Download - Eukaryotic cell structure. Plasma membrane boundary between cell and external environment
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Eukaryotic cell structure
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Plasma membrane
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Plasma membrane
• boundary between cell and external environment
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Plasma membrane
• boundary between cell and external environment• controls movement of material entering and exiting the cell
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Plasma membrane
• boundary between cell and external environment• controls movement of material entering and exiting the cell( oxygen, nutrients, etc. enter ~ waste products and excess water leave)
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Plasma membrane
• boundary between cell and external environment• controls movement of material entering and exiting the cell( oxygen, nutrients, etc. enter ~ waste products and excess water leave)• flexible and allows cell to vary its shape if needed
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How do things cross a cell membrane?
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How do things cross a cell membrane?
• some materials enter and leave through protein passageways
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How do things cross a cell membrane?
• some materials enter and leave through protein passageways
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How do things cross a cell membrane?
• some materials enter and leave through protein passageways
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• Other materials pass directly through the membrane
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Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region in which they are highly concentrated to a
region in which they are less concentrated
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Cell wall
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Cell wall
• an additional external boundary outside the plasma membrane in some cells
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Cell wall
• an additional external boundary outside the plasma membrane in some cells• relatively inflexible
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Cell wall
• an additional external boundary outside the plasma membrane in some cells• relatively inflexible• much thicker than the plasma membrane
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Cell wall
• an additional external boundary outside the plasma membrane in some cells• relatively inflexible• much thicker than the • plasma membrane• found in the cells of plants, fungi, almost all bacteria, and some protists
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Cell wall
• an additional external boundary outside the plasma membrane in some cells• relatively inflexible• much thicker than the • plasma membrane• found in the cells of plants, fungi, almost all bacteria, and some protists• not found in animal cells
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Cell wall
• made of different substances in different organisms
Cellulose in plants (forms fibers . . . The
fiber in our diet)
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Nucleus
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Nucleus
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Nucleus
• the organelle that manages cell functions in a eukaryotic cell
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Nucleus
• the organelle that manages cell functions in a eukaryotic cell
• contains our DNA
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Nuclear envelope
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Nuclear envelope
• surrounds the nucleus
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Nuclear envelope
• surrounds the nucleus
• is four layers thick (2 double layers)
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Nuclear envelope
• surrounds the nucleus
• is four layers thick (2 double layers)
• has large pores (materials can pass between nucleus and the rest of the cell)
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Chromatin
• Long strands of DNA
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Chromatin
• Long strands of DNA
• Packs into identifiable chromosomes when cells are dividing (reproducing)
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Nucleolus
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Nucleolus
• A region in the nucleus
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Nucleolus
• A region in the nucleus
• Produces tiny cell particles (called ribosomes) that are involved in protein synthesis
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Ribosomes
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Ribosomes
• The site where the cell assembles enzymes and other proteins according to the directions of the DNA
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Ribosomes
• The site where the cell assembles enzymes and other proteins according to the directions of the DNA
• Are cell organelles
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Ribosomes
• The site where the cell assembles enzymes and other proteins according to the directions of the DNA
• Are cell organelles
• Are NOT bounded by a membrane.
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Cytoplasm
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Cytoplasm
• Material that lies outside the nucleus and surrounds the organelles
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Cytoplasm
• Material that lies outside the nucleus and surrounds the organelles
• A clear fluid
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Cytoplasm
• Material that lies outside the nucleus and surrounds the organelles
• A clear fluid
• Usually constitutes a little more than half the volume of an animal cell
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Cytoplasm
• Material that lies outside the nucleus and surrounds the organelles
• A clear fluid
• Usually constitutes a little more than half the volume of an animal cell
• Most important chemical reactions take place here
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E.R.
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E.R.
• Endoplasmic reticulum
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E.R.
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• A folded membrane, surrounded by cytoplasm
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A large surface area can be packed into a small area by folding the surfaces
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Can you think of another example of a large surface area in a relatively small space in the human body?
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Can you think of another example of a large surface area in a relatively small space in the human body?
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E.R. cont’d
• Has a large surface area on which chemical reactions can take place
• The site of lipid synthesis in the cell
• There are 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum . . .
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E.R. cont’d
• Has a large surface area on which chemical reactions can take place
• The site of lipid synthesis in the cell
• There are 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum . . .
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Rough E.R.
• Coated with ribosomes
Smooth E.R.
Area of the endoplasmic reticulum without ribosomes
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Storage in the cell
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Golgi apparatus
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Golgi apparatus
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Golgi apparatus
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Golgi apparatus
• series of closely-packed, flattened membrane sacks (looks like a stack of pancakes)
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Golgi apparatus
• series of closely-packed, flattened membrane sacks (looks like a stack of pancakes)• is a sort of sorting center
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Golgi apparatus
• series of closely-packed, flattened membrane sacks (looks like a stack of pancakes)• is a sort of sorting center• receives new proteins and lipids from the E.R.
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Golgi apparatus
• series of closely-packed, flattened membrane sacks (looks like a stack of pancakes)• is a sort of sorting center• receives new proteins and lipids from the E.R.• distributes proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane and other cell organelles
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Golgi apparatus
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Golgi apparatus
New proteins and lipids travel from the E.R to the Gogli body.
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Golgi apparatus
New proteins and lipids travel from the E.R to the Gogli body.
They travel in small membrane-bound
transport packages (or vesicles)
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Golgi apparatus
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Golgi apparatus
• chemically modifies the proteins it receives
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Golgi apparatus
• chemically modifies the proteins it receives
• repackages proteins and sends them to their final destination in the cell
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Vacuole
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Vacuole• space for temporary storage of materials
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Vacuole• space for temporary storage of materials
• sac of fluid surrounded by a membrane
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Vacuole• space for temporary storage of materials
• sac of fluid surrounded by a membrane
• often store food, enzymes, and other materials needed by the cell
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Vacuole• space for temporary storage of materials
• sac of fluid surrounded by a membrane
• often store food, enzymes, and other materials needed by the cell
•Some store waste products
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Vacuole• space for temporary storage of materials
• sac of fluid surrounded by a membrane
• often store food, enzymes, and other materials needed by the cell
•Some store waste products
•A plant cell has a single large vacuole that stores water and other substances
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Lysosomes
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Lysosomes
• Disassemble things
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Lysosomes
• Disassemble things
• Contain digestive enzymes
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Lysosomes
• Disassemble things
• Contain digestive enzymes
• Digest excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles, and invading virus and bacteria
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Structures for
Support &
Locomotion
The cell
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Less than 50 years ago, scientists thought plastids and other organelles just floated in
a sea of cytoplasm . . .
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We now know that cells have a support structure called the
cytoskeleton within the cytoplasm
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Cytoskeleton
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Cytoskeleton
• network of thin, fibrous elements
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Cytoskeleton
• network of thin, fibrous elements • provides support for organelles
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Cytoskeleton
• network of thin, fibrous elements • provides support for organelles• dynamic and constantly changing structure
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Cytoskeleton
• network of thin, fibrous elements • provides support for organelles• dynamic and constantly changing structure•Helps maintain cell shape (like poles in a tent)
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Cytoskeleton
• network of thin, fibrous elements • provides support for organelles• dynamic and constantly changing structure•Helps maintain cell shape (like poles in a tent)• usually composed of microtubules and microfilaments
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Microtubules
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Microtubules
• thin, hollow cylinders made of protein
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Microtubules
• thin, hollow cylinders made of protein
• act as tracks on which organelles move from place to place
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Microfilaments
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Microfilaments
• thin, solid protein fibers
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Microfilaments
• thin, solid protein fibers
• important in muscle cell contraction and in cell locomotion – the movement of whole cells from place to place
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Cilia
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Cilia
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Cilia
• short, numerous hair-like projections out of the plasma membrane
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Cilia
• short, numerous hair-like projections out of the plasma membrane• tend to occur in a large number on a cell’s surface
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Cilia
• short, numerous hair-like projections out of the plasma membrane• tend to occur in a large number on a cell’s surface• have a coordinated beating activity
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Cilia
• short, numerous hair-like projections out of the plasma membrane• tend to occur in a large number on a cell’s surface• have a coordinated beating activity • organisms that contain many cells have cilia that move fluidsover a cell’s surface, rather thanmoving the cell itself
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Cilia
Cilia can be found in windpipe. They beat and propel particles of dirt and mucus
towards the mouth and nose, where they are expelled
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Flagella
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Flagella
• longer projections that move with a whip-like motion
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Flagella
• longer projections that move with a whip-like motion• cells that have flagella have only one or two per cell
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Flagella
• longer projections that move with a whip-like motion• cells that have flagella have only one or two per cell• in single-celled organisms, cilia AND flagella are the major means of locomotion