Europe and Europe and RussiaRussia
Part 4Part 4
Russia, Communism, Russia, Communism, and the Cold Warand the Cold War
Early Slavic Tribes of the 8Early Slavic Tribes of the 8thth CenturyCentury
Kievan Rus in the Kievan Rus in the 1111thth Century Century
The area was The area was originally founded originally founded by eastern Slavic by eastern Slavic
tribes and tribes and Scandinavian Scandinavian traders in the traders in the
800s.800s.
It had declined by It had declined by the 1300s due to the 1300s due to warring families, warring families, decline in trade, decline in trade, and invasions by and invasions by
the Mongols.the Mongols.
By the end of the 13By the end of the 13thth century, the Mongols century, the Mongols controlled much of Russia and the former controlled much of Russia and the former
Soviet Republics.Soviet Republics.
By the middle of the 14th century, the power of the Mongols was weakening,
and the area around Moscow was gaining strength. The grand princes of Moscow added land through purchase,
war, and marriage. In the 15th century, Ivan III, also known as Ivan
the Great, was the most successful at adding territory. By the 16th century, the rulers of Moscow considered all Russian territory to be under their
control.
Russia started out as Russia started out as a relatively small a relatively small country on land country on land
around the city of around the city of Moscow.Moscow.
Europe and Russia around the year 1550 – before it began its eastward progression to the Pacific Ocean.
Some historians call him the “gatherer of the Some historians call him the “gatherer of the Russian lands”. He helped lay the foundations for Russian lands”. He helped lay the foundations for the Russian state, and was one of Russia’s longest the Russian state, and was one of Russia’s longest
reigning rulers.reigning rulers.
Ivan III
a.k.a
Ivan the Great
Ruled from1462-1505
By the 1500s, fur trappers and explorers were
pushing eastward across
the Ural Mountains.
They met little resistance in the
lightly populated area,
and by the 1580s, had successfully claimed land
west of the Ob and Irtysh
Rivers.
Ivan IV, a.k.a. Ivan IV, a.k.a. Ivan the Terrible, Ivan the Terrible, was the first ruler was the first ruler to use the term to use the term
““CZARCZAR”, from the ”, from the word “Caesar” or word “Caesar” or emperor. Under emperor. Under his reign (1547-his reign (1547-
1584), he 1584), he ruthlessly ruthlessly
consolidated the consolidated the monarchy’s monarchy’s power, and power, and extended extended
Russia’s borders.Russia’s borders.
The Russians continued
on, exploring,
and claiming lands all
the way to the Yenisei
River.
During the 1620s and
1630s, more exploration
was conducted
on and around the very long
Lena River. By the mid
1600s, Russia had
even pushed itself to the
Pacific Ocean!
In 1648, Siberian explorer Semyon Dezhnyov, In 1648, Siberian explorer Semyon Dezhnyov, became the first European to sail through what became the first European to sail through what
became known as the Bering Strait almost a became known as the Bering Strait almost a century later.century later.
One of Russia’s One of Russia’s greatest czars, greatest czars, was Peter the was Peter the
Great, who Great, who ruled from ruled from
1682-1725. He 1682-1725. He worked to worked to
“modernize” “modernize” Russia, and to Russia, and to model it after model it after
powerful powerful European European nations. nations.
He worked to He worked to get Russia get Russia
territory on the territory on the Baltic Sea, or Baltic Sea, or what he called what he called his “Window his “Window Opened Upon Opened Upon Europe”. He Europe”. He moved the moved the
capital to St. capital to St. Petersburg, Petersburg,
where it where it remained for remained for
two centuries.two centuries.
Under the rule Under the rule of Catherine of Catherine
the Great from the Great from 1762 until 1762 until
1796, Russia 1796, Russia continued to continued to
expand, expand, especially especially
southward, southward, gaining land on gaining land on the Black Sea.the Black Sea.
Having territory on the Black Sea Having territory on the Black Sea would provide access to the would provide access to the
Mediterranean Sea through Istanbul.Mediterranean Sea through Istanbul.
The Industrial The Industrial RevolutionRevolution
By the late 1700s, power-driven By the late 1700s, power-driven machinery and new methods of machinery and new methods of production transformed life.production transformed life.
Cities began to grow and prosper.Cities began to grow and prosper. Middle class merchants and Middle class merchants and
factory owners were prosperous.factory owners were prosperous. Factory workers remained poor.Factory workers remained poor.
A Changing A Changing EuropeEurope
By the early 1700s, the building of empires had made some European
nations into great powers. Between 1700 and 1950, economic and political revolutions happened. World Wars also changed the map
of Europe and the balance of power in the world.
People began wanting and then demanding a voice in their
government. Some governments began to grant more rights, while in some nations, people fought for, and
gained these rights.
By 1900, most nations had democratic constitutions that guaranteed some
human rights.
Birth of Birth of CommunismCommunism
By the mid 1800s, COMMUNISM had begun to
capture peoples’ imagination. It is an economic and political system designed to establish classless societies, in which
workers would control industrial production.
Socialism/CommunismSocialism/Communism
SOCIALISM, is when the government takes resources from private citizens in the form of taxes, to give services to those who do not work. Socialist countries are also known as
WELFARE STATES.
COMMUNISM , is when everything is owned by the government. When you work for a
business, you are working for the government. Communist countries are known as
PLANNED ECONOMIES.
Karl Marx
1818-1883He was a 19th
century German philosopher,
political economist, and revolutionary.
He wrote “The Communist
Manifesto” in 1848.
10 Main Goals of Communism10 Main Goals of Communism“Workers of the world, unite!”“Workers of the world, unite!”
End all private End all private ownership of landownership of land
A heavy progressive, or A heavy progressive, or graduated income taxgraduated income tax
Abolish all inheritance Abolish all inheritance rightsrights
Property confiscation of Property confiscation of all emigrants and rebels.all emigrants and rebels.
All economic credit will All economic credit will be controlled by a be controlled by a national banknational bank
Control of communication Control of communication and transportation systemsand transportation systems
Control of factories and all Control of factories and all means of productionmeans of production
Creation of industrial and Creation of industrial and economic worker armieseconomic worker armies
Equal distribution of Equal distribution of populationpopulation
Free public education, no Free public education, no child labor, combine school child labor, combine school with industrial productionwith industrial production
Russia, which had grown to become the world’s largest nation, was the first try
communism.
By the early 20th century, Communist ideas were spreading. In Russia, in Spring 1917, a revolution ousted the last czar, (leader)
and he and his family were captured, imprisoned, and eventually killed.
Later that fall, a second revolution toppled the provisional government, and the
world’s first Communist, government was set up. After an internal civil war, the new nation eventually expanded, and became
known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1922.
Nicholas II was the last czar. He and Nicholas II was the last czar. He and his family were executed in 1918.his family were executed in 1918.
Vladimir
Lenin
Under his “leadership”,
Russia became a
Communist country, and eventually, the Soviet Union was formed.
Ages are Ages are approximateapproximate
::
4 17 254 17 25
48 5348 53
When Lenin died in 1924, after having 3 strokes and a heart attack, his body was embalmed and displayed for the Soviet people to pay their respects. Even though the Soviet Union no longer exists, you can still visit his tomb. Recently, there has been serious talk of finally burying him.
Joseph Stalin, seen here at ages 16, 32, and 40, was a
brutal successor to Lenin, who before his death, started to dislike him. He ruled until 1953, when he was likely
poisoned.
Under Stalin’s brutal leadership, millions of Under Stalin’s brutal leadership, millions of people were forced to move from their homes.people were forced to move from their homes.
Farms were taken over by the government, Farms were taken over by the government, and superhuman efforts were required of the and superhuman efforts were required of the population as Stalin made the Soviet Union population as Stalin made the Soviet Union industrialized.industrialized.
People who spoke out against his policies People who spoke out against his policies were, jailed, shot, or sent to Siberian labor were, jailed, shot, or sent to Siberian labor camps. camps.
Most historians agree that he is responsible Most historians agree that he is responsible for more deaths than Hitler.for more deaths than Hitler.
Stalin and LeninStalin and Lenin
The World WarsThe World Wars
Competition for colonies and power, Competition for colonies and power, along with secret alliances, led to a along with secret alliances, led to a massive war fought between 1914-18.massive war fought between 1914-18.
Russia’s revolutions occurred in 1917, Russia’s revolutions occurred in 1917, and the Communists pulled Russia out.and the Communists pulled Russia out.
World War I left Europe in a mess, with World War I left Europe in a mess, with many remaining problems and questions many remaining problems and questions left unanswered.left unanswered.
Europe on the verge of World War I -- Europe on the verge of World War I -- 19141914
These problems, as well as a worldwide These problems, as well as a worldwide economic depression, helped dictators economic depression, helped dictators like Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini rise like Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini rise to power in the nations of Germany and to power in the nations of Germany and Italy respectively.Italy respectively.
These very aggressive dictators set out to These very aggressive dictators set out to conquer their neighbors and much of the conquer their neighbors and much of the world.world.
Between 1939-45, the largest conflict in Between 1939-45, the largest conflict in the history of the world occurred as the history of the world occurred as countries joined forces to stop them.countries joined forces to stop them.
The Axis
Powers at their peak
in 1942.
The war devastated much of Europe, and The war devastated much of Europe, and left millions dead or homeless.left millions dead or homeless.
The Soviet Union alone The Soviet Union alone lost at least 20 lost at least 20 million soldiers and civiliansmillion soldiers and civilians..
Millions of people from different ethnic Millions of people from different ethnic groups, as well as homosexuals and the groups, as well as homosexuals and the handicapped were murdered.handicapped were murdered.
One of the worst atrocities was the One of the worst atrocities was the slaughter of over 6 million Jews known as slaughter of over 6 million Jews known as the the HOLOCAUSTHOLOCAUST..
The Cold WarThe Cold War
After World War II, Western Europe was no longer the center of power in
the world.
The United States was the major supporter of freedom and democracy,
while the Soviet Union sought to expand Communism around the world.
Harry S. TrumanHarry S. Truman--
U. S. President 1945-U. S. President 1945-5353
In 1947, as it looked like Greece and Turkey would fall under the influence of
Communism, President Truman pledged financial
and military support.
In what later became known as the “Truman
Doctrine”, the president said it would be, “the policy of the United
States to support free peoples who are
resisting attempted subjugation by armed
minorities or by outside pressures.”
The U. S. provided approximately $25 billion in aid The U. S. provided approximately $25 billion in aid to Europeans following the war in rebuilding to Europeans following the war in rebuilding
efforts.efforts.
Many countries benefitted from the generosity
of the American people.
The aid was given for
humanitarian as well as political purposes. The United States
wanted to keep Western Europe
strong, and prevent the spread of
Communism.
The Soviet Union was determined to not be vulnerable to a third German invasion. While pushing back the
Nazis, the Soviets ended up occupying many nations of Eastern Europe.
They also refused to give up the portion of eastern Germany they had conquered. Germany, as well as the capital city of Berlin, were divided by
the four allies.
To prevent To prevent another another invasion invasion from the from the West, the West, the
Soviet Union Soviet Union set up set up
communist communist puppet puppet
states in states in Eastern Eastern Europe.Europe.
The Berlin Airlift of 1948-49The Berlin Airlift of 1948-49
Joseph Stalin, the Soviet dictator was Joseph Stalin, the Soviet dictator was determined to drive the allies out of determined to drive the allies out of BerlinBerlin..
Highway and railway traffic was cut.Highway and railway traffic was cut. Undeterred, the allies led by the U. S. Undeterred, the allies led by the U. S.
airlifted food and other supplies to over airlifted food and other supplies to over 2 million West Berliners. 2 million West Berliners.
Stalin gave up in 1949.Stalin gave up in 1949.
Joseph Stalin, the Soviet
leader from 1922 until 1953, was determined
to drive the western allies out of Berlin.
He failed.
The Berlin Airlift of 1948-
49
Gail Halvorsen, a native of Utah was known as the “Candy Bomber” for dropping gum and chocolate to West Berlin’s children.
The British, French, and
American zones became West
Germany. Berlin also remained
divided.
The Communists even built a wall The Communists even built a wall dividing the city that stood from 1961 dividing the city that stood from 1961
until 1989.until 1989.
For several decades, a
divided Europe was a pawn in
the dangerous
chess game
between the United States and the Soviet
Union.
The Cold WarThe Cold War
Between 1945-1990, the two powerful Between 1945-1990, the two powerful nations faced off as competitors.nations faced off as competitors.
Some historians have even suggested Some historians have even suggested that this struggle between the two great that this struggle between the two great powers was actually World War III.powers was actually World War III.
Europe, and the divided country of Europe, and the divided country of Germany and the city of Berlin were Germany and the city of Berlin were major players in this competition.major players in this competition.
Major conflicts such as the Korean and Major conflicts such as the Korean and Vietnam wars were directly related to this Vietnam wars were directly related to this struggle with the Soviet Union.struggle with the Soviet Union.
