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Evaluation of Ozone Evaluation of Ozone Concentrations at Residence Concentrations at Residence Layer in the Southern Taiwan Layer in the Southern Taiwan
by CMAQby CMAQ
Yee-Lin WuYee-Lin Wu11, Long-Yuan Yang, Long-Yuan Yang11, Chi-Ho Lin, Chi-Ho Lin22, Gi-Shan Lai, Gi-Shan Lai22, a, and Shin-Chu Laind Shin-Chu Lai33
11Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung UniversityDepartment of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University22Department of Environmental Engineering, Fi-Yi University of TechnologyDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Fi-Yi University of Technology
33Center of General Education, Chi-Long UniversityCenter of General Education, Chi-Long University
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IntroductionIntroduction
High ozone concentrations in southern TaiwanHigh ozone concentrations in southern Taiwan High ozone concentrations at 600 to 1000 m High ozone concentrations at 600 to 1000 m
prevailing from evening to the early morning prevailing from evening to the early morning in the following dayin the following day
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EveningAfternoon
Subsidence
Inversion layer
city
EarlyMorning
Wind
Noon
Wind
residual layer residual layer
Possible mechanisms for the formation of residence layer in southern Taiwan
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Purposes of This StudyPurposes of This Study
To simulate the high ozone To simulate the high ozone concentrations at ground layer.concentrations at ground layer.
To simulate the ozone residence To simulate the ozone residence layer in southern Taiwan.layer in southern Taiwan.
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Meteorological SystemMeteorological System
MM5 v2; Blackadar mechanism; MCIP-2MM5 v2; Blackadar mechanism; MCIP-2
Emission SystemEmission System
TEDS5.1; SMOKE; BEIS3TEDS5.1; SMOKE; BEIS3
CMAQCMAQ
CB-IV; K-theory diffusivityCB-IV; K-theory diffusivity
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DomainDomain
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LayerLayer SigmaSigma PressurePressure (( PaPa)) 全域高度全域高度(( mm ))
代表高度代表高度(( mm ))
1515 0.0000.000 1000010000 2114621146 1722317223
1414 0.1500.150 2350023500 1330013300 1068810688
1313 0.3500.350 4150041500 80778077 67846784
1212 0.5000.500 5500055000 54905490 47944794
1111 0.6000.600 6400064000 40994099 34943494
1010 0.7000.700 7300073000 28902890 26162616
99 0.7500.750 7750077500 23412341 20822082
88 0.8000.800 8200082000 18231823 15771577
77 0.8500.850 8650086500 13321332 11451145
66 0.8900.890 9010090100 957957 777777
55 0.9300.930 9370093700 598598 467467
44 0.9600.960 9640096400 337337 252252
33 0.9800.980 9820098200 167167 125125
22 0.9900.990 9910099100 8383 6262
11 0.9950.995 9955099550 4141 2121
00 1.0001.000 100000100000 00
Sigma-layerSigma-layer
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Emission inventory for Emission inventory for PMPM
1010 、、 SOxSOx、、 NOxNOx、、 VOC and CO in VOC and CO in
southern Taiwan. The percentage is for the southern Taiwan. The percentage is for the
fraction of Taiwanfraction of Taiwan. (TEDS5.1). (TEDS5.1) unit: tonunit: ton
ton/yr PM10 SOx NOx VOC CO
Taiwan 401589 223357 454950 864236 1488429
Kaohsiung City 13656 46104 45142 83651 93164Tainan City 6414 984 3808 19716 36149
Tainan County 24564 12598 23670 91134 82423
Kaohsiung County 26307 36149 44477 57330 89949PingTung County 16062 2376 7314 22144 46895
TaiPower 135 35809 27597 267 354TaiPower/S.Taiwan 0.2% 36% 22% 0.1% 0.1%
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Comparisons between simulated and observed Comparisons between simulated and observed ozone concentrations for spatial distributionozone concentrations for spatial distribution
2002/12/13 14:00
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Comparisons between simulated and observed Comparisons between simulated and observed ozone concentrations for spatial distributionozone concentrations for spatial distribution
2002/12/14 13:00
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Comparisons between simulated and observed Comparisons between simulated and observed ozone concentrations for spatial distributionozone concentrations for spatial distribution
2002/12/15 14:00
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Comparisons between simulated and observed Comparisons between simulated and observed ozone concentrations for spatial distributionozone concentrations for spatial distribution
2002/12/16 14:00
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Comparisons between simulated and observed Comparisons between simulated and observed ozone concentrations for spatial distributionozone concentrations for spatial distribution
2002/12/17 13:00
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Comparisons between simulated and observed NComparisons between simulated and observed NOx concentrations for temporal variationsOx concentrations for temporal variations
美濃NOx
0
5
1015
20
25
30
3540
45
50
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3 橋頭NOx
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3
仁武NOx
0
50
100
150
200
250
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3 鳳山NOx
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3
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Comparisons between simulated and observed NComparisons between simulated and observed NOx concentrations for temporal variationsOx concentrations for temporal variations
大寮NOx
0
50
100
150
200
250
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3 林園NOx
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3
楠梓NOx
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3 左營NOx
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3
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Comparisons between simulated and observed NComparisons between simulated and observed NOx concentrations for temporal variationsOx concentrations for temporal variations
前金NOx
0
50
100
150
200
250
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3 小港NOx
0
50
100
150
200
250
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3
屏東NOx
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3 潮州NOx
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3
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Comparisons between simulated and observed Comparisons between simulated and observed ozone concentrations for temporal variationsozone concentrations for temporal variations
美濃O3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3 橋頭O3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3
仁武O3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3 鳳山O3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3
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Comparisons between simulated and observed Comparisons between simulated and observed ozone concentrations for temporal variationsozone concentrations for temporal variations
林園O3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3
楠梓O3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3 左營O3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3
大寮O3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3
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Comparisons between simulated and observed Comparisons between simulated and observed ozone concentrations for temporal variationsozone concentrations for temporal variations
前金O3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3 小港O3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3
屏東O3
0
50
100
150
200
250
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3 潮州O3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2002/12/12 2002/12/13 2002/12/14 2002/12/15 2002/12/16 2002/12/17 2002/12/18
(ppb
)濃
度
EPA_data Models-3
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46744 Wind Speed
0
2
4
6
8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (12/13 01 LST ~ 12/15 23 LST
m/s OBS
MM5
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Normalized error for unpair peakNormalized error for unpair peak
%5.18
1
1 ,24
1
,24
1,24
1
N
j jii
jiijii
OMax
OMaxPMax
NMB
Normalized error for pairNormalized error for pair
%3.251
1
N
i i
ii
O
OP
NOB
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
O3 Concentration, ppb
Hei
ght,
m
7 AM
2 PM
8 PM
Variations of vertical profiles by CMAQ
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Comparisons between simulated and observed Comparisons between simulated and observed HNOHNO33 concentrations concentrations
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
347 347.5 348 348.5 349 349.5 350
Date
HN
O3
Con
c, p
pbv Simulated
Observed
No heteorogeneous N2O5 hydrolysisFormation of HNO3
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Comparisons between simulated and observed Comparisons between simulated and observed HNOHNO22 concentrations concentrations
0
2
4
6
8
347 347.5 348 348.5 349 349.5 350
Julian Date
HO
NO
con
c., p
pbv
SimulatedX100
Observed
Only NO+OH, NO+NO2 and NO2+NO2reactions included in CMAQ; No heteorogeneous NO2 reaction for HONO formation.
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Comparisons between simulated and observed Comparisons between simulated and observed HH22OO22 concentrations concentrations
02
468
10
1214
347 348 349 350
Julian Date
H2O
2 co
nc.,
ppbv
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ConclusionsConclusions
The simulated and observed ground ozone The simulated and observed ground ozone concentrations were in good agreement.concentrations were in good agreement.
The ozone residence layer in southern Taiwan The ozone residence layer in southern Taiwan was successfully simulated by CMAQ.was successfully simulated by CMAQ.
However, the concentrations for HNOHowever, the concentrations for HNO33, HNO, HNO22, , and Hand H22OO22 were underestimated by CMAQ, were underestimated by CMAQ, especially for HNOespecially for HNO22
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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
The project was supported by Taiwan National The project was supported by Taiwan National Science Council.Science Council.
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46744 Temperature
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time (12/13 00 LST ~ 12/15 23 LST)
degr
ee C
OBSMM5
第四層模擬範圍
高雄測站 (22.5N, 120.3E)
NCEP AVN vs MM5
Model Validation II
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46744 Wind Direction
0
45
90
135
180
225
270
315
360
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time ( 12/13 00LST ~ 12/15 23LST)
Deg
ree
OBS
MM5
第四層模擬範圍
高雄測站 (22.5N, 120.3E)
NCEP AVN vs MM5
Model Validation II
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第四層模擬範圍
06Z 15 Dec. 2004 Streamline
200 m 500m 1000m
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1500 m 2000m 3000m
第四層模擬範圍
06Z 15 Dec. 2004 Streamline
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第四層模擬範圍
06Z Dec. 2004 Streamline
200 m 500m 1000m
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