Y⁄YRtLÙ]
TZdL YZdLeL˚[d Li”©•jRp.
U]lTÙeœ : ˙SÙnLfidœ GßWÙ] ÿu˘]fN¨d˚L ˙Ut˘LÙs
fim U]lTÙu˚U.
B£¨Vo ·tfl
""I˚V˙VÙ! GØXÙ Hu ø ◊p˚X ßu°\Ùn?''
TÙh• Y⁄jRj˙RÙ” ˙LhPÙo.
""TÙh• G]dœ Y´fl Y≠dœ’.
È˚] ◊p˚Xj ßu\˙TÙ’ Y´tfl Y≠ UÙ±ÆhPRpXYÙ? A’RÙu SÙ‡m
ßu˙\u!'' Y´t˚\ ©•jRT• GØXu ˘NÙu]Ùu.
""N¨ N¨ EP˙] ◊\lT” U⁄j’YU˚]dœ NpXXÙm'' TÙh• AYNWlT”jß]Ùs.
TÙh•Ÿm ˙TW‡m U⁄j’YU˚]dœf ˘Nu\]o.
""SÙd˚L øh”'' GØXu øh•]Ùu.
U⁄j’Yo LiL˚[ Etfll TÙojRÙo.
˚LÆWpL˚[d LÙhPf ˘NÙu]Ùo.
4
117
Y´t˚\j RPÆl TÙojRÙo. AY⁄dœ Æ`Vm ◊¨kR’.
AYo GØX‡dœ B˙XÙN˚] ˘NÙpXj ˘RÙPe°]Ùo.
˘NVpÿ˚\
GØX‡dœ Y´tfl Y≠ YWd LÙWQeLs G˚Y? C’ ˙TÙufl EeLfidœ
Y´tfl Y≠ Y⁄Y’iPÙ? Hu?
˛ R≤VÙLd L⁄j’L˚[d ·\h”m
˛ œ›Æp B˙XÙ£jRp
˛ œ›Æp L⁄j’L˚[ ˘Y∞´”Rp
˛ NÙoh ˛ 1
˘NÙt „¨Vu E⁄-YÙd-°d œZk˚RL∞Pm Y´tflY≠dLÙ] LÙWQeL˚[l
Tt±d LXk’˚WVÙPp SPjß A˚R ÿ›˚UVÙdœRp.
Y´tflY≠ LÙWQeLs ™L AßLUÙL EQ‹ Ei‘Rp, —jR™u˚U.
B£¨Vo ·tfl
U⁄j’Yo GØX‡dœ Gu˘]u] B˙XÙN˚]Ls ·±´⁄lTÙo?
˛ LXk’˚WVÙPp
˛ œ›Æp L⁄j’L˚[l Te°”Rp
˛ CqYÙfl Y´tflY≠ YWÙUp C⁄dL SÙm LY≤dL ˙Yi•V˚Y G˚Y?
SÙu ˘NnV ˙Yi•V˚Y. Gu ˘Tt˙\Ùo ˘NnV ˙Yi•V˚Y
£flœ±l◊ RVÙ¨jRp
AYWYo ˘Tt˙\Ù¨Pm ˘LÙ”dLf "£fl œ±l◊' G›R ÿ•ŸUÙ?
˛ œZk˚RLs R≤VÙL G›’Rp.
˛ NL Ußl¿”
4118
AX-œ 4 : Æ⁄k-’dœ YÙe-L.
L⁄j-R-X-œ :
˙SWm:
©Wf-£˚] Ui-P-Xm : A±-Æ-Vp Èo-Y-UÙ] R≤ U≤R B˙WÙd-°-Vm Ut-flm
˘TÙ’f —LÙ-RÙ-Wm Tt-±V ÆØl-◊-Qo-Æu-˚U.
L⁄j-’ : EQ‹ TZd-L-Y-Zd-Le-Ls UÙfl-Y-Ru ÍXm B˙WÙd-°Vf
∫o-˙L-”-Ls E⁄-YÙ-°u-\] Gu-T˚R A±-VÙR ®˚X.
Lt-\p L⁄j-’ : G∞-˚U-VÙ] ·h-Pp, LØj-Rp.
L⁄-Æ-Ls : $ ◊∞-Vm Æ˚R-Ls, NÙoh
B£-¨-Vo ·tfl
¿h-Po UÙUÙ-‹dœ Ht-ThP ˘RÙp-˚X-Ls VÙ˚Y?
G≠j ˘RÙp-˚X-L-˚[l ˙TÙdL ¿h-Po UÙUÙ Gu-˘]u] YØ-ÿ-˚\-L˚[d
˚LVÙuPÙo?
¿h-Po UÙUÙ ≈h-•t-œ-s G≠ Gl-T• Yk-R-’?
GkR A˚\d-œ-s ÷˚Zk-R’? Aeœ Gu-˘]u] TÙoj-R’?
B£-¨-Vo LXk-’-˚W-VÙ• ÿu-]o SPkR ®Lr-‹-L˚[ ®˚]-‹lT”j-’-°-\Ùo.
L¶-Rm L⁄j-R-X-œ
4
119N˚U-V-X-˚\-´-≠-⁄kR LÙn-L-±-Ls A˚]j-˚R-Ÿm L•j’d œR±-˚Yj-’s-[].
N˚U-Vp ˘NnV YkR ˙U¨ UÙ™ CYt-˚\˘Vp-XÙm TÙoj’ ™L-‹m Y⁄k-ß-]Ùs.
""CkR G≠-Ls ˘Nn-Ÿm ˘RÙp-˚X˚Vj RÙeL ÿ•-V-Æq-˚X˙V! SÙu Gu-] -
˘Nn˙Yu'' Gufl ·± R˚X-´p A•j-’d˘LÙi-PÙs.
""I˙VÙ..! ˙SW-UÙ° Æh-P˙R... Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m NÙl©P Yk-’-Æ-”-YÙo-L˙[.. N˚U-Vp
˘NnV˙Yi”-˙U.. LÙn-L-±-Ls Gp-XÙm Ae-œm Ce-œ-UÙLf £R-±d-°-Pd-°u-\]''.
£R-±d- °-PkR LÙnL-±-L∞p N˚U-Vp Nn-Y-Rtœ Ht-\- Y-L˚[j R≤-VÙ-Ll ©¨j’
˚Yj-RÙo.
Aeœ Gk-˘RkRd LÙn-L-±-L˚[ ˙U¨ UÙ™ N˚U-V-¤d-LÙL G”j’ ˚Yj-ß-⁄l-TÙo?
(Rd-LÙ-∞, Lj-R-¨d-LÙn, E⁄-˚[d-°-Ze-œ, ˙LWh, ™[-LÙn)
Rd-LÙ∞
Lj-R-¨d-LÙn
E⁄- [d °Zeœ
˙LWh
™[-LÙn
LÙn-L-±-Ls G≠ -L-•j-R’ L•d-LÙ-R’ ˘UÙj-Rm
4120
CkR Ah-P-Y-˚Q˚Vd L⁄m-T-X-˚L-´p Y˚W-Rp.
œZk-˚R-Ls AYo-L-fidœ Æ⁄lT-UÙ] Gi-¶d-˚L-´p Æ”-Th-Pl TPe-L˚[
Y˚W-Vh-”m.
B£¨-Vo ∏rdLÙ‘m ˙Ls-Æ-L˚[d ˙Lh-Pp.
G≠-Ls G-Yt-˚\-˘Vp-XÙm L•j-’s-[-]?
L•jR Rd-LÙ∞ Gj-R-˚]?
Lj-R-¨d-LÙn ˘UÙj-Rm Gj-R˚]?
L•jR E⁄-˚[d °Zeœ Gj-R˚]? L•d-LÙ-R˚Y Gj-R˚]? ˘UÙj-Rm Gj-R˚]?
L•jR ™[-LÙn Gj-R˚]? L•d-LÙ-R˚Y Gj-R˚]? ˘UÙj-Rm Gj-R˚]?
L•jR ˙LWh Gj-R˚]? L•d-LÙ-R˚Y Gj-R˚]? ˘UÙj-Rm Gj-R˚]?
Æ˚P-L˚[d œZk-˚R-L˙[ ·\h-”m. ˘UÙj-Rm ˘RÙ˚L-˚Vd ·fl-Y-Rt-LÙLl
TPm Y˚Wk’ LÙi-©dL ˙Yi-”m.
£X-Yt˚\d œZk-˚R-L-fim Y˚W-Vh-”m.
ARt-œl-©u C˚R-˙TÙ-X˙Y ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ NÙoh-•p TPe-L-fidœl Tß-XÙL
GiL˚[ G›-R-˙Yi-”m.
Cf-˘N-Vp-TÙh-˚P-Ÿm œZk-˚R-L˙[ G›-’m Y˚L-´p ˙Ls-Æ-Ls ˙Lh-”,
AYoLs Bo-Yj˚Rj Ái-”e-Ls.
œZk-˚R-Ls TPe-L-fidœl Tß-XÙL C⁄d-œm LÙn-L-±-L-∞u Gi-¶d-˚L˚V
AhPY-˚Q-´p G›-Rh-”m. LÙn-L-±-L-∞u Gi-¶d-˚L˚Vl ˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u (◊-∞-
Vm Æ˚R, Ug-NÙ• Æ˚R) ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu ·h• ˘UÙjR Gi-¶d-˚L˚Vd Li-”-
©•d-Lh”m.
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121
Rd-LÙ∞
Lj-R-¨d-LÙn
E⁄- [d °Zeœ
˙LWh
™[-LÙn
LÙn-L-±-Ls G≠-L-•j-R’ L•d-LÙ-R’ ˘UÙj-Rm˛
˛
˛
˛
˛
3
˛
˛
˛
˛
2
˛
5
˛
˛
4 2 6
CRu-©u ÿu-]o Y˚Wk-R-ß-≠-⁄k’ £±’ UÙt-\m Ht-T-”jß ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ NÙoh
Y˚WV ˙Yi-”m.
Cßp ˘UÙj-Rm Gi-¶d-˚L-˚V-Ÿm L•j-Rd LÙn-Lt-L-∞u Gi-¶d-˚L-˚V-
Ÿm Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´p ˘LÙ”j’ L•d-LÙR LÙn-L-±-L-∞u Gi-¶d-˚L˚V Li-”-©-
•d-Lj ÁiP ˙Yi-”m.
Cf ˘NVp-TÙh˚Pd œZk-˚R-L˙[ Bo-Y-ÿ-Pu G›-’m Y˚L-´p ˙Ls-Æ-L-s
˙Lh” AYo-Ls Bo-Yj˚Rj Ái-P-˙Yi”m.
Rd-LÙ∞
Lj-R-¨d-LÙn
E⁄- [d °Zeœ
LÙn-L-±-Ls ˘UÙj-Rm G≠ L•jR˚Y L•d-LÙ-R˚Y
˛
3
2
6
5
˛
7 4 ˛
4122
T⁄Y Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls
ÿRp-SÙs
—i-˘P≠ C˚W˙R-•l ◊\l-Th-P-’.
L⁄l◊l È˚] TÙoj-RÙp Gu L˚R Aq-Y-[-‹-RÙu. T’e°l T’e° G≠
˘Nu-\-’. ""Hn... —i-˘P≠ Ge˙L ˙TÙ°-\Ùn?''
◊Ro-L-fid-°-˚P˙V CWi-” Li-Ls ™u-‡-°-u\]. AkRd Li-Ls Ru˚]
˙SÙd° Y⁄-Y˚R G≠ EQok-R-’.
"C’ AkRd L⁄lTu È˚] Ap-XYÙ?'
""I˙VÙ...!'' —i- P≠ R˚Xj- R-±dL K-Pj ˘RÙPe-°-V-’. K-•f- Nu-fl ˘TÙk-’d-œs
J¸ık-’ LÙ˚Rd ·o-˚U-VÙd-œ°-\-’.
""™VÙq.....''
"L⁄lT≤u ™Wh-”m œWp! Gu] ˘Nn-Y-’!
T£d-°-\-˙R... NÙl-©h-” CWi-” SÙh-Ls B°-Æh-P-’.
CYu ˘RÙk-R-W-YÙp ˘Y∞˙V R˚X LÙhP ÿ•-VÙ˙R!
Ce-°-⁄k-’ Rl-©dL Gu] YØ?' —i-˘P≠ ˙VÙ£j-R-’.
Si-Tu Sp-Xu A¶-≠-Pm ˙Lh-PÙp HRÙ-Y-’ ˙VÙN˚] R⁄-YÙu.
Ce-œ, ÿRp ˘NVp-TÙ” ·h-Pp A•l-T˚P-´-¤m CWi-PÙ-Y’ ˘NVp-TÙ”
LØjRp A•l-T˚P-´-¤m A˚Uk-’s-[-’.
Cd-L-¶Rf ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ BWmT ®˚X-´p Ug-NÙ• Æ-˚R-Ls/ ◊∞-Vm
Æ˚RLs CYt-˚\l TVu-T-”jßd œZk-˚R-L˙[ Æ˚Pd -LÙ-Qh-”m. J⁄-Y-⁄d-˘LÙ-
⁄-Yo Ußl-©-Ph-”m. Cq-˙Y-˚[-´p B£-¨-V-⁄m Æ˚P- LÙQ ERY ˙Yi-”m.
˙U¨ -UÙ™ N˚U-V-˚Xf ˘Nn’ ÿ•j-RÙo. ≈h-PÙo A˚]-Y-⁄m UÙ™-´-u
N˚UV˚Xl TÙWÙh-•-]o. C⁄l-©-‡m UÙ™-´-u U]-ßp SÙNm ˘NnR G≠˚V JØd-L-
˙Yi-”m Gu\ Gi-Qm JVÙ’ C⁄k-R-’.
G≠-˚Vd Li-”-©-•j’ SpX A•-˘LÙ-”dL ˙Yi-”˘Uufl ˙U¨ UÙ™ ¿h-Po
UÙUÙ-Æ-Pm ·±-]Ùs.
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123
T´t-£j-RÙs- 1 E˚W-VÙ-Pp
—i-˘P≠ ˘U’-YÙLl ˘TÙk-ßu ˘Y∞˙V Gh-•l-TÙoj-R-’.
"SpX ˙Y˚[! L⁄lT˚]d LÙQ-Æp-˚X.'
—i-˘P≠ UÙm-T-Zj ˙RÙh-Pj˚R ˙SÙd° K-•-V-’.
""£p...-£p...-£p...''
—i-˘P-≠˚Vl TÙojR Sp-Xu A¶p Nj-R-™h-P-YÙ-fl K-• Yk-R-’.
""Gu] —i-˘P≠ Æ˙N`-Nm? Gl-T-• C⁄d-°-\Ùn?''
Sp-Xu A¶-≠u ˙Ls-Æd-œf —i-˘P≠ Gu] Tßp ·± C⁄d-œm?
L⁄l◊l È˚]-´u ˘RÙk-R-W-Æ-≠-⁄k-’ Rl-©dL A¶p ·±V ˙VÙN˚]
Gu-]-YÙL C⁄d-œm?
E˚W-VÙ-Pp T´t-£j-RÙs- 1
˙SWm C⁄h-Pj ˘RÙPe-°-V-’. —i-˘P≠ ˘TÙk-ßu ˘Y∞˙V Yk-R-’. L⁄l◊l È˚]
J¸ık-ß-⁄k’ TÙol-T˚R —i-˘P≠ A±-V-Æp-˚X.
TPj-ß-≠-⁄k-’ SPk-R-Yt˚\d Li-”-©-•j-’ G›-’e-Ls.
L˚R˚V ÿ›-˚U-VÙd-œ-Rp ˛ T´t-£j-RÙs 2
""AlTÙPÙ... Rl-©j˙Ru.
C≤-˙Up L⁄l◊l -È-˚]-VÙp ˘RÙk-R-W‹ Cp-˚X.
CkR Nk-˙RÙ-`-UÙ] ˘Nn-ß˚Vf ∫d-°-W-UÙL Sp-Xu A¶-≠-Pm ˘R¨-ÆdL
˙Yi-”m.'' —i-˘P≠ UÙm-T-Zj ˙RÙh-Pj˚R ˙SÙd° K-•-V-’.
""Sp-XÙ... Sp-XÙ...'' TX-ÿ˚\d ·l-©hP’.
J⁄ Tß-¤m Cp˚X.
"AYu E\e° Æh-PÙ˙]Ù Gu-]˙YÙ!
SÙ˚[ YW-XÙm' Gu-fl Gi¶f —i- P≠ ß⁄m© SPk-R-’. "˙N Gu] ’o-SÙt-\m!
—i-˘P≠ Íd˚L ƨj-’ ÷LokR-’. UÙh-”f NÙ¶-´u SÙt-\m
˙TÙp... AkR SÙt-\m ˙U¤m ·”-R-XÙL Íd-˚Lj ’˚[j-R-’. A˙RÙ! C⁄h-•p
™u-‡m CWi-” Li-Ls, —i-˘P≠ ©•j-R-’ Kh-Pm.
Gu] SPk-ß-⁄d-œm? (R-]-’ L⁄j-˚Rd ·fl-Rp)
—i- P≠ :Gu] —i- P≠
Æ˙N`-Nm?
Sp-Xu A¶p :
—i- P≠ :
Sp-Xu A¶p :
T´t£j RÙs 2 L˚R ÿ›- U-VÙd-œRp
—i- P-≠˚Vl È˚] TÙoj-R-’.
—i- P≠ K-•-V-’.
4124
—i- P≠ GYt- \- Vp-XÙm NÙl-©h-•-
⁄d-œm?
T´t-£j-RÙs ˛ 3 AX£ BWÙn-Rp
"C≤ Gu-]Ùp ˘LÙg-Nm ·P SPdL CV-XÙ-’.' —i-˘P≠ T£-VÙp ’•j-R-’.
EPp R[ok-R-’. LÙp-Ls R[ok-R-]. —i-˘P≠ ˘U’-YÙL ˘Nu-fl LtL-∞u
C˚P-´p T’e-°-V-’. Ru˚] A±-VÙ-U˙X Áe-°l ˙TÙ]-’. ߺ-˘Wu-fl H˙RÙ
Nj-Rm ˙Lh-” ÆØj-’ TÙoj-R-’.- ÿu-]Ùp R]-’ C]j˚Rf NÙok-R-Yo-Ls £Xo
®t-°-\Ùo-Ls. ""VÙo ø..? Ge-°-⁄k-’ Y⁄-°-\Ùn...?'' AkRd œ›-Æp C⁄kR ÿßVYo
˙Lh-PÙo. —i-˘P≠ SPk-R-Yt-˚\d ·±-V-’.
—i-˘P≠ Gu-˘]u] ·±-´-⁄d-œm? (R-]-’ L⁄j-˚Rd ·fl-Rp)
""A˙RÙ TÙo, Ae˙L ˘R¨-°-\˙R A’-RÙu Ge-Ls ˙RÙh-Pm. Ae-œ ˙Yfl-VÙ-⁄m
÷˚ZV SÙe-Ls A‡-U-ßdL UÙh-˙PÙm. B]Ùp ø Cl-˙TÙ-’ T£-˙VÙ-”
A˚Xk-’ Yk-ß-⁄l-T-RÙp ˙RÙh- -Pj-ß-≠-⁄k-’ E]d-œ Æ⁄l-T-UÙ-]-Yt˚\
G”j’f NÙl-©h-” Æh-” Ce-°-⁄k-’ K-•-Æ-”.'' RÙjRÙ G≠ ·±-V-’. —i-˘P≠
Nk- RÙ- j-’-Pu ˙RÙh-Pj-ßt-œs K-•-V-’. ""aÙn,.... Gq-Y-[‹ EQ-‹l- ˘TÙ-⁄h-Ls!
Cßp GpXÙ EQ‹ Y˚L-L-˚[-Ÿm Gu]Ùp EiQ ÿ•ŸUÙ?''
˙RÙh-Pj-ßp —i- P≠ TÙoj-R-Yt- \l TÙ⁄e-Ls. øe-Ls —i- P-≠- GYt- \- Vp-XÙm
ßu-±-⁄d-œm?
AX£ BWÙn-Rp ˛ T´t-£j-RÙs ˛ 3
""Y´-fl ®Wm-©-VRÙ? C≤ Ce-°-⁄k-’ K-•-Æ-”.'' RÙjRÙ G≠ ·±-V-’, —i-˘P≠
T¨-RÙ-T-UÙL Gp-˙XÙ-˚W-Ÿm TÙoj-R-’. ""Gu-˚]-Ÿm Ee-L-fi-Pu ˙Noj-’ ˘LÙs
≈o-L[Ù?'' A’ RVe°j RVe°d ˙Lh-P-’. ""Em, ÿ•-VÙ-’'' RÙjRÙ G≠ Efl-ß
VÙLd ·±-V-’. ˙NÙL-UÙL —i-˘P-≠l ◊\l-Th-P-’.
4
125
""G]-’ ˘TÙk-’d-œf ˘Np-¤m YØ G’? YkR YØ U\k-’ Æh-P˙R? VÙ¨-Pm
˙Lh˙Tu"'' A’ —t-flm ÿt-flm TÙoj-R-’.
"A˙RÙ £\˚L ƨj-’ J⁄ £h-”d-œ-⁄Æ Y⁄-°-\˙R!' —i-˘P≠ £h-”d œ⁄-Æ-
´Pm YØ ˙Lh-P-’.
£h-”d-œ-⁄Æ ˘NÙp-≠d ˘LÙ”jR YØ G’-˘Yu-fl Li-” ©•-Ÿe-Ls.
YØ Li-”-©•l˙TÙm ˛ T´t-£j-RÙs ˛ 4
""£p... £p'' —i-˘P-≠˚Vl TÙojR A¶p UWd-°-˚[-´-≠-⁄k-’ C\e° Yk-R-’.
""SiTÙ, LY-]-UÙL C⁄, Eu-˚]l TÙoj-RÙp Al-˙TÙ˙R ßu-fl Æ”-˙Yu Gufl
L⁄l◊l È˚] Le-L-Qm Lh-• ˘LÙi-” Ce-œ A˚X-°-\-’. ø Ge-LÙ-Y-’ ˙TÙn
Rl-©dL YØ-˚Vl-TÙo.''
Sp-Xu A¶p ·±-V˚Rd ˙Lh-”f —i-˘P≠ TVk-’ S”e-°-V-’. ""SÙu Gl-T-•
Rl-©l-˙Tu.? ø˙V J⁄ YØ-˚Vd ·fl.''
A¶p —i-˘P-≠-´u LÙßp WL-£-Vm ˘NÙu-]-’.
—i-˘P-≠-´-Pm A¶p Gu-]- ·± C⁄d-œm? (R-]-’ L⁄j-˚Rd ·flRp)
""Gu] YkRÙ-¤m N¨, SÙu Gu ˘TÙk-’ Y˚W ˙TÙn Y⁄-°-˙\u'' -Gu-fl ·±
—i-˘P≠ ˘TÙk˚R ˙SÙd°f ˘Nu-\-’.
""aÙ... aÙ.. ø Y⁄-YÙn Gu-fl G]d-œ ˘R¨-Ÿm œW˚Xd ˙Lh-”f —i-˘P≠
Aßof-£ -Ÿ -Pu ß⁄m-©l TÙoj -R -’ "A˙RÙ ˘TÙk -ßu ˙U˙X L⁄l◊l
È˚]! I˙VÙ.... SÙu Gu] ˘Nn-˙Yu? Gu L˚R Aq-Y-[-‹-RÙu...'' —i-˘P≠
¡i-”m Kh-Pm ©•j-R-’.
CWi-PÙm SÙs
'"C’ GkR CPm? Gu-˘]u] LÙh-£-Ls? ÿu-]Ùp ˘NpXf ˘NpXl TX-Y-
˚LVÙ] LÙh-£-Ls. SÙu ÿRp ÿ˚\-VÙL Cl-˙TÙ-’-RÙu Cl-T-•l-ThP LÙh-£-L-˚[l
TÙod-°˙\u.'' —i-˘P≠ ˚Nd-°-∞u ©u-]Ùp Es[ ·˚P-´u
˙U≠-⁄kR —i-˘P≠ Bf-£-¨-Vl-Th-P-’.
T´t-£j-RÙs˛ 4 YØ Li-”-©-•dLX-Ùm
—i- P-≠d-œ YØ LÙh-”e-Ls
4126
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""˚Nd-°s Kh-”m £fl-Yu Gu˚] C’-Y-˚Wl TÙod-LÙ-R-’ G]’
TÙd-°-Vm!''
""L⁄l-Tu È˚]-´-P-™-⁄k-’ Gu-]Ùp Rl-©dL ÿ•-Ÿ-˘Uu-fl SÙu ®˚]d-L˙Y
Cp-˚X.'' —i-˘P≠ SPk-R-Yt˚\ ®˚]j-’l TÙoj-R-’.
—i-˘P≠ L⁄l-T-≤-P-™-⁄k’ Gl-T-•j Rl-©j-ß-⁄d-œm? (R-]-’ L⁄j-˚Rd ·fl-Rp)
J⁄ LÙo ˙YL-UÙL ˙TÙY˚Rf —i-˘P-≠l TÙoj-R-’.' BLÙ... LÙo Gq-Y-[‹
˙YL-UÙLf ˘Np-°-\-’. SÙu ˙TÙœm ˚Nd-°-[Ùp Cq-Y-[‹ ˙YL-UÙLf ˘NpX
ÿ•-ŸUÙ? A’ ˙VÙ£j-R-’. ˙Yfl £X YÙL-]e-L-˚[-Ÿm A’ TÙoj-R-’.
—i-˘P≠ TÙojR YÙL-]e-L-˚[l TÙ⁄e-Ls.
CkR YÙL-]e-L-∞u R≤j-Ru-˚U-Ls G˚Y?
C˚Y -VÙ-‹m ˙YL-UÙLf ˘Np-¤m YÙL-]e-L[Ù?
Y˚Ll-T-”j-’-Rp T´t-£j-RÙs 5
˚Nd-°s ®u-\-˙TÙ-’ —i-˘P≠ R]-’ £k-R-˚]-´-≠-⁄k-’ ¡i-P-’.
˚Nd-°s Cl-˙TÙ-’ J⁄ L˚P-´u ÿu-]Ùp ®ufl ˘LÙi-•-⁄k-R-’.
£fl-Yu ˚Nd-°-∞-≠-⁄k-’ C\e° L˚Pd-œs ˘Nu\Ùu.
—i-˘P≠ ˚Nd-°-∞-≠-⁄kR ·˚Pd-œs J¸ık-’ C⁄k-R-’.
"Sp-X-˙Y˚[ AYu Gu-˚]l TÙod-L-Æp-˚X.'
£±-’ ˙SWj-ßp £fl-Yu ß⁄m© YkRÙu.
—i-˘P≠ C˚P-˘Y∞ YØ-VÙL Et-fll TÙojR-’.
"I˙VÙ! AYu ·˚P˚V ˘S⁄e-°d ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-°-\Ù˙]!'
—i-˘P-≠d-œl TV-UÙL C⁄k-R-’.
£fl-Yu ·˚P˚Vd Lh-•´-⁄kR L´t˚\ AÆrj-RÙu,
·˚P˚V G”j-’˘LÙi-” L˚Pd-œs ˘Nu-\Ùu.
—i-˘P≠ TVk-’ S”e-°-V’. "Gu L˚R Aq-Y-[-‹-RÙu!'
£fl-Yu ·˚P˚Vd ∏˙Z ˚Yj-R-’m —i-˘P≠ RÙÆ
K-•--V-’m J˙W ˙SW-UÙL C⁄k-R-’.
LÙn-L-±-Ls C⁄d-œm ·˚P-L-∞u C˚P˙V H±l T’e-°-V-’,
"SpX ˙Y˚[ Gu˚] VÙ⁄m LY-≤d-L-Æp-˚X.'
Y˚Ll-T-”j-RpT´t-£j-RÙs˛ 5
GpXÙ YÙL-]e-L-fim YL-UÙL
˘Np-¤-T- YVÙ?
C˚Y YL-UÙLf Np-Y-’ Hu
4
127
·˚P-L-fid-°-˚P˙V C⁄k-’ £fl-Yu Gu] ˘Nn-°-\Ùu Gu-fl TÙoj-R-’.
£fl-Yu AYu ≈h-•p T´o ˘NnR LÙn-L-±-L˚[ ÆtLd ˘LÙi-” Yk-ß-⁄d-
°\Ùu. AYu ·˚P-´-≠-⁄k-’ L˚Pd-œs G”j-’ ˚Yd-°-\Ùu. L˚Pd-LÙ-Wo
AYu ˘LÙi” YkR LÙn-L-±-Ls Jq-˘YÙu-˚\-Ÿm G”j-’ ˚Yj-’ LQd-œ
G›’°\Ùo.
£fl-Yu ˘LÙi-” YkR LÙn-L-±-Ls G˚Y?
Jq-˘YÙu-flm Gj-R˚] ≈Rm Es-[]?
G’ ·”-Rp? G’ œ˚\‹?
GiQ±‹ ˛ T´t-£j RÙs ˛ 6
L˚Pd-LÙ-W-≤-Pm TQm YÙe-°d˘LÙi” £fl-Yu ◊\l-Th-PÙu.
—i-˘P-≠d-œl T£-VÙp Li-Ls C⁄i-P-].
L˚P ÿ›-Y-’m ßu-T-Rt-LÙ] ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls! TZe-Ls, °Ze-œ-Ls, ˙LWh... BLÙ...
YÙ´p E™r-øo ®˚\k-R-’.
"GRÙ-Y-’ G”j-’j ßu-˙TÙUÙ? Gl-T-•j ßu-T-’?' L˚P-´p J˙W ·h-Pm. TÙ⁄h
Ls ÆtL Y⁄-T-Yo-L-fim YÙeL Y⁄-T-Yo-L-fim... "VÙWÙ-Y-’ Gu-˚]l TÙoj-RÙp
Aq-Y-[-‹-RÙu! T£-˚Vj RÙe-°d ˘LÙi-” Gq-Y-[‹ ˙SWm-RÙu Cl-T-•˙V
C⁄l-T-’!... ?'
Al-T-•˙V A’ E\e°l ˙TÙ]-’.
H˙RÙ Nj-Rm ˙Lh-” ÆØjR-’. —t-flm TÙoj-R-’.
J˙W C⁄h-”. VÙ˚W-Ÿm LÙQ-Æp-˚X. A’ ˘U’-YÙL ˘Y∞˙V Yk-R-’. TZj-ßu
UQm ARu Íd-˚Lj ’˚[j-R-’. ARu YÙ´p E™r-øo ®˚\k-R-’.
A”jR SÙs LÙ˚X-´p L˚Pd-LÙ-Wo Yk-’ L˚P˚Vj ß\k-RÙo. ˙LÙTj-RÙp
AYo ÿLm £Yk-R-’.
L˚Pd-LÙ-Wo Hu ˙LÙTl-T-”-°-\Ùo? (R-]-’ L⁄j-˚Rd ·fl-Rp)
L˚Pd-LÙ-Wo ÿ‘-ÿ-‘j-’d˘LÙi˙P ˘Y∞˙V ˙TÙ]Ùo. ˚L´p J⁄ ˘T¨V
R•-Ÿ-Pu ß⁄m© Yk-RÙo. J¸ık-ß-⁄kR —i-˘P≠ C˚Rd Li-” TVk-’ S”e-
°V’.
"SÙu J⁄ TZm-RÙ˙] NÙl-©h-˙Pu. ARt-œ Hu CYo Cl-T-•d ˙LÙl-T-”-°-\Ùo?'
T´t£ RÙs ˛ 6 GiQ±‹
Jq- YÙu-flm Gj-R˚] ≈Rm?
·”-Rp G’?
œ˚\‹ G’?
˘T -V-ß-≠-⁄k-’ £±-V-ßt-œ
Y - Nl-T-”j-’e-Ls
4128
˘TÙ⁄s ˘RÙ˚L
◊P˚X 4 ÏTÙn
™[-œ 2 ÏTÙn
˘UÙj-Rm
˘TÙ⁄s ˘RÙ˚L
YÙ˚Zl-T-Zm 8 ÏTÙn
Rd-LÙ∞ 5 ÏTÙn
˘UÙj-Rm
=
L˚Pd-LÙ-Wo LÙn-L-±-Ls C⁄kR ·˚P-L˚[ Jq-˘YÙu-\ÙL UÙt-±-]Ùo.
·˚P-L-fid-°-˚P˙V C⁄kR —i-˘P≠ ∏˙Z Æ›k-R-’m AYo A•j-R-’m
J˙W ˙SW-UÙL C⁄k-R-’.
Gu] SPk-ß-⁄d-œm? (R-]-’ L⁄j-˚Rd ·fl-Rp)
"SpX ˙Y˚[- SÙu Rl-©j˙Ru Cp-XÙ-Æ-•p Gu L˚R Aq-Y-[-‹-RÙu!'
—i-˘P≠ TZd-·-˚P-L-fid-°-˚P-˙V-´-⁄k-’ ®˚]j-’l TÙoj-R-’.
""UÙUÙ! Gu] LÙ˚X-´p R•-Ÿ-Pu ®t-°-»o-Ls?''
"J⁄- £-fl-™-´u œWp Ap-XYÙ A’!' —i-˘P≠ ˘U’-YÙLj R˚X øh-• ˘Y∞˙V
TÙoj-R-’.
""TÙUÙ! J⁄ G≠ L˚Pd-œs H± SÙNm ˘Nn-’s-[-’. TZj-˚R-Ÿm SÙNm ˘Nn-’-
Æh-P-’. Cu-fl SÙu A˚Rd ˘LÙp-XÙ-Up ÆPl ˙TÙY-ßp˚X.'' L˚Pd-LÙ-Wo
·±-V˚Rd ˙Lh-”f —i-˘P≠ TVk-’ S”e-°-V-’. "C≤ SÙu Gu] ˘Nn-˙Yu?
Gq-YÙ-fl Rl-©l-˙Tu?'
""TÙUÙ! Gu] ø LÙ˚X-´-˙X˙V L˚Pd-œ Yk-ß-⁄d-°-\Ùn? GRÙ-Y-’ ˙Yi-”UÙ?''
L˚Pd-LÙ-W-¨-Pm TÙUÙ YÙe-L ˙Yi-•V ˘TÙ⁄h-L-˚[d ·±-]Ùs. L˚P-LÙ-Wo
TÙUÙ ˙LhP ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[d ˘LÙ”j-RÙo. ˘UÙj-Rm Gj-R˚] ÏTÙn Gu-fl ˙LhPÙo.
TÙUÙ YÙe-°V ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls G˚Y Gu-fl ˘R¨-ŸUÙ?
Th-•-V-≠p Jq-˘YÙu-±u Æ˚X-˚Vl TÙ⁄e-Ls.
LÙn-L-±-L-∞u Æ˚X-VÙLl TÙUÙ Gj-R˚] ÏTÙn ˘LÙ”j-ß-⁄l-TÙs Gu-fl Li-”-
©•Ÿe-Ls.
L¶Rf ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls T´t-£j-RÙs ˛ 7
GpXÙd LÙn-L-±-L-˚[-Ÿm TÙUÙ ˚Td-œs Ch-PÙs.
TZm ˘LÙi-” ˙TÙL L˚Pd-LÙ-Wo J⁄ ˚T˚Vd ˘LÙ”j-RÙo.
AYs TZj˚Rl ˚T´p ®˚\dLj ˘RÙPe-°-]Ùs. UÙUÙ, ˙Y˘\Ù-⁄ ˚T R⁄≈o-
L[Ù?''
""˙Yfl ˚T GRt-œ?''
T´t-£j-RÙs 7L¶Rf˘NVp-TÙ”Ls
˘UÙj-Rm Gj-R˚] ÏTÙn?
TÙUÙ LÙ”jR ÏTÙn
4
129
11
""TZm ˚YdL CkRl ˚T ˙TÙRÙ-’?''
L˚Pd-LÙ-Wo ˙Y˘\Ù-⁄ £±V ˚TŸm ˘LÙ”j-RÙo.
CWi-” ˚TL-∞-¤-UÙL AYs TZe-L˚[ ˚Yj-RÙs.
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ˚T´-¤m AYs Gj-R˚] TZe-Ls ≈Rm ˚Yj-ß-⁄l-TÙs?
Íu-fl ˚T C⁄k-ß-⁄k-RÙp Gj-R˚] TZe-Ls ≈Rm ˚YdL CV-¤m?
GiQ±‹ T´t-£j-RÙs ˛ 8
""UÙUÙ, CkR ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls Ce-œ C⁄d-Lh-”m. SÙu TÙp YÙe° Y⁄-°-˙\u. ø
˚T˚V ˘Y∞˙V ˚YdL ˙Yi-PÙm L˚Pd-œs˙[ ˚Y.''
L˚Pd-LÙ-W-¨u ˙VÙN-˚]d-œ HtT AYs ˚T˚V L˚Pd-œs˙[ ˚Yj-RÙs.
TÙp YÙe° Yk-R-©u, AYs ˚T˚V G”j-’ ˘LÙi” ≈h-”d-œj ß⁄m-©-]Ùs.
Íu-\Ùm SÙs
""Am-UÙ....! C˙RÙ LÙn-L-±...''
TÙUÙ-Æu œWp ˙Lh-” AmUÙ ˘Y∞˙V Yk-RÙo-Ls.
TÙUÙ-Æu ˚L´-≠-⁄k-’ ˚T˚V YÙe-°-]Ùo-Ls.
AmUÙ LÙn-L-±˚Vd ∏˙Z ˘LÙh-•-V-’m, —i-˘P≠ ˘Y∞˙V RÙÆ-V-’m J˙W
˙SW-UÙL C⁄k-R-’.
""AmUÙ!.......................................... !''
TÙUÙ TVk-’ AX± ˘LÙi-” ©u-]Ùp œßj-RÙs. ""TVl-T-PÙ˙R TÙUÙ! A’
J⁄ G≠d-œg-—-RÙu.'' AmUÙ AY˚[ NUÙ-RÙ-]l-T-”j-ß-]Ùo. ""C˚RRÙu L˚Pd-
LÙ-Wo UÙUÙ Ae-œ ˙R•d ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-°-\Ùo.'' TÙUÙ Am-UÙ-Æ-Pm SPk-R-Yt˚\d
·±-]Ùs.
TÙUÙ Gu-˘]u] ·±-´-⁄l-TÙs? (R-]-’ L⁄j˚R ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp)
—i-˘P≠ TÙUÙ-Æu ˚T´p Yk-R-’ Gl-T-•?
AmUÙ ◊p-L-fid-°-˚P˙V H˙RÙ Ju-fl A˚N-°-\˙R....!
œh-• ÿVp-Ls ◊pLh˚Pf —h-•d-LÙh-•j Re-L-[-’ RÙn-L-∞-Pm ·±],
""A’ G˙RÙ LWl-TÙu Èf-£-VÙL C⁄d-L-XÙm. A’ TW-YÙ-´p˚X øe-Ls NÙl-©-
”e-Ls'' AmUÙ ÿVp-Ls œh-• ÿVp-L˚[ NUÙ-RÙ-]l-T-”j-ß-].
T´t-£j-RÙs 8 GiQ±‹
TL-∞p Gj-R- ]- ≈-Rm?
4130
B]Ùp SÙu-œ œh-• ÿVp-L-fim TVk-’ A⁄-°p ˘Np-X-Æp-˚X.
""N¨ SÙe-Ls Gu-]-˘Yu-fl TÙod-°˙\Ùm.'' AmUÙ ÿVp-Ls CWi-”m
˙Nok-’ ◊t-L-fid-°-˚P˙V ˙SÙd-°-].
A˙RÙ.. J⁄ YÙp A˚N-°-\-˙R... !''
©e° ÿVp ÿR-≠p TÙoj-’ TVk-’ ©u-]Ùp ˘Nu-fl ™d° ÿV-≠-Pm
·±-V’.
""YÙ⁄e-Ls. TÙUÙ-Æ-Pm ˙TÙn ÆT-Wj-˚Rd ·fl-˙YÙm'' ˛ ™d° ·±-V-’.
"Cu-fl Gu L˚R Aq-Y-[-‹-RÙu...'
—i-˘P≠ ®˚]j-R-’.
Rl©f ˘NpX Gu] YØ?
"Gu] Yk-RÙ-¤m TW-YÙ-´p-˚X. SÙu ˘Y∞˙V R˚Xd-LÙhPl ˙TÙ°-˙\u.' A’
◊p-L-fid-°-˚P˙V C⁄k-’ ˘UpX ˘Y∞˙V Yk-R-’.
ÿVp-L-fim œh-•-L-fim TÙoj-R].
—i-˘P-≠˚Vd Li-P-’m œh-• ÿVp-Ls TVk-’ AZj ˘RÙPe-°-].
""TV-T-PÙ-æo-Ls. SÙu Ju-flm ˘Nn-V-UÙh-˙Pu. Gu-˚] Ju-flm
˘Nn-VÙ-ß-⁄k-RÙp ˙TÙ’m'' ˚LVÙp YQe°d ˘LÙi-” —i-˘P≠ ˘Lg-£-V-’.
""VÙo ø? Ge-°-⁄k-’ Y⁄-°-\Ùn?'' ™d-°-Ÿm ©e-°-Ÿm ˙Lh-P-’.
—i-˘P≠ Gu] ·±´-⁄d-œm?
Æ[dLd œ±l◊ ˛ T´t-£j-RÙs ˛ 9
""N¨ Cufl-ÿ-Rp Ge-L-fi-Pu ˙Nok-’ ˘LÙs. Ge-Ls TÙUÙ-Æ-Pm Eu
L˚R-˚Vd ·\-XÙm. SÙm SpX Si-To-L-[ÙL Ce-œ Y£d-L-XÙm.''
""CkRd œh-• ÿVp-Ls VÙ⁄-˚P-V˚Y?''
""CYo-L-∞p CWi-” ˙To G]-’ œh-•-Ls, CWi-”-˙To ™d-°-Ÿ-‡-˚PV œh-•-Ls''
Gu-fl ©e° ·±-V-’.
""CYo-L˚[ Gl-T-•l ©¨j-R-±V ÿ•-Ÿm?''
""ø Su-\ÙL Et-fll-TÙo. CYo-L-∞p CWi-” ˙To J˙W-˙TÙp Es-[-Yo-Ls,
—i-˘P≠ SÙu-œ œh-• ÿVp-L-˚[-Ÿm Et-fll-TÙoj-R-’.''
J˙W ˙TÙX ˙RÙt-\m Es[ ÿVp-Ls G˚Y?
T´t-£j-RÙs 9 Æ[d-Ld -œ-±l◊
—i-˘P≠ Gu] ·±-´-⁄d-œm?
4
131
ÿVp œh-•-Lfid-œ °˚Pj-R˚Y
¡Rm Es-[˚Y
AmUÙ ÿVp-L-fid-œd °˚Pj-R˚Y
J˙W ˙RÙt\m ˘LÙiP ÿVp-Ls G˚Y? T´t-£j-RÙs ˛ 10
TÙUÙ J⁄ ˘TÙh-P-Xj-’-Pu ÿVp-L-fid-œ A⁄˙L Yk-RÙs,
TÙUÙ-˚Yl TÙojR’m —i-˘P≠ ◊t-L-fid-°-˚P˙V J¸ık-R-’. TVl-T-PÙ-˙R,
—i-˘P-≠. Ce˙L YÙ. TÙUÙ Ju-flm ˘Nn-V-UÙh-PÙs.
™d-°-Ÿm ©e-°-Ÿm ·±-]. ""øe-Ls VÙ˚Wl Tt± ˙T£d ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-°-»o-Ls?''
TÙUÙ ˙Lh-PÙs.
©e-°-Ÿm, ™d-°-Ÿm SPk-R-Yt˚\d ·±-].
—i-˘P≠ ˘Y∞˙V Yk-R-’.
øiP YÙ¤m, NÙm-Tp ®\-ÿm, EPp ÿ›-Y-’m ˙WÙU-ÿm ÿs ˙TÙu\ ¡˚N-
Ÿm.... —i-˘P-≠˚V TÙUÙ-‹d-œ ™L-‹m ©•j-’ ˙TÙ]-’.
""B]Ùp J⁄ Æ`-Vm, LÙn-L±d L˚Pd-œs ◊œk-’ ß⁄-•j ßu-\-’ ˙TÙX Gu
≈h-•p ß⁄P ÿVt-£d-LÙ˙R!'' —i-˘P≠ ""N¨˘Vu-fl R˚X Bh-•-V-’. C˙RÙ
C˚R øe-Ls Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m NÙl-©-”e-Ls.''
TÙUÙ ˘TÙh-P-Xj˚R ÿVp-L-∞u ˚L´p ˘LÙ”j-RÙs.
""aÙn... LÙWh...'' œh-• ÿVp-Ls K-• A⁄˙L Yk-R-].
AmUÙ ÿVp-Ls LÙWh˚Pl Te-°-Pj ˘RÙPe-°-].
13 LÙWh-Ls. œh-•-L-fid-œ 2 ≈Rm. Ju-fl —i-˘P-≠d-œj RÙn ÿVp-L-fidœ GjR˚]
≈Rm °˚Pj-ß-⁄d-œm?
L¶R ©Wf-N-˚]˚V AX£ BWÙn-Rp T´t-£j-RÙs ˛ 11
CW‹ ˙SWm...
AmUÙ ÿVp-L-fim œh-• ÿVp-L-fim E\e°Æh-P].
—i˘P≠ ˘U’YÙL ˘Y∞˙V ˘Nu-\-’.
"Gu-]-YÙ-]Ù-¤m N¨ G]d-œ Fo —t\ ˙Yi-”m.'
A’ NU-V-X˚\ YÙN-≠p ®u-\-’.
"A˙RÙ! H˙RÙ J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s °Pd-°-\˙R!'
A’ ÿLok-’ TÙoj-R-’. Gu-]-˘Yu˙\ ˘R¨-V-Æp-˚X.
"≈h-PÙ-⁄dœj ˙R˚Y-´p-XÙR ˘TÙ⁄-[ÙL C⁄d-L-XÙm.
˙R˚Y-VÙ-]-RÙL C⁄k-RÙp Ce-œ Cl-T-• ≈QÙd-L-UÙh-PÙo-Ls Ap-XYÙ?
J˙W ˙RÙt\m ˘LÙiP ÿVp-Ls
G˚Y?
T´t-£j-RÙs 11
L¶R ©Wf-N- ]˚V AX£ BWÙn-Rp
ÿVp-L-fid-œ 13 LÙWh-”-Ls °˚Pj-R]. 2 ≈Rm
œh-• ÿVp-L-fid-œ ˘LÙ”j-R]. Ju˚\f —i-
˘P-≠d-œ ˘LÙ”j-R]. ¡Rm Es[Yt˚\
AmUÙ ÿVp-Ls Te-°h-” G”j-R-]. Jq- YÙ-
⁄-Y-⁄d-œm Gj-R˚] ≈Rm °˚Pj-ß-⁄d-œm?
T´t-£j-RÙs 10
TÙUÙ ˘LÙ”jR LÙWhL∞u
Gi-¶d˚L
—i- P-≠d-œ °˚Pj-R-’
4132
L•j-’l TÙol-˙TÙm.' —i-˘P≠ A˚R G”j-’ J⁄ L•! ""I˙VÙ...!
Gu YÙn! I˙VÙ...'' A’ TW-T-Wl-◊-Pu K-•-V-’.
N˚U-V-X˚\, T”d˚L A˚\ Ge-˘Le-˘Lu-fl ˘R¨-VÙ-Up AX±d ˘LÙi-”
Kh-P˙UÙ Kh-Pm. £X ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls ∏˙Z Æ›k-R-].
"VÙWÙ-Y-’ ÆØj-RÙp Gu L˚R Aq-Y-[-‹-RÙu!'
K-”-Y-Rt-°-˚P-´p A’ AkRd LÙh-£-˚Vd Li-P-’,
™u-‡m CWi-” Li-Ls.. I˙VÙ... ¡i-”m A’ ß⁄m© K-•-V-’.
Nj-Rm ˙Lh-” ÿVp-Ls ÆØj-R-]. —i-˘P≠ Gu] Bf-—?
""SÙu G˚R˙VÙ L•j-˙Ru...
B]Ùp ARu ˘TVo G]d-œj ˘R¨-V-Æp-˚X.
"ÿR-≠p ˘LÙg-Nm Ri-Ωo œ•' ˛ ™d° Ri-Ωo ˘LÙi-” ˘LÙ”j-R-’.
""C≤ ˘NÙp, AkR ˘TÙ⁄-∞u R≤j-Ru-˚U-Ls G˚Y?''
—i-˘P≠ L•jR ˘TÙ⁄-∞u R≤j-Ru-˚U-L˚[d ·\d ˘RÙPe-°-V-’.
A˚R ˙Lh-P-‹-Pu ©e-°d-œ Gu] ˘TÙ⁄s G]j ˘R¨k-’ Æh-P-’.
—i-˘P≠ L•j-R-’ J⁄ Tf˚N ™[-LÙ˚Vj RÙu.
—i-˘P≠ Tf˚N ™[-LÙ-˚Vl Tt-±V Gu-˘]u] R≤j-Ru-˚U-L˚[d
·±-´-⁄d-œm?
Et-fl-˙SÙd-œ-Rp ˛ T´t-£j-RÙs 12
""C˙RÙ ˘LÙg-Nm LÙWh Es-[-’.
C˚Rj ßu-\Ùp. LÙWm UÙflm.''
™d° ˘LÙ”jR LÙWh˚Pf —i˘P≠ ßu-\-’.
""Cl-˙TÙ-’ ˘LÙg-Nm CR-UÙL Es-[-’.''
""Li-U-¶-L˙[ C≤j Áe-œe-Ls.''
©e-°-Ÿm ™d-°-Ÿm œh-•-L˚[j ÁeL ˚Yj-R-].
£±-’ ˙SWj-ßt-œs œh-• ÿVp AZj ˘RÙPe-°-V-’.
T´t-£j-RÙs ˛ 12Et-fl- SÙd-œ-Rp
4
133
T´t£jRÙs ˛ 13
TÙP˚X ÿ›˚UlT”j’Rp
B¨˙WÙ... BWÙ˙WÙ...
Li˙Q U¶˙V
Li‘-\eœ
B - WÙ... BWÙ- WÙ...
......................................................
......................................................
......................................................
""Gu] Bf-— Li˙Q!'' ©e° œh-•˚V G”j-’ ˙RÙ∞p Ch-”j RÙXÙh-”l
TÙPj ˘RÙPe-°-V-’.
©e° TÙ•V TÙh-•u ¡ß-˚Vl TÙ”e-L-˙[u.
TÙP˚X ÿ›-˚U-lT-”j-’-Rp T´t-£j-RÙs 13
-—i-˘P≠ E\-ML ®˚]j-R-’. Li-L˚[ Í•-V-’.
B]Ùp E\d-Lm YW-Æp-˚X.
AkRd LÙh-£˙V ®Z-XÙ-•-V-’.
''™u‡m CWi-”-Li-Ls, AY-]Ù-Lj-RÙu C⁄d-œm!''
¡i-”m J⁄ RP˚Y —t-±-¤m TÙoj-R-’.
™u-‡m Li-Ls Gu˚] ˘S⁄e° Y⁄-°u-\-].
Al-T-•˙V A’ E\e-°l-˙TÙ-]-’.
LÙ˚X-´p ™d° A˚ZjR˙TÙ’-RÙu ÆØl◊ Yk-R-’.
—i-˘P≠ RÙu CW-Æp LiP LÙh-£-L˚[ ©e-°-´-Pm ·±-V-’.
""N¨, ø Gu-‡-Pu YÙ. ø TÙojR B˚[ LÙh-”-°-˙\u.''
—i-˘P≠ ©e-°-Ÿ-Pu SPk-R-’.
A˙RÙ... AkR A˚\-´u Í˚X-´p... J⁄ ˘Th-•-L-⁄-°p... SÙu ˙St-±-W‹ Li-P...
"A˙R ™u‡m Li-Ls...' —i˘P≠ Li-Ls LNd-°d-˘LÙi” Et-fll TÙoj-R’.
"A˙R Bs-RÙu' TVj-RÙp —i-˘P-≠-´u EPp S”e-°-V-’.
TVl-T-PÙ˙R —i-˘P≠ SiTÙ Eu˚] Ju-flm ˘Nn-V-UÙh-˙Pu. Eu-˚]l ©•d-Lj
’Wj-ß-V-Ru TX-˚]l TÙo.
C˙RÙ Gu LÙp-L-˚[l TÙo L⁄l-Tu È˚] Ru LÙp-L-˚[d LÙh-•-V-’. CWi”
LÙp-L∞¤m Lh-”-Ls.
—i-˘P-≠-´u TVm ˘R∞k-R-’.-A’ TÙN-UÙ-Ll È˚]-˚Vl TÙoj-R-’.
5
134
Tœß ˛ 5
L⁄j-’l T -UÙt-\m ˛ NÍ-Lj-ßp
kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw
""TX-Ë-fl RP-˚Y-Ls AYs ˙U˚_-˚Vj ß\k-’m ÍP-‹m ˘Nn-°-\Ùs Gu-T-
ßp C⁄k-’ BWm-©l-T-’ Sp-X-’. ˙U˚_-´-≠-⁄k-’ G˚R-VÙ-Y-’ G”d-L˙YÙ,
Cp˚X U˚_d-œs G˚R-VÙ-Y-’ Yd-L˙YÙ S¨h-PÙ- XÙØV VÙ⁄m U˚_-
˚Vj ß\d-L-˙YÙ, ÍP˙YÙ ·PÙ-’ G] SÙu NÙp-≠-´-⁄k-˙Ru. AR-]Ù-˙X˙V
Ee-Ls ULs Gl-˙TÙ-’m £X-Yt˚\ ˘Y∞˙V G”d-°-\Ùs. £X-Yt˚\ Es˙[
˚Yd-°-\Ùs. AY-[-’ ˙SÙh-”l-◊j-R-Lm, ˘Tu£p, ˘Th-•, TÙPl-◊j-R-Lm Ut-flm
˙U˚_d-œs Yfl Gu-]- Yp-XÙm C⁄d-°\˙RÙ A˚Y A˚]j- R-Ÿm Jufl
˘Y∞˙V G”d-°-\Ùs; Cp˚X, Es˙[ ˚Yd-°-\Ùs. ERÙ-W-Qj-ßt-œ G”j-’d
˘LÙs-˙YÙ-˙U. SÙe-Ls G›j-’-L˚[ G›-Rl ˙TÙY-RÙ-L Ee-Ls ULs ÿR-≠p
˙U˚_-˚Vj ß\k’, SÙh”l ◊j-R-Lj˚R G”l-TÙs. ©u-]o Al-T-•˙V U˚_-
´u Ut-TÙ-Lj˚Rl TPÙ˘W] Í”-YÙs. ©u-]o Ufl-T-•-Ÿm U˚_- Vj ß\k’,
R˚X˚V Es˙[Æh-”, ˘Tu-£˚X ˘Y∞˙V G”j-’, ˙YL-UÙL ˙U˚_˚V
Í• A G›-’-YÙs.''
"˙PÙh˙PÙ ˛ NÙu, _u-]-≠p J⁄ £fl-™-' ´-≠-⁄k-’
5
135tSmt´m-®m-s\-°p-dn-®v...
F¥p-sIm-≠mW
bpsS So®¿, Ah-f
Cßs\ ]Xn-I-c
XΩn¬ kwkm-cn-°
sNøp-Ibpw Xoc
°p-Ibpw ]h¿Ø
sNtø-≠Xv F¥
kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw
NÍ-L-m ˛ ≈” ˛ Ts-∞
≈” Utflm —t-fll-◊\f NÍ-Lj-ßu Sm-©d-˚L-Ls Gi-Qe-Ls,
TZdL YZd-Le-Ls ÿR-≠V Ti-TÙh”d ·fl-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’m CVt-˚Ld
·fl-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’m E⁄-YÙd-Ll-ThP ˘TÙ’-YÙ] ÿu-]-±-˙YÙ-”-RÙu
œZk˚R/ UÙQÆ Ts-∞d-œ Y⁄-°-\Ùs. Cd-L-⁄j-ßu A•l-T-˚P-´p
©\ NÍ-Le-L-∞u Sm-©d-˚L-L-˚[-Ÿm Gi-Qe-L-˚[-Ÿm Ru-‡-˚PV
GiQe-L-fi-Pu Jl-©h-”l TÙol-T-Rt-œm, T¨-˙NÙ-R˚] ˘Nn-Y-Rt-œm,
R]’ Si-To-L-∞u £k-R-]-˚L-˚[-Ÿm A±-‹L˚[-Ÿm ©¨j-R-±-Y-
RtœUÙ] ßh-P-™hP Lt\p A‡-T-Ye-L-fi-PuRÙu œZk˚R Ts-∞d-œ
Y⁄-°-\Ùs. A±-Æ-Vp-Èo-Y-UÙ] A±˚Y E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y˙R Ts-∞-´u ÿd-
°V ˘TÙfll-TÙ-œm. ARt-LÙLd œZk-˚R˚Vj Rœ-ß-Ÿs-[-Y-]Ùd-œ-Y-’m
RœkR „r-®-˚X˚V E⁄-YÙd°d ˘LÙ”l-T-’m ≈h-•u ˘TÙfll-TÙ°\’.
CRu YÙ´-XÙL, AYu YÙ›m NÍ-Lm Gßo-˘LÙs-°\ ©Wf-£-˚]-L-∞p
D”-T-P-‹m, RÙu Tt\ A±- Yl TVu-T-”jß U¤m Uu˚UV˚PV‹m
œZk-˚R-VÙp CVp-°-\-’. NÍ-Lj-ßu ˘TÙ’ A±-‹-L˚[l ◊’-˚Ul-T-”j-
R-‹m ƨ-YÙd-L-‹m ˘Nn-°-u\ ˘NVp-TÙh-•p ≈”m Ts-∞-Ÿm Ju-fl
˙N⁄m „r-®-˚X-VÙLd Lp-Æ˚V SÙm LÙQ˙Yi-”m.
œZk- R´u Lt\¤m ˘Tt˙\Ù⁄m B£¨V⁄m
œZk-˚R´u Lt-\-˚X-Ÿm Y[of-£-˚V-Ÿm ˚UV-UÙ-Ld ˘LÙi-”s[
˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p AY-W-Yo Te˚Ll ©¨j-R-±k-’ J⁄e°-˚Qk-’ ˘NVp-T-
”-Y-Rt-LÙ] Bo-Yj-˚R-Ÿm ß\-˚]-Ÿm J⁄e˙L ˘T\ B£-¨-V-⁄m ˘Tt-
˙\Ù-⁄m ÿVX ˙Yi-”m. Ce-œ J⁄-Yo Ut-˘\Ù-⁄-Y˚W 'A±-‹-flj-’-Y-
RÙL' ®˚]dLj ˙R˚Y-´p-˚X. ≈” Ut-flm Ts-∞f „r-®-˚X-L˚[
U]-ßp˘LÙi-” œZk˚R´u Lt-\p, Y[of-£ B°-V-Yt-fld-˙Lt\
˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ßh-P-™-P˚X -Y•Y˚UdL ˙Yi”m. A˚R S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-
T-”j-’-Y-Rt-œ Ht-\-YÙ-fl B£-¨-V-⁄dœm ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄d-œm C˚P-´-XÙ]
L⁄j-’l-T-¨-UÙt-\m A˚UV ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-T˙R ˙SÙd-L-UÙ-œm.
úPôh-úPô-Nô-û]l Tt-±...
úPôh-úPô-þ-Nô-²u B£-¬ûV
AYs Am-Uô-®-Pm Cq-Yô-ß á\d
LôW-Qm Gu]? AYo-L-Þd-¡-
ûPúV EûW-Vô-P-Üm LXk-Õ-ûW-
Vô-P-Üm, Ø¥-Ü-Ls GÓd-L-Üm
ùNnV úYi-¥-V-Ru úRûY
Gu]?
5
136
kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ˛ taJ-e-Iƒ
L⁄j-’l-T-¨-UÙt\ Ui-P-Xe-Ls G˚Y?
œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\-˙XÙ” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV Gu-˘]u] LÙ¨-Ve-L˚[l Tt±l
˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fi-Pu LXk-’-˚W-VÙP ˙Yi-”m? GpXÙ Yœl◊ ˘T. B. N ·h-Pe-L-∞¤m
J˙W LÙ¨-Ve-Ls œ-±jRÙ LXk-’-˚W-VÙP ˙Yi-”m? LpÆVÙi-•u ˘RÙPd-Lj-ßp
ÿRp Yœl◊ ˘T. B. N ·h-Pj-ßp, T⁄Y Ußl-¿-” ˘RÙPo-TÙ] LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-≠p
G] Ak-RkRd ·hPeLfid-œ Ht\YÙfl ˙R˚Y-L-˚[-Ÿm ©Wf-£-˚]-L-˚[-Ÿm
˘RÙPok’ NnV Yi-•V LÙ -Ve-L- [-Ÿm Tt-±d LXk-’- W-VÙP Yi-”m. GpXÙd
·h-Pe-L-∞-¤m E˚WVÙP ˙Yi-•V £X ˘NnßLs C⁄d-L-XÙm. ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˙SWj-
˚R-Ÿm Nk-Rol-Tj-˚R-Ÿm „r-®-˚X-˚V-Ÿm ˘TÙflj-’ R]-’ Yœl-©t-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ-]-
Yt˚\ B£-¨-V˙W ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-XÙm. CYt-±p GpXÙd ·h-Pe-L-∞-¤m E˚WVÙP
˙Yi-•-V-’m £X œ±l-©hP ˙SWe-L-∞p LXk-’-˚W-VÙP ˙Yi-•-V-’-UÙ] LÙ¨-Ve-Ls
∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-]. A˚Y ÿ›-˚U-VÙ-]-˚Y-Vp-X. B£-¨-Vo-, ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-
CYoL∞u ˙R˚Yd-˙LtT CYt-±-≠-⁄k’ ˙Yi-•-V˚Rj ˙Ro‹ ˘Nn-V-XÙm. ◊ßV-]-
Yt˚\f ˙Nod-L-XÙm.
1. TÙP Ht-TÙ-”m Lt-\-¤m
BWmT Yœl-◊-L-∞p TÙP Ht-TÙh-•u ˙SÙd-Le-Ls G˚Y?
œZk˚R Ts-∞d-·-Pe-L-∞p Lt-T˚Y G˚Y?
œZk˚R Lt-T-’ Ge-M-]m?
E˚W-VÙ-Pp, LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp
Æ˚[-VÙh-”, L˚R-Ls, TÙh-”-Ls, SÙP-L-U-V-UÙd-Lp, TÙj-ßW S•l◊
©Wf-N-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙ‘-Rp
˘Tt\ A±-˚Yl TVu-T-”j-’-Rp
˘NVp ßh-Pm
˘UÙØd-LpÆ ˛ Gu]? Gq-YÙ-fl? (R-™r / Be-°-Xm)
˘UÙØ-Lt-\p ˛ ·flLs
L⁄j-’l-T-¨-UÙt\ÿ˚\-Ls
Lt-\p ’˚QdL⁄-Æ-Ls
˘UÙØ Y[of-£d-LÙ] ≈h-”f-„-Z˚X E⁄-YÙdœ-Rp.
≈h-•p Ëp ®˚X-Vm A˚Uj-R-¤m œ”m-Tj-ß-]o A˚]-Y-⁄m YÙ£j-R-¤m.
Yœl◊ ˘T. B. N ·h-Pj-˚Rl Tt± J⁄
˘Tt˙\Ù- u L⁄j-’
''Gu-‡-˚PV ULs SÙu-LÙm Yœl-
©p Gu] T•d-°-\Ù- [u-fl K-W-[˙Y
SÙu A±k-ß-⁄k-˙Ru. GlT• T•l-T-
˘Ru\ Gu‡- PV T˚ZV FL-ÿm,
G]-’ ULs G›-ßV L˚R-L-fim TÙPp-
L-fim AY-fi- PV T˚Pl-◊-L-∞u NL-
¨l-◊m, TÙXo Uu-\j-ßp AY-fi- PV
S•l-˚Tl Tt-±V ≈•˙VÙ LÙh-£-L-
fim, Yœl©-¤s[ GpXÙd œZk- R-
Lfim Nok-’ Ei-PÙd-°V Yœl◊d
Li-LÙh-£--Ÿm Yœl◊ T. B. N ·h-
Pj-ßp SW-•-VÙLl TÙojR˙TÙ’-RÙu
G]d-œl ◊¨k-R-’ AYs Gl-T-•, Gq-
YÙfl T•d-°-\Ù- [u-fl.''
5
137
kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ˛ taJ-e-Iƒ
œZk-˚R-Ls ˘Tt-˙\Ù-¨-Pm ˙LhP £X
Nk-˙R-Le-Ls...
ÿh˚P ƨk-’ LÙØd-œg-— Y⁄
-˘Uu-\Ùp, ÿh-˚P˚V E˚Pj
-RÙp LÙØd-œg- Nd LÙQ-Æp
-˚X˙V! Hu?
˘T¨V PÙe-Lo XÙ¨ Y˚[-‹
-L∞p N¨k-’ ÆZÙ-R-’ Hu?
Ts-∞-L-∞p R™r Lt-©j-RÙp
˙TÙRÙ-RÙ? LQd-œ GRt-œ?
TPm Y˚WkR EPu ®\m
˘LÙ”dL Yi-”UÙ?
K-Ql Ti-•- L- u TÙ’ ∫≤d
-œm LÙn-L-±d-œm Æ˚X ·”-Y’
Hu?
TÙYd-LÙn T›j-RÙ-¤m LNl-T-’
Hu?
L¶-Rd-LpÆ ˛ Gu]? Gl-T-•?
L¶Rm ˛ ·flLs
©Wf-N-˚]d-œj æo‹ LÙQ-¤m L¶-R-ÿm
ÿd-°V L⁄j-’ Ui-P-Xe-Ls, ˘NVp-ÿ˚\j ß\u-Ls
L¶-Rd Lp-Æ-Ÿm Au-\ÙP YÙrd-˚L-Ÿm
—t-flf-„-Zp LpÆ ˛ Gu]? Gl-T-•?
—t-flf-„-Zp LpÆ ˛ ·fl-Ls
ÿd-°V ˘NVp-ÿ˚\j ß\u-Ls, L⁄j-’ Ui-P-Xe-Ls
Au-\ÙP YÙrd-˚L-Ÿm —t-flf-„-Zp Lp-Æ-Ÿm
CVt-˚L-Ÿm NÍ-L-ÿm œZk-˚R-Ÿm
L˚Xd-LpÆ ˛ Gu]? Gl-T-•?
L˚Xd-LpÆ ˛ Ui-P-Xe-Ls
C˚N, A˚N-‹, LÙh£ Y•-Ye-Ls
SÙP-Lm
SP-]m
T˚Pl◊d L˚X
TPm Y˚W-Rp, Yi-Qm æh-”-Rp
Æ˚[-VÙh-”d Lp-Æ-Ÿm —LÙ-RÙ-Wd Lp-Æ-Ÿm.
RP-L-[l TÙh-•-Ls (Athletics)
Æ˚[-VÙh-”-Ls (Games)
—LÙ-RÙWd L⁄j’-L-fim ©Wf-£-˚]-L-fim
R≤-S-To Án˚UŸm NÍ-Lj Án-˚U-Ÿm
—j-Rm ˛ Ts-∞, ≈”, —t-fll-◊-\m
5
138
kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ˛ L´-߃
2. Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m
G˚R Ußl-©-”-Y-’? Gl-T-• Ußl-©-”-Y-’? Ußl-¿-” Gq-YÙ-fl œZk-˚R´u
Lt\≠p RÙd-Lj˚R Ht-T-”j-R-‹m ˙Um-T-”j-R-‹m ˘Nn-°-\-’ GuT˚Rd œ±j-’l ˘Tt-
˙\Ù-⁄m B£-¨-V-⁄m L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\m SPjR ˙Yi-”m. Lt-\-˙XÙ-” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV
©uÚhPÿm AR-]-•l-T-˚P-´p Ts-∞, ≈” C˚Y C˚Qk’ Gu] ˘NnV ˙Yi-
”-˘Uu-T˚RŸm æo-UÙ-≤l-T-˙R Ck-Rd ·h-Pj-ßu ÿd-°V ˙SÙd-L-UÙ-œm. Uh”-UpX,
˘RÙPo Ußl-¿h-•u YÙ -XÙLd Lt-\- XÙ-” RÙPo-◊- PV ©uÚhP ÆYWe-Ls ≈h•-
≠-⁄k-’m Ts-∞-´-≠-⁄k-’m ˘RÙPok-’ °˚Pj-’d˘LÙi˙P C⁄dœm. AYt˚\f
˙NL-¨d-L-‹m Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m ˘RÙPo ˘NVp-TÙh˚P ˙Ut-˘LÙs-[-‹m ˘Tt-˙\Ùo
Ut-flm B£-¨-Vo-L-[Ùp CVX˙Yi-”m. ARt-LÙLd Lt-\p Ußl-¿h-” A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-
L∞p ˘TÙ’-YÙ] Gi-Qe-L-˚[-Ÿm ÷‘d-Le-L-˚[-Ÿm E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m.
B]Ùp, EP-]-•-VÙL C˚Y Tt±V J⁄-™jR L⁄j’ E⁄-YÙdL CVXÙ-’.
œZk-˚R´u NÍLf„Zp, A±-‹-®-˚X, EQo-‹, B˙WÙd-°-Vm CYt-±u Y[of-£˚V
Ußl-©Pj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] SP-Y-•d-˚L-L˚[l T•l-T-•-VÙL G”dL ˙Yi-”m. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄
®˚X-´-¤m ˘TÙ’-YÙL YWd-·-•-V˚Y ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-].
ÿRp T• Yœl-T˚\f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞u YÙ´-XÙLd LPk-’ ˘Np-¤m ˙TÙ’
œZk˚R-L-∞u ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ Et-fl-˙SÙd-œYRtœ.
Rt-˙TÙ-˚RV ˘Y∞l-TÙ-”-Ls, ÿk-˚RV Yœl-©p SPkR ˘Y∞l-TÙ-”
L∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p TV-‡s[ ÿ˚\-´p Ußl-©-”-Y’ Gl-T• Gu\
L⁄j-’-⁄-YÙ-L.
œZk˚R-L-∞u- Y-∞l-TÙ-”-L-∞-¤s[ R≤j-Ru- UL˚[ Ae-∏-L- d-L-‹m
Et-NÙ-Ll-T-”j-R-‹m ˘Nn-Y-RÙp Ht-T-”m TX˚]d Li-P-±YRtœ.
UÙQ-Y-o T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊L˚[ (Portfolio) ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄-Pu Te-
°-”--YRtœ.
5
139
kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ˛ amXrI
CWi-PÙm UÙQYo T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl˚Tl ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄-Pu Te-œ ˚Yl-T-Ru
T• ÍXm AYo-Ls ReLs œZk-˚R-´u Y[of-£˚V A±k-’˘LÙs
Y-Rt-œ.
NÙu-fl-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p Yœl-T-˚\f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ Ußl-©-
P-‹m AYt˚\d œ±j-’d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-‹m ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄d-œ YÙnl
T-∞l-T-Rt-œ.
œ”m-Tf „Z-≠p Li-P-±kR œZk-˚R-L∞u R≤j-Ru-˚U-L˚[l Tt-
˙\Ùo-Ls B£-¨-V-⁄-Pu T°ok’ ˘LÙs-[.
Ru œZk-˚R´u ß\-˚U-L˚[l Tt± Si-To-L-fim B£-VoLfim
·fl-Y˚Rl ˘Tt-˙\Ùo ˙Lh-T-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl◊ A∞l-T-Rt-œ.
Íu-\Ùm Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ œZk-˚R´u Y[of-£˚V A±-V SPj-ßV C˚Pd-LÙX
T• Ußl-¿h˚Pl Te-œ ˚Yl-T-Rt-œ.
Ru-‡-˚PV T˚Pl-©u/ ˘Y∞-¬h-” ß\≤u ˙Uu-˚Ud œ±j-’
œZk˚R˙V —V-UÙL ÆY-¨l-T-Rt-œ.
˙Rok-˘R-”jR T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ ÿ˚\-VÙLd Li-LÙh£lT”j-’-Y-Rtœ.
SÙu-LÙm Lp-Æ-VÙi-•p J⁄ UÙQ-Y-≤u ™Lf- £-\kR (˘Y-∞l-T-”-R-≠u) R≤j-
T• Ru˚UL˚[ A±k-’˘LÙs-Y-Rt-œ.
™Lf £\kR ˘NVp-ß-\u ˘Y∞l-TP ER-ÆV ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\˚V Æ[d-
œ-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-T-∞l-T-Rt-œ.
£\kR ˘NVp-ß-\-≤u R≤j-Ru-˚UL˚[ ®˚X-˘T\f ˘Nn-Y-ßu
˙R˚Y-˚Vl Tt±d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-”-Y-Rt-œ.
˘Tt˙\Ù⁄Pu L⁄j’l T¨UÙt\m J⁄ UÙߨ
Go-QÙ-œ-[m -UÙYh-Pj-ߤs[ Y[-Vu-£-We-LWÙ AW-— BWmTl Ts∞´p
·•V ÿRpYœl◊ ˘T. B. N ·h-Pj-ßp SPkR ˘NVp-L˚[l TÙod-L-XÙm.
·h-Pj-ßt-œ ÿu◊
UÙQYo T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊L∞≠⁄k’ Gk-˘RkR C]e-L˚[l ˘Tt-˙\Ù-¨-Pm
LÙhP ˙Yi”-˘Uufl UÙQ-Y-‡m B£-¨-V-⁄m ˙Nok-’ æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.
G]-’ „r-®- X- -Vp œ±l- Th-•-≠-⁄k-’
09.08.2009 N≤
UWl- TÙk-ß-≠-⁄k-’ UWe- LÙjß T\k-’ TÙY
˚Rl TÙoj-˙Ru. Nu-fl TÙoj-R-˙TÙ-’ Íufl
£±V ÿh- P-Ls. Ys˚[ ®\m. LÙLj-ßu ÿh-
˚Pl- TÙp C[ øX ®\-Up-X.
16.08.2009 ˛ N≤
Ts-∞-´-≠-⁄k-’ Yk-˙Ru. AkR UWe-˘LÙjß
˘TÙk-ß-≠-⁄k-’ T\k-’ ˙TÙY-˚Rl TÙoj-˙Ru.
UWj-ßp H±l TÙoj- Ru. ÿh- P-L˚[d LÙQ-
Æp- X. Íu-fl £u-]g-£-fl œg-—-Ls, LiL˚[
Í• "·... ·..'. Gu-fl A›-R]. UWe- LÙjß YkRÙp
Gu- ]d LÙj-ß-Æ-”m. SÙ˚[l- TÙod-L-XÙm.
23.08.2009 ˛ N≤
Cu-fl AkR UWe- LÙjß TÙ]-‹-Pu AkR œg-
—-L- [d LÙQ UWj-ßp H±- ]u. £\-œ ÿ˚[dL
Æp˚X Li ß\d-L-Æp- X.
5
140
kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ˛ amXrI
A˚R E⁄-YÙd-°V „r-®˚X Tt-±V A±˚Yl ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄d-œ Æ[d-°d ·fl-Y’
Gl-T-•-˘Vu-fl œZk˚R-L-fi-Pu ÆYÙ-ßj-Rp.
œZk˚R-L-∞u ˘Yt-±d-œd LÙW-Q-UÙ] Yœl-T˚\f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[l Tt±d
·h-Pj-ßp G”j-’d ·fl-Y-Rt-œd œZk˚R-L˚[ BVj-Rl-T-”j-’-Rp.
Si-To-L-∞u ˘NVp-ß-\u ˘Yt-±d-LÙ] LÙW-Qe-L-∞p GYt˚\l Te-°P ˙Yi”-
˘Uu-fl æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.
Lt-\pÿ˚\-´p Ht-ThP UÙt-\j˚Rl ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄d-œ Æ[d-°d ·fl-Y-Rt-LÙL
UÙߨ Yœl-˘T-”dLj æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.
·h-Pj-ßp G”d-Ll-T-”m æo-UÙ-]e-L˚[j RVÙ-WÙd-œ-Y-Rt-LÙ] ˘TÙfll˚T NL
B£-¨-˚V-´-P˙UÙ ˘Tt-˙\Ù-¨-P˙UÙ Jl-T-˚Pj-Rp.
·h-Pj-ßp
A±-ÿ-Lm ˛ Lt-\pÿ˚\-´p Ht-ThP ÿd-°V UÙt-\e-Ls ˛ ©Wf-£-˚]d-LÙ]
æo‹ ˛ œ› Ußl-¿-” ˛ NL Ußl-¿-” ˛ CYt-±u ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym ˛ C˚Y œ±j’f
—⁄e-Ld ·±d LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp SPj-’-Rp.
UÙߨ Yœl-˚Tl TÙo-˚Y-´-Pp ˛ J˙W L⁄j˚R ˘Yq-˙Y-fl ÿ˚\-L-∞p ˘Y∞l-
T-”j-’-Y˚R A±-Rp ˛ Ußl-¿-h” Ej-ß-L˚[l ◊¨k-’˘LÙs-fi-Rp.
UÙߨ Yœl-©-≠-⁄k-’ E⁄-YÙ-œm T˚Pl-◊-L-˚[l Tt±l ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-∞u SpX
L⁄j˚R G›-’-Rp. AYtfls J⁄£X L⁄j’L˚[ ˘Y∞´hP©u, ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-
Ls G›-ßV BdLÈoYUÙ] L⁄j-’-L˚[d ·h-Pj-ßp T°ok’ ˘LÙsfi-Rp.
UÙQYo T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl©p œ±l-©-Pl-Th-”s[ SpX L⁄j-’-L˚[l ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-
Ls YÙ£j-Rp.
œZk-˚R-Ls J⁄-Y-⁄d-˘LÙ-⁄-Yo œ›-YÙ-Ld ·•j RÙe-Ls Et-fl-˙SÙd-°V SpX
L⁄j-’-L˚[ ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp.
˘RÙPo Ußl-¿h-•p Yk-’s[ UÙt-\e-Ls G˚Y-˘Vu-fl ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fi-Pu ÆYÙ-
ßj-Rp.
˘Tt-˙\Ùo-Ls ˘NnV ˙Yi-•-V-’; ˘Nn-Vd ·PÙ-R-’ G˚Y Gu-T-’ Tt±l ˘TÙ’
ÏZk-ûR-L-Þd-Ï A°dL úYi-¥V ©u-
òh-PjûRl (feed back) Tt±l ùTt-
ú\ôo-L-°u LÚj-Õ.
""œZk˚R NnR LÙ -Ve-L-∞p Sp-
X-Yt-˚\ G”j-’d ·flm TÙ’
AY-‡d-œ Ru-]m-©d˚L Ht-
T”m...'' (U-¶-Li-P-≤u Am-UÙ)
""Cp- X... Cp˚X'' A’ Uh-”m
˙TÙRÙ-’, œ˚\-L- [-Ÿm —h-•d
LÙhP Yi-”m'' (U- Lv-Y- - u
Am-UÙ)
""Fd-œ-Æj-RÙp Uh-”˙U œZk- R-
L-fid-œ Y[of£ Ht-T-”m'' (WÙ-RÙ-
Æu Am-UÙ)
œZk- R- u Lt-\˚X Um-T-”jR
˙Ut-·-±V GkR A‘-œ-ÿ˚\
ELk-R’? Hu?
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kaq-l-hp-am-bp≈ Bi-b-hn-\n-abw ˛ amXrI
LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp YÙ´-XÙL ÿ•-‹d-œ Y⁄Rp.
A”j-R -·h-Pj-ßp ÿ•kR A[-Æt-œ SpX L⁄j-’-L˚[d ·fl-Y-Rt-LÙLl ˘Tt-
˙\Ùo-L˚[j RVÙo-T-”j-Rp. A”jR ·h-Pj-ßt-LÙ] œ±l-◊-L˚[l ˘Tt-˙\Ù-¨-Pm
·fl-Rp.
·h-Pj-ßt-œl ©\-œ
·h-Pj-ßp G”d-Ll-T-”m æo-UÙ-]e-L˚[l Tß‹ ˘Nn-Rp.
Ts∞ Y[d-œ› (SRG) Æp NÙufl-L-fi-Pu ÆYÙ-ßj-Rp.
A”jR ˘T. B. N ·h-Pj-ßt-LÙ] RVÙ-˘W-”l-©u ÿu-˙]Ù-•-VÙL ÆYÙ-ßdL
˙Yi•-V˚Y G˚Y G]j æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.
Lt-\-¤m Ußl-¿-”m ˛ IVe-Ls
NÍ-Lj-ßt-œm ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fid-œm B£-¨-Vo-L-fid-œm ◊ßV TÙP Ht-TÙ-” G”j-
’˚Wd-œm Ußl-¿h-˚Pl Tt-±V HWÙ-[UÙ] IVe-Ls C⁄d-L-XÙm. œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-
\˚X ˚UV-UÙL ˘LÙiP LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-Pp-Ls, ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ A‡-T-Ye-Ls, Lt-\˚X
Ußl-©-”m- ˘N-Vp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞p D”-TPf ˘Nn-Rp, T´t-£-Ls B°V˚Y ÍXm CqYVe-
L-fid-œj æo‹ Ht-T-”m. SÙm C’-Y˚W ·±Vß≠-⁄k-’ Ht-TP YÙnl-◊s[ IVe-L-
˚[l TÙod-L-XÙm. AYt-±u Æ˚P-L˚[ øe-Ls —V-UÙLd Li-”-©-•j-R-©u Ce-œd
˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[]Yt-fl-Pu Jl-©h-”l TÙ⁄e-Ls.
1. NÍ-Lm ˛ ˘Tt-˙\Ùo ˛ B£-¨-Vo CYo-L-fid-°-˚P˙V Ußl-¿h-˚Pl Tt-±V
TV-‡s[ L⁄j-’l-T- -UÙt-\m SPdL Yi-”-Up-X-YÙ? Cq-YÙ-fl Nn-Y-Ru ÍXm
SPd-œm Ußl-¿h-” ÿ˚\-´u R≤j-Ru-˚U-Ls G˚Y?
œZk˚R R]-’ Lt-\˚Xf ˙NÙßj-’, Ußl-©h-” ˙Um-T-”j-ßV ÆT-We
-L˚[l ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fim B£-¨-Vo-L-fim A±V ÿ•-Ÿm.
œZk-˚R-´u R≤-S-To Y[of-£, NÍL EQo‹ Y[of-£, Lt-\p ÿ˚\,
Ts-∞-´p SPd-œm Lt-\p ˘NVp-ÿ˚\ Ut-flm ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls Tt±d ·”
-R-XÙLj ˘R¨k-’˘LÙs-Y-Rt-œ,
Ußl-¿h-•t-LÙLl TVu-T-”j-ßV RW-®o-Q-Vd œ±l-◊-L˚[ ÿ˚\-VÙLd L˚P
©•j-’d œZk-˚R-´u Lt-\-˚Xl Tt-±V N¨-VÙ] RL-Yp-L˚[ A∞l-TRtœ.
AÓjR YÏl× ùT.-B. N áh-Pj-§t-Lô]
¨Lrf-£-Ls...
A”jR Yœl◊ T. B. N ·h-Pj-
ßt-LÙ] ®Lrf-£-Ls Gu-]-YÙL
C⁄d-œm? Ee-L-fi- P-V- Ut-flm
˘Tt˙\Ù-⁄- P-V- R˚Y-L- [j
˘RÙPo-◊-T-T-”jß CkR UÙß- ˚Vl
TÙoj-’ Ee-Ls Yœl◊ T. B. N
Æt-LÙ] ®Lrf-£-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-
œeLs. T. Y. œ (SRG) ·hPj-ßp
C˚Rl-Tt± E˚W-VÙ-”e-Ls.
5
142
]T-\hpw hne-bn-cp-Øepw ˛ kwi-b-߃
˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fim B£-¨-Vo-L-fim ˘RÙPof-£-VÙ-L-‹m, Au-TÙ-L-‹m, TWv
TW Sm-©d-˚L-Ÿ-P-‡m L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\m ˘Nn-Y-Rt-œ.
2. UÙQYo T˚Pl◊j ˘RÙœl◊ Gq-YÙ-fl C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m?
T˚Pl-◊-j ˘RÙœl-˚Tl Tt-±V G]-’ A‡-T-Ym
Íu-fl T¨V ©[Ùv-•d LÙl◊Ls (Plastic File). R™r, L¶-Rm, „r-®-˚X-´-Vp
LpÆ Gu-fl SÙu ˘RÙœl-˚Tj ˘RÙPe-°-˙]u. Aj-’-Pu œ±l-˙T-”-L-fim Ei”
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ AX-°-u Lt-\p T˚Pl-◊-L˚[ Aq-Yl-˙TÙ˙R Ak-RkR TÙPe-L-∞u
˘RÙœl-◊-L-fi-Pu C˚Qj-˙Ru. J⁄-ÿ˚\ œZk-˚R-L-∞Pm LÙi-©j-’d ˘LÙ”j-
˙Ru. ARu-©u AYo-Ls C˚R Aj-’-Pu ˚Yd-Lh-”UÙ Gu-fl ˙Lh-TÙo-Ls.
B]Ùp SÙu EP˙] A˚R A‡-U-ßl-T-ßp-˚X. Aßp ˚YdL ˙Yi-”-UÙ-´u
RW-UÙL C⁄dL ˙Yi-”-˘Uu-fl AYo-L∞Pm A±-‹-flj-’-˙Yu. Aq-YÙ-fl UÙt±
A˚UjR ©u AYt˚\ T˚Pl-◊-L-∞u ˘RÙœl-©p ˙Noj-’d ˘LÙs-˙Yu.
˛ J⁄ BWmTl Ts∞ B£-¨-˚V
J⁄ LÙX A[-Æp (A-X-œ/T⁄-Ym/Y⁄-Pm) œZk-˚R-´u Lt-\-≠p Ht-ThP
Y[of£, ÿu- ]t-\m, £k-R˚] Nn-V-‹m NVp-T-P-‹m Tt\ ß\u CYt-±u NÙufl-
Ls T˚Pl-◊-j ˘RÙœl-©p C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m. SU-’ Ts∞f „Z-¤d-œ HtTl Tp-˙Yfl
TÙPe-L-∞u T˚Pl-◊-j ˘RÙœl˚T E⁄-YÙdL ˙Yi-”m. Aßp AX-œ-L-fid-œ HtTd
Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L˚[ Y¨-˚Nl-T-”j-R-XÙm.
3. T˚Pl-◊-j ˘RÙœl-©p (Port folio) Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-•-V˚Y G˚Y?
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ TÙPj-ß-¤-ÿs[ T˚Pl-◊-j ˘RÙœl-©p Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-•-VYt˚\
B£-¨-Vo ˚L˙Vh-•-≠-⁄k-’m, B£-¨-V-¨u Lt-©j-Rp œ±l-˙Th-•-≠-⁄k-’m ˙Rok-˘R-
”e-Ls. ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-Yt˚\ Yœl-T˚\f ˘NVp-ÿ-˚\-L-∞p Lt-\p NÙu-fl-
Ls E⁄-YÙ-œm ÆRj-ßp B£-¨-V-¨u Lt-©j-Rp œ±l-˙Th-•p Æ[dL ˙Yi-”m. Cj-
’-Pu ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-L-fi-P-]Ù] L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\j-ßt-œl TVu-T-”j-ßV L⁄-Æ-Ls, œ±l-
◊-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-”UÙ Gu-fl £k-ß-Ÿe-Ls.
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143
t^m¿´vt^m-fntbm ˛ D≈-S°w
T˚Pl-◊j RÙœl-◊-L-∞p (Port Folio) C⁄dL Yi-•-V˚Y
A. œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p NÙu-fl-Ls
Ak-RkR Y[-Ë-≠p C˚Y Eh-T-”j-Rl-Th-•-⁄l-T-˚Rl TÙ⁄e-Ls.
B. B£-¨-V-¨u Et-fl ˙SÙd-Lp-Ls
œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p ÿ˚\, Lt-\p ©Wf-N-˚]-Ls, U] Y[of-£, NÍLj
˘RÙPo◊ C˚Y Tt-±V Æ[d-L-UÙ] œ±l-◊.
B£-¨-Vo Ußl-¿h-•t-LÙLl TVu-T-”j-ßV ˙NÙR˚] Th-•-V-≠u SLp, œ›f
˘NVp-TÙ-”, L[l-T-V-Qm, ˙NÙR- ], ˙So-LÙ-Qp ˙TÙu\ ®Lr-‹-L-∞p B£ -Vo
TVu-T-”j-ßV L⁄-Æ-Ls Cßp Eh-T-”m.
C. œZk-˚R-´u —V Ußl-¿-”
œZk-˚R-´u —V Ußl-¿h-”f ˙NÙR-˚]l Th-•-Vp, —V ˘Y∞-¬-”-Ls
—V-UÙ-L-‹m œ›-Æ-¤m Li-”-©-•jR Ußl-¿h-”d œ±l-◊-Ls.
œZk-˚R-L-∞u Æ⁄l-Te-Ls, ˘TÙ›-’-˙TÙd-œ-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚Y Tß‹ ˘NnV
˙Yi-”m. (R-™r AXœj ßhPj’Pu R]-’ YÙ£l◊ Bo-Yj-˚Rl Tt±d
œZk˚R G›R˙Yi•V UÙß-¨-˚Vl TÙ⁄e-Ls)
œZk-˚R-´u Æ⁄l-Te-Ls, ß\u-Ls, Bo-Ym ˙TÙu-\-˚Yl-Tt-±V B£-¨-V-
¨u —⁄d-L-UÙ] Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp œ±l-◊-Ls.
D. Th-•-V-pLs, ˙NL-¨l-◊-Ls
œZk˚R YÙ£jR ◊j-R-Le-L-∞u Th-•-Vp.
TÙojR ß˚Wl-T-Pm, ˙LhP LÆ-˚R / TÙPp ˙TÙu-\-Yt±u —⁄d-Lm.
L˚R-Ls, LÆ-˚R-Ls, ◊ßo-Ls, TPe-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt±u ˙NL-¨l-◊-Ls (C˚Y
G]-’ „r-®-˚X-´-Vp / R™r / L¶-Rd œ±l-˙T-”-L-∞p ÿu-]˙W ˘Nn-’ Y⁄-
T-˚Y).
˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄m B£-¨-V-⁄m ˙Nok-’ E⁄-YÙd-°V œZk-˚R-´u Lt-\p ˘RÙPo-
TÙ] Et-fl ˙SÙd-LpLs, ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls CYt-±u —⁄d-Lm,
5
144
t^m¿´vt^m-fntbm ˛ D≈-S°w sXc-s™-Sp-°¬
4. T-˚Pl-◊-L-∞u ˘RÙœl-◊-L-∞p (Port Polio) Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-•-V-Yt-˚\j ˙Rok-
˘R-”l-T-’ Gq-YÙ-fl?
C˚R Gq-YÙ-fl ˘Nn-V-XÙm? J⁄ Ts-∞-´p ˘NnR ÿ˚\˚V AX-£l TÙodLXÙm.
J⁄ AX-œ-Pu RÙPo-◊- PV Lt-\p NVp-ÿ- \-L-fid-°- P˙V T˚Pl-◊-j RÙœl-
◊-L-∞p Eh-T-”jR ˙Yi-•-V-Yt±u ÿRp-LhPj ˙Rok-˘R-”l◊ SPkß-⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.
Aq-Y-X-œ ÿ•kR ©u B£-¨-V-⁄m œZk-˚L-fim ˙Nok-’ AYt-±p £\k-R-Yt˚\j
˙Rok˘R-”dL ˙Yi”m. œZk-˚R-´u Lt-\p TXu, Y[of-£, £k-ßd-L-‹m T˚Pl◊
ß\‡-Pu ˘NVp-T-P-‹m ˘Tt\ ß\u ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ ˘Y∞l-T-”j-’m NÙu-fl-L˚[ Cq-
YÙ-fl Li” -©-•d-L-XÙ-Up-X-YÙ? B£-¨-V-¨u Ußl-¿h-•u A•l-T-˚P-´p Af-NÙu-fl-
L˚[d œZk-˚R-L-∞u ©uÚh-Pj-ßt-LÙLl Tß‹ ˘NnV ˙Yi-”m. œZk-˚R-Ÿ-˚PV
ÿu-≤-˚X-´p C˚R ˘Nn-Y-’ œZk-˚R-´u ˙Uu-˚Ud-œ ER-‹-Up-X-YÙ? Aj-’-Pu
©uÚh-Pm A∞jR SÙ˚[-Ÿm Aßp œ±l-©P ˙Yi-”m.
Cq-YÙ-fl Rok- R-”j-R-Yt˚\l T˚Pl-◊-j RÙœl-©p (Port Polio) Eh-T-”j-RXÙm.
Ut-\-Yt˚\d œZk-˚R-Ls ≈h-•t-œd ˘LÙi-” ˘Np-Xh-”m. CkRf ˘NVp-ÿ˚\
Jq˘YÙ⁄ AX-°-¤m S˚P˘T-flm˙TÙ’ T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl◊ Gq-YÙ-±⁄dœm Gu-fl
£k-ßj-’l TÙ⁄e-Ls.
5. T˚Pl◊-j ˘RÙœl-◊-Ls (Port Polio) ÍXm °˚PjR Ußl-¿h-” ÆY-We-L˚[f
—⁄d-L-UÙL ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄-Pu L⁄j-’l T¨-UÙt-\m ˘Nn-Y-’ Gl-T-•?
œZk-˚R-´u T˚Pl-◊j ˘RÙœl-©t-LÙLj ˙Rok-˘R-”j-R-Yt˚\l ˘Tt-˙\Ùo TÙol-T-
Rt-œ YÙnl-T-∞dL ˙Yi-”m. ©uÚh-Pj-ßu A•l-T-˚P-´p Ts-∞-´-¤m ≈h-•-¤m
˘NnV ˙Yi-•-V-˚Yl Tt±j æo-UÙ-≤dL ˙Yi-”m. œZk-˚R-´u Lt-\p Y[of-£,
˙Uu˚U CYt˚\l ˘Tt-˙\Ù-¨u LY-]j-ßt-œd ˘LÙi-” YW ˙Yi-•-V-’ ™L ÿd-°-V-
UÙ-œm. Y˚[-Vu £We-L˚W Ts-∞-´p ˘NnR˚Rl TÙ⁄e-Ls.
Jq- YÙ-⁄ T⁄Y Cfl-ß- -¤m, Jq- YÙ-⁄ AX-°-≠-⁄k-’m Rok- R-”j-R-Yt±u
ÍXm, Ak-RkRl TÙPj-ßp LPk-’ ˘Nu\ Ui-P-Xe-L-∞p C⁄k-’ R˚X-£-\kR Lt-\p
NÙu-fl-L- [d Li-”-©-•d-L-XÙm. Aj-’-Pu œZk- R- u Y[of-£˚V U]-ßt- LÙi”
œZk-˚Rd-œ ELkR RW®o-Q-Vm A∞d-L-XÙm. Ce-œ B£-¨-V-⁄m œZk-˚R-Ÿm ˙Nok-’
©uÚh-Pj- Rl(feed back) Tß‹˘Nn-Rp
Lt-\p U¤m Um-TP œZk- Rdœ
YØd-LÙh-”-R˙X ©uÚh-Pj-ßu
˙SÙd-Lm. A’- TÙp AYu Tt\
A±-‹-L˚[ EQWf Nn-’ U¤m
˙Um-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-LÙ] Fd-Lm
A∞dL Yi-”m. Aq-YÙ-\Ù- u
C˚Y R˚YlT-”m œZk- R-
Lfidœ Ak-RkR Lt-\p NÙu-fl-L-
∞p ©uÚh-Pj˚R Tß‹ Nn-
RÙp TÙ’UÙ-]-’. YÙn- UÙ-Ø-
VÙLl ©uÚh-Pm A∞l-T-’m
CRu A•l-T- P- p-RÙu.
5
145
hne-bn-cp-ج ˛ kvIqƒXe ]≤Xn
Ußl-©P Yi-”m. Ck-®- X- p Tt- \Ù- W-Ÿm Eh-T-”j-ß-]Ùp AYo-Ls ÍY⁄dœm
C˚P-´-XÙ] L⁄j-’l-T-¨-UÙt-\m Y¤l-T-”m.
Ts∞ A[-Æ-XÙ] ˘NVpÿ˚\j ßh-Pm
SÙm C’-Y˚W ÆYÙ-ßjR Lt-\p˛Lt-©j-Rp Ußl-¿h-”f ˘NVp-Ls Jq-˘YÙ-⁄
Ts-∞-dœÿ¨V L¶l◊ ÿ˚\-VÙL (Assessment System) UÙ\ Yi-•-Ÿs-[-’. Aß-
≠-⁄k-’ CVp-TÙ-L˙Y E⁄-YÙLd ·•V ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls Ts-∞-´u Bi”j ßh-Pj-ß-
¤m, Ts∞ SÙh-LÙh-•-´-¤m LhPÙVUÙL CPm˘T\ ˙Yi-”m. Cq-YÙ-fl RVÙWÙ-L
˙Yi-•V Tp-˙Y-fl ßh-Pe-L-fim ˘NVp-L-fim Ts∞ A[-Æ-XÙ] Tp-˙Y-fl A˚Ul-◊-
L-∞u ÿd-°V SÙd-LUÙ-L-‹m NVp-TÙ-PÙ-L-‹m UÙ\- Yi-”m. SRG, MPTA, CPTA,PTA, Ts∞ ˙Um-TÙh-”d œ›, (SSG) ˙TÙu-\-˚Y-L∞u ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ J⁄e-°-
˚Qj-’d œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\-˚X-Ÿm Y-[of-£-˚V-Ÿm UÙt-\j-˚R-Ÿm EflߢNnV
˙Yi-”m. ARt-˙LtTd L⁄j-’lT¨-UÙt-\j-ßt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊, ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[-j ßh-P-
™-P- ˙Yi-”m. CkR ˙SÙd-Lj˚R U]-ßp ˘LÙi-”, Ts∞ A[-Æ-XÙ] Ußl-¿h-”
ÿ˚\-˚Vj ßh-P-™-”m˙TÙ’ SÙm LY-≤dL ˙Yi-•V ˘NVp-L-fim Aßp SÙm Eflß
˘NnV ˙Yi-•V ·fl-L-fim G˚Y?
1. Uß-l-¿h-” A‘-œ-ÿ˚\ Tt±l ˘Tt-˙\Ùo-Ls ˘R¨k-’˘LÙs-Y-Rt-œm Aßp
Re-L-fi-˚PV Te-L-∞l˚T ˘Y∞-´-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] ß\-˚U˚V A˚P-Y-Rt-œm Ts∞
A[-Æp ˘NnV ˙Yi-•V ˘NVp-Ls.
CkR Aj-ß-VÙ-Vj-ßu ˘RÙPd-Lj-ßp ·\l-Th-P-’ ˙TÙu-fl C˚R SÙu-œ
LhPeL-[ÙL S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”jR ˙Yi-•-´-⁄d-œm.
2. Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ Lh-Pj-ß-¤m SPdL ˙Yi-•V ˘NVp-L˚[j æo-UÙ-≤jRp ˛ S˚P
- ÿ˚\l-T-”j-’-Rp ˛ Ußl-©-”-Rp.
SRG ·h-Pe-L-∞p S˚P-˘T-flm ßh-P-™-P-≠u A•l-T-˚P-´p Jq-˘YÙ-⁄
Yœl-©-¤m PTA ·h-Pe-Ls.
Cj-R-˚LV ·h-Pe-Ls Y⁄-Pj-ßp SÙu-œ ÿ˚\-VÙ-Y-’ S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi
”m.
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ ·h-Pj-ß-¤m œZk˚RL-∞u Lt-\p ß\-‡d-LÙ] NÙufl-L-˚[l
TÙod-L-‹m, A˚Y -Tt-±V Æ[d-Le-Ls °˚Pd-L-‹m, œZk˚R-L-fi-˚PV
Lt-\p ˘NVp-L˚[l (SÙ-P-Lm, L˚R/ LÆ˚R YÙ£j-Rp, ˙Tf-—, T˚Pl-◊,
TÙh” ÿR-≠-V-Yt-˚\l) TÙol-T-Rt-LÙ] „Zp-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdL‹m ˙Yi-”m.
5
146
hne-bn-cp-ج ˛ kvIqƒXe ]≤Xn
NÍLÿm, Ts-∞-Ÿm Ju-fl ˙Nok-’ œZk˚RL∞u Lt-\-˚X-Ÿm Y[of-£-˚V-Ÿm
TÙWÙh”m ÆRj-ßp J⁄ Lt-\p ß⁄-Æ-ZÙ-YÙLd ·h-Pe-Ls UÙ\ ˙Yi-”m.
3. œZk˚R-L-∞u Y[of-£˚Vl Tß‹ ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] YØ-Ls, ÿ˚\-Ls, ˙SWm
˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\j æo-UÙ-≤j-Rp.
Jq-˘YÙ-⁄ AX°¤m Ußl-¿” ˘NnYRt-LÙL, ÿu-]˙W ®f-N-´d-Ll-ThP
Ui-P-Xe-L˚[Ÿm, Yœl◊ ˘T. B. N ßp S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-•-V-’m ˘Y∞-´P
˙Yi-•-V-’-UÙ] ˘NVp-L˚[Ÿm B£-¨-Vo Li-P±k-’ T. Y. œ Æp
˘Y∞lT”jR- ˙Yi-”m.
T⁄Y Ußl-¿h-•p œZk-˚R´u Lt-\p®˚X˚Vl Tt±l ˘Tt-˙\Ù-⁄-Pu LXk-
’-˚W-VÙ-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] YØ-ÿ-˚\-L˚[l Ts-∞-V-[-Æp æo-UÙ-≤d-L-XÙm.
4. œZk˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p NÙufl-L˚[f (Lt-\p ˘NVp-L-fim, T˚Pl-◊-L-fim)
˙NL-¨j-’l Ts∞ A[-Æp ˘Y∞-´-”-Rp, œZk˚R-L-fi-dLÙ] ◊j-R-Le-L-[ÙL
˘Y∞- -”-Rp.
5. œZk˚RL-∞u Lt-\p, ÿu-˙]t-\m, Æ⁄l-Te-Ls, Bo-Ye-Ls ˙TÙu-\˚Y
œ±j’ SPj-ßV Ußl-¿-”-L-∞u ˙NL-¨l-◊m, NÍ-Lj-’-P-]Ù] L⁄j-’lT¨-UÙt-\-ÿm.
Ts∞ A[-Æ-¤m Tg-NÙ-Vj-’ A[-Æ-¤m Cj-R-˚LV CWi-” L⁄j-R-We-œ
-L-[Ù-Y-’ S˚P-˘T\ ˙Yi-”m.
B£-¨-Vo-L-∞u T´t-£j ˙R˚Y-Ls CkRd L⁄j-R-We-œ-L-∞-≠-⁄k-’ E⁄-YÙL
‹m, ˙NL-¨d-Ll-T-P-‹m ˙Yi-”m.
Ts-∞-V-[-Æ-XÙ] ˘NVp-ßh-Pj-ßu ÿ›-˚U-VÙ] AXNp Cj-’-Pu S˚P
˘T\˙Yi-”m.
Ts-∞-´-‡-˚PV Y[of-£l T¶-Ls Ck-Rd L⁄j-R-We-°u J⁄ Tœ-ß-VÙL
UÙ\˙Yi-”m.
NêLj R¦dûL«u(Social Audit) TÙL-UÙLd LpÆf ˘NVp-L˚[ Ußl-©-”-
Y-Rt-LÙ] J⁄ YÙnl-TÙL C’ UÙ\˙Yi-”m.
6. ˘RÙPof-£-VÙL Y[ok-’ YWd-·-•V Ko BY-QUÙLl TÙP HtTÙh˚P UÙt-fl-
Y-Rt-LÙ] ˘NVp-Ls:
œZk-˚R-L-∞u Lt-\p Ut-flm Ußl-¿h-”-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-T-”jßl Tp-˙Y-fl
5
147
hne-bn-cp-ج ˛ kvIqƒXe ]≤Xn
A˚Ul-◊-L-∞-≠⁄k-’ °˚Pd-œm ÆY-We-L˚[f ˙NL-¨j-’l TÙPj-ßh-Pm ˛
Lt\p ˛ Lt-©j-Rp ˛ Ußl-¿-h” A‘-œ-ÿ-˚\-Ls ˛ TÙPl-◊j-R-Le-Ls ˛ Lt-
\p L⁄-Æ-Ls ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\ Ußl-¿-” ˘Nn-V-‹m, ˙R˚Y-VÙ] UÙt-\e-
L˚[d ˘LÙi-” YW-‹m TVuT”jR ˙Yi-”m.
Ts∞ ˛ Tg-NÙ-Vj-’ ˛ UÙYhP A[-Æp SPj-Rd-·-•V ˙Ut-œ-±l-©hP L⁄j-
R-We-œ-L˚[ CRt-LÙ] J⁄ YÙnl-TÙL J›e-L-˚UdL ˙Yi-”m.
LpÆ ˛ J⁄ NÍ-Lf ˘NVpTÙPÙL UÙfl-Rp
Lt-\-˚X-Ÿm Ußl-¿h-˚P-Ÿm ˙Uu-˚Ul-T-”j-’m ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞u YÙ´-XÙLl
TÙPj-ßh-Pm Xh-£-V-™-”m ÿ˚\-´p Lp-Æ˚V J⁄ NÍLf ˘NVp-TÙ-PÙL UÙt-fl-Y-Rt-
LÙ] SpX YÙnl◊ SUd-œd °˚Pd-°-\-’. SÙm YÙ›m NÍ-Lj˙RÙ” C˚Qk’ A±˚Y
E⁄-YÙd-L‹m, AR˚] ÆUo-N-]d Li-˙QÙh-Pj-’-Pu AX£ BWÙnk-’ ÿ•-‹-L˚[
Ht-fld-˘LÙs[‹m, ÿu-˙]-±f ˘Np-¤m Y[of£f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ Efl-ßl-T-”j-’-Y-
Rt-œm Y[ok-’ Y⁄m R˚X-ÿ-˚\-´-]-¨u Lp-Æf NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p D”-T-”-Y-Ru YÙ´-
XÙ-L˙Y CV¤m.
ARt-LÙ] ÿVt-£˚V SÙm Yœl-T-˚\-´-≠-⁄k-’ ˘RÙPe-œ-˙YÙm.
149Reference1. Posamentier, S. Alfred. 1996, The Art of Problem Solving-A Resource for Mathematics Teacher,
Corwin press, INC, California.
2. Goleman. Daniel, Emotional Intelligence, Bantam Books, London
3. Koch. Janice, Science Stories - Teachers and Children as Science Learners, Houghton Mifflin Company,Boston.
4. The role of Teachers in the assessment of learning. www. assessment_reform_group.org.
5. Black, P. & Wiliam, D. 1998. Inside the Black Box: Raising standards through classroom assessment,King’s College, London
6. Black, P. & William, D. 1999. Assessment for Learning: Beyond the Black Box, Assessment ReformGroup, University of Cambridge, School of Education
7. Bresciani, Marilee J. What Exactly is Assessment? What is your role in [email protected]. North Carolina State University.
8. Coombe, Christine and Christine Canning. 2002. Using Self – Assessment in the classroom: Rationaleand Suggested Techniques. Article, Karen’s Linguistic Issues. UAE. Higher Colleges of Technology.
9. Earl, Lorna M. Class room Assessment for Deep Understanding: Shifting from Assessment ofLearning to Assessment for Learning and Assessment as Learning. Excerpted from Earl, L. 2003.Assessment as learning. Using Classroom Assessment to Maximize student Learning. Thousand Oaks:Corwin Press.
10. Harlen, Wynne. 2007. Assessment of Learning. London. SAGE Publications.
11. NCERT. 2008. Source Book on Assessment for classes I – V. Language – English, New Delhi.
12. RampalAnita. Assessment of Children’s Learning. Concept note.
13. Sibia, Anjun.2002. Valuing Teacher Questioning. New Delhi. NCERT.
14. National Curriculum Frame Work - 2005, NCERT, New Delhi
15. Kerala Curriculum Frame Work - Kerala - 2007, SCERT, Kerala
16. Tetsuko Kurayonagi, Tottochan
d -d≥kv
150
Members
1. Sri. Babu. C, Principal, DIET, Ernakulam.
2. Dr. K. J. James, Senior Leturer, DIET, Ernakulam.
3. Smt. Jayashree Klakkurnath, Teacher, GLPS, Makayil, Ernakulam.
4. Smt. E. K. Nisha, Leturer, DIET, Ernakulam.
5. Smt. C. Krishna priya, Teacher, Ponthayil, LPS, Marampally.
6. Smt. Simi Clylus, Teacher, GLPS, Padiyavattam.
7. Smt. K. S. Sreelatha, Teacher, GLPS, Valyanchirankara.
8. Sri. A.L. Mohanan, Teacher, GLPS, Kurukunnapuram.
9. Sri. R. Harikrishnan, Teacher, BJBS, Kalady.
10. Sri. K.K. Mohammed Bhaseer, Leturer, DIET, Ernakulam.
11. Dr. P. Satha Nesan, Asst. Professor(Ret.), SCERT.
12. Sri. Kalatharan.T. B, Programme Officer, SSA, Kerala.
13. Sri. S. Rajesh, Teacher, SSA, Pathanamthita.
14. Sri. Siju Raj, Teacher, SSA, Pathanamthita.
15. sri. G. Stalin, Leturer, (Ret.), DIET, Thiruvalla.
Tamil Version
Members
1. Durai Raj, GUPS, Pambanar, Idukki
2. Jayakumar. T.K, Govt. Tamil VHSS & TTI, Chalai, Thiruvanathapuram3. Manivannan. C, Sanskrit HSLPS Fort, Thiruvananthapuram4. Dr. Nainar. M, (Rtd) University College, Thiruvananthapuram5. Raj. S.T, GUPS, Vandiperiyar, Idukki6. Robert Xavier. M, HM, ALPS,Attempatty, Palakkad