Evaluation of Non-Life Evaluation of Non-Life Threatening InjuriesThreatening Injuries
Sports Medicine ISports Medicine I
Non-Life Threatening Non-Life Threatening InjuriesInjuries
Medical evaluation Medical evaluation must be must be comprehensivecomprehensive
In athletic training In athletic training setting, two setting, two formats of formats of evaluation are evaluation are usedused– HOPSHOPS– SOAPSOAP
HOPS FormatHOPS Format
Determine if Determine if serious injury serious injury occurredoccurred
There are four There are four stepssteps– H (History)H (History)– O (ObservationO (Observation– P (Palpation)P (Palpation)– S (Special Tests)S (Special Tests)
HOPS Format (History)HOPS Format (History)
Involves asking Involves asking questions questions
Helps ATC in Helps ATC in assessing injury assessing injury
Helps MD in a Helps MD in a diagnosisdiagnosis
ExamplesExamples– Mechanism of injury Mechanism of injury
(How did it happen?)(How did it happen?)– Location of pain Location of pain
(Where does it hurt?)(Where does it hurt?)– Sensations Sensations
experienced (Did you experienced (Did you hear a pop or snap)hear a pop or snap)
– Previous injury (Have Previous injury (Have you injured this you injured this structure before)structure before)
HOPS Format (Observation)HOPS Format (Observation)
Compare Compare uninvolved to the uninvolved to the involved structureinvolved structure
Look forLook for– BleedingBleeding– DeformityDeformity– SwellingSwelling– DiscolorationDiscoloration– ScarsScars– Other signs of Other signs of
traumatrauma
HOPS Format (Palpation)HOPS Format (Palpation) Physical inspection Physical inspection
of injuryof injury Always palpate away Always palpate away
from injured site firstfrom injured site first Then palpate Then palpate
affected areaaffected area Should try to Should try to
pinpoint exact pinpoint exact location of painlocation of pain
Use bilateral Use bilateral comparisoncomparison
ExamplesExamples– Neurological stability Neurological stability
(motor and sensory)(motor and sensory)– Circulation function Circulation function
(pulse and capillary (pulse and capillary refill)refill)
– Anatomical Anatomical structures (palpate)structures (palpate)
– Fracture tests Fracture tests (palpation, (palpation, compression, compression, distraction)distraction)
HOPS Format (Special Test)HOPS Format (Special Test)
Looking for joint Looking for joint instability, instability, disability and paindisability and pain
ExamplesExamples– Joint stabilityJoint stability– Muscle/TendonMuscle/Tendon– Accessory Accessory
anatomical anatomical structures (bursa, structures (bursa, capsule etc.)capsule etc.)
– Inflammatory Inflammatory conditionsconditions
SOAP FormatSOAP Format
Another Another standardized standardized procedure that procedure that provides provides comprehensive comprehensive review of MOIreview of MOI
S (Subjective)S (Subjective) O (Objective)O (Objective) A (Assessment)A (Assessment) P (Plan)P (Plan)
SOAP FormatSOAP Format
Subjective- (history) ask detailed Subjective- (history) ask detailed questionsquestions
Objective- involves visual, physical Objective- involves visual, physical and functional inspectionsand functional inspections
Assessment- reviews probable cause Assessment- reviews probable cause and mechanism of injuryand mechanism of injury
Plan-Outline of action to care of the Plan-Outline of action to care of the injuryinjury
Basic Treatment ProtocolBasic Treatment Protocol PRICESPRICES Protection- Protect injury from further Protection- Protect injury from further
damagedamage Rest- rest the injury (dependent on severity)Rest- rest the injury (dependent on severity) Ice- Aid in controlling bleeding and Ice- Aid in controlling bleeding and
associated swellingassociated swelling Compression- Compression wrap to control Compression- Compression wrap to control
swellingswelling Elevation- keep higher than the heart; helps Elevation- keep higher than the heart; helps
with excessive swellingwith excessive swelling Support- first aid splint, sling, crutches, etcSupport- first aid splint, sling, crutches, etc
ICEICE
Ice PacksIce Packs– Done using plastic Done using plastic
bags filled with ice bags filled with ice – Cover with a wet Cover with a wet
toweltowel– Should be done for Should be done for
15 min15 min– Two hours between Two hours between
treatmentstreatments– Six or more times a Six or more times a
dayday
Cold Water Cold Water Immersion BathImmersion Bath
Use bathtub or Use bathtub or whirlpoolwhirlpool
Water temperature Water temperature between 50 and 60 between 50 and 60 degreesdegrees
10 minutes10 minutes Six or more times a Six or more times a
dayday
First Aid SplintingFirst Aid Splinting
Splints are intended to protect the Splints are intended to protect the injury from further damageinjury from further damage– Fixation SplintsFixation Splints– Vaccum SplintsVaccum Splints– Pneumatic (Air) SplintsPneumatic (Air) Splints– Traction SplintsTraction Splints
Fixation SplintsFixation Splints
Most common Most common adaptable splints adaptable splints utilizedutilized
ExamplesExamples– BoardBoard– Wire ladderWire ladder– SAMSAM– PillowPillow– blanketsblankets
Vacuum SplintsVacuum Splints
Appropriate for Appropriate for dislocations or dislocations or misaligned misaligned fracturesfractures
Adaptable to any Adaptable to any limb angulationslimb angulations
Air SplintsAir Splints
Non-displaced Non-displaced fracturesfractures
No longer the No longer the standard of care in standard of care in athletic injuriesathletic injuries
Traction SplintsTraction Splints
Used for long bone Used for long bone fractures (femur)fractures (femur)
Prevent fractured Prevent fractured bone ends from bone ends from touchingtouching