RESEARCH Open Access
Ethnomedicinal plants used by localinhabitants of Jakholi block, Rudraprayagdistrict, western Himalaya, IndiaAnkit Singh1, Mohan C. Nautiyal1, Ripu M. Kunwar2* and Rainer W. Bussmann3
Abstract
Background: Ethnomedicinal knowledge of the Indian Himalayas is very interesting because of the wide range ofmedicinal plants used in traditional medical practice. However, there is a danger of knowledge being lost becausethe knowledge sharing is very limited and passed on orally. The present study is the first ethnomedicinal study inJakholi area of Rudraprayag district of Northwestern India. The aim of present study was to identify traditionalmedicinal plants used by the inhabitants to treat different ailments and document the associated knowledge ofthese medicinal plants.
Methods: An ethnomedicinal survey was carried out in 72 of 133 villages and alpine pastures of Jakholi block(800–4000 m asl). Door to door surveys and group discussions, applying semi-structured questionnaires wereconducted with traditional healers and villagers in local language (Garhwali). Informant Consensus Factor (ICF)was computed to analyse collected ethnomedicinal data.
Results: A total of 78 species (Gymnosperms 3 species, Monocotyledons 12 and 63 Dicotyledons) belonging to73 genera in 46 families were identified to treat 14 different ailments categories. Most dominant family is Asteraceae(5 species). In disease treated categories, Diseases of the skin (DE) have the highest proportion (29.55%) followedby Gastro- intestinal disorder (GA) (25.89%). The most life form of plants used was herb (56%) followed by tree (23%)while root was the most frequently used part of the plants and the traditional preparation was mainly applied in theform of paste (37%). The highest ICF value (0.99) was found for hair ailments (HA) followed ophthalmologic complaints(OP) and mental afflictions (MA) (0.98).
Conclusions: The present study provides valuable information about traditional knowledge of medicinal plants ofJakholi Block in the Northwestern Himalaya, India. Local communities still possess large traditional knowledge ofplants and their therapeutic uses and that the link of that traditional knowledge to modern research could be ofimportance for the isolation of new phytotherapeutic compounds leading to the development of novel therapeuticactive agents. Some of the ethnomedicinal plants are facing high threats and are becoming rare, and conservationinitiatives are needed to conserve them for sustainable management in the region.
Keywords: Conservation, Informant consensus factor, Medicinal plants, Sustainable use, Traditional knowledge,Western Himalaya
* Correspondence: [email protected] Solutions, Kathmandu, NepalFull list of author information is available at the end of the article
© The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, andreproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link tothe Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 DOI 10.1186/s13002-017-0178-3
BackgroundThe Himalaya is a dynamic area, covering over 18% ofthe Indian subcontinent and harbouring about 8000 spe-cies of angiosperms, 1748 of which are used for theirtherapeutic properties [1]. The region has been wellknown for its rich ethnomedicinal flora since ancienttimes [2].Plants are used since long time to cure intense chronic
diseases, and also as a source of food, shelter and cloth-ing. Due to very low expense and good results thesemedicinal practices are transmitted through generationto generation and still practiced in different communi-ties. These valuable medicinal plants contain rich bio-active compounds which serve various pharmacologicalactivity. Ethnic people depend on the plants aroundthem to gain economic values and primary health carebenefits which is based on need, observation, experienceof older ethnic people, and trial and error [3]. About65% of the Indian population depend on traditionalmedicine [4]. The study area is interesting due to widegeographic and climatic condition and medicinal plantsdiversity of Jakholi Block makes this region an especiallyvaluable treasure home of a wide range of wild medicinaland aromatic plants. Ethnic people, shepherd and tra-ditional medicinal practitioner (Vaidyas and Daai) in-habit within a range of 700–3800 m asl and have highknowledge of medicinal plants uses. Local wooden andstone tools are commonly used to prepare medicinalremedies. Most diseases cured by local herbalist arecommon problems such as respiratory diseases, achesand pains, wounds and musculoskeletal ailments. Inhabi-tants often use local medicinal plants without prior ad-vice of local traditional healers because they are usingthese plants since generations. In these connections, thepresent study was carried out to provide an overview ofthe knowledge of medicinal plants of the local and trad-itional healers of Jakholi area and to evaluate the statusof these useful medicinal flora for identification of newdrugs for health needs and suitable source of income forlivelihood of inhabitants. We hypothesize that plant use atJakholi would show similar response to other Himalayanregions, and that the local medicinal flora would havebeen overharvested.The first step of diagnosis by local healers is checking
the pulse rate and heartbeat, then examining the fore-head, eyes, tongue and in some cases also the urine.The body temperature and colour are major key factorsto identify health problems. Medicinal plants play avital role in the local economy and health care, and de-mand is increasing. Many populations of medicinalplants seem to drastically decline due to overexploi-tation and unsustainable harvesting. Most of the im-portant alpine medicinal plants are becoming rare andendangered.
MethodsStudy area and sitesThe Jakholi Block is located between the coordinates 30°37′ 08.88″ to 30° 15′13.47″N and 79° 03′43.79″ to78° 50′07.97″E (Google Earth Pro Us dept. of StateGeographer 2017) in district Rudraprayag westernHimalayas India. Medicinal plants sampling was donefrom alpine meadows of Panwali Kantha (3500 – 4000 m)to lower altitudes (800 m) (Fig. 1). Annual average rain fallis around 1850–2000 mm with temperature ranging from− 5 to 15 °C in winter and 20 to 35 °C in summer (Highland to lower hills).This study was conducted in Jakholi Block of
Rudraprayag district, located in north west Uttarakhand.The total area is about 500 km2 including 133 villages [5],with a total estimated population of 74,759 (34,126 maleand 40,633 female) [6]. Most of the inhabitants live insmall villages, and few families are shepherds and staymostly in alpine areas (Bugyal and Kharka) for 7 –10 months a year. Most of the inhabitants are farmers.Medical facilities are rare in Jakholi block, and most of thehealth problems are cured traditionally by local medicine.For chronic diseases people have to travel more than100 – 200 km from their village to get attention at healthfacilities. Most of the younger generation, especially men,migrate to cities in order to find employment. Womenand elder people live in the villages. Inhabitants are ge-nerally belonging to three major cast group, Jajman,Brahman and Oji (about 65%, 15%, 20% respectively), andHinduism is the major religion of the inhabitants. Mostpeople speak Garhwali, and Hindi is the secondary majorlanguage of the region. Mountain terrace farming is abun-dant in region, (Fig. 2a), with three crops a year: Rabi(October–April/May e.g. Wheat, Barley, Mustard), Kharif(April–October e.g. Rice, Corn), and Jayad (May–Octobere.g. Cucumber, Pumpkin, Beans).
Data collectionA total of 220 individuals were surveyed during thestudy. Among them some key participants which wereexperienced and rich knowledge of the medicinal florawere selected for collection and identification of localmedicinal plants. All interviews were conducted afterobtaining oral and verbal prior informed consents fromall individual participants.The study was conducted during October 2014 to
September 2015 in randomly selected villages of Jakholiand information about local medicinal plants was alsogathered from shepherds (Bakrwal) and ranchers (Maur)in the alpine regions, and their homesteads (commonlycalled Kharka and Maira/Chani viz. Panwali Kantha,Jadi, Koni and Matya, Fig. 2b).Household survey was conducted using individual per-
sonal meetings and group discussions as well as field
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 2 of 29
surveys [7–9]. (Fig. 2c). Questionnaires were prepared inEnglish, but interviews were conducted in local language(Garhwali) (Appendix 1) for more convenience andaccuracy. As the first author is local person of region soeasy understanding and conversations with local people,together more information.List of local medicinal plants with common name were
prepared and photographs were also supplemented formore information about uses and identification. Formore reliable information, diseases base questionnaireswere used. Information about medicinal plants includelocal name, plant parts used, drug preparation, mode of
administration and doses were recorded. For verificationand agreement about the medicinal uses, informationgiven by a respondent was discussed in households asgroup discussion.Twenty-five key participants including 11 traditional
healers, two shepherds, and 12 other local inhabitantswere interviewed and their experience, knowledge ofmedicinal plants, methods of drug preparation, andpracticing with traditional tools (Fig. 2d), etc. were re-corded. Monthly schedules were made for data and plantcollection including two alpine/pasture surveys weremade in July and September. So the participants were
Fig.1 Jakholi Block of district Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand, India
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 3 of 29
interviewed at their homes or at pastures. Medicinalplants were catalogued, and their voucher specimenswere collected [10]. Dried specimens were poisonedusing 0.1% HgCl2 and ethyl-alcohol, and then mountedon herbarium sheets. Collected samples were identifiedwith the help of a local flora [11, 12] and further verifiedthrough comparison with prior collections from thebotanical survey of India (BSI, Northern circle Herbarium,Dehradun). Plant names were also checked in “Tropicos”http://www.tropicos.org as well as “The Plant List”(http://www.theplantlist.org), and all preserved speci-mens deposited at the Herbarium of HNB GarhwalUniversity, Srinagar (HAPPRC).
Data analysisData were simply evaluated through informant consen-sus factor (ICF) described by Trotter and Logan [13, 14]and ethnomedicinal data were checked and comparedwith previous literature for new use reports. The ICFmeasures the consensus in using plants in a group abouttreating an illness in the study area. The ICF was calcu-lated following:
ICF = Nur - Ntaxa / (Nur-1)
Where Nur refers to the number of use-reports for aparticular ailment category and N taxa refers to thenumber of taxa used for a particular ailment category byall participants. ICF value ranges from 0 to 1. It should
be stressed that high ICF value (close to 1.0) indicates thatrelatively few taxa are used by a large proportion of partic-ipants. On the contrary low ICF value (close to 0) indicatesa randomly use of plants by participants in treating illness.Jaccard index (JI) is calculated by comparison of previ-
ously published studies from Himalaya and analyzed thepercentages of quoted species and their medicinal usesby using the following formula:
JI = c × 100/a + b - c
where “a” is the number of species of the area A, “b” isthe number of species of the area B, and “c” is the num-ber of species common to A and B [15].A comparison with previously published data collected
from different regions was performed by evaluating per-centages of the quoted species and their medicinal usesby applying Sorensen’s similarity index formula [16].
QS = 2c/a + b × 100
where, “a” is number of species in an area A, “b” is num-ber of species in area B and “c” is number of speciescommon to area A and B.
Results and discussionSocio-economyDuring the ethnomedicinal survey, a total of 220 peoplewere interviewed, including shepherds at Panwali Kantha
A B
C D
Fig. 2 Different localities and collection of information a Mountain terrace farming field b Panwali kantha homesteads of shepherd c Groupdiscussion d Traditional formulation with tools
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 4 of 29
(3500 – 4000 m asl), forests and Kharka (their home-steads) during June–September 2015. The sociologicalprofile of the participants is given in Table 1. Most par-ticipants were from 50 to 59 age group. Only 25 par-ticipants were traditional healers (Vaidyas and Daai) andthe key informants for this study. Less than 9 % par-ticipants were < 40 years old, about 30% were illiterate,while many of the young practitioners hold a degree/dip-loma (Table 2). Almost all illiterates were > 50 years older.
Ethnomedicinal plantsA total of 78 medicinal plant species belonging to 72genera of 46 families including 3 gymnosperm speciesand 75 angiosperms (12 monocotyledons and 63 dicoty-ledonous) presented in (Table 3) was reported. The mostrepresented families were Asteraceae (5 species), followedby Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae (4 specieseach) and Berberidaceae, Poaceae, Zingiberaceae (3 spe-cies each) (Fig. 3). Picrorhiza kurroa and Aconitum hete-rophyllum were common ethnomedicinal plants amongall participants because these plants are culturally import-ant as they have long been using for generations and dueto their rich bioactive constituents.
Life forms and plant parts usedIn present study, 56% of the species were herbs, followedby trees (23%), shrubs (12%), and climbers (9%) (Fig. 4),similar to other studies carried out in Himalaya [1, 17, 18],probably due to the presence of a wide range of richbioactive medicinal plants in the Himalaya [19]. Trad-itional healers often use herbs and trees most commonlyas medicine because of their easy availability [20]. Besidesthis, herbs can be manipulated with easiness in herbalpreparation methods and extraction of bioactive com-pounds [21]. Less percentage of climbers might be due toless availability and difficult to harvest from huge growthof supporting material (Tree) in temperate area. Availa-bility is found as a major reason to use the plants inHimalaya followed by cultural reason.In present study different plant parts were used to pre-
pare herbal preparation of drugs (Fig. 5). The common
plants parts were roots (26%) followed by leaves (20%),fruit (8%), bark and rhizome (7%) whole plant, tuber andseeds (each 6%), aerial part and stem or branches (each5%), flower, latex resin or gum, bulb, (each 1%). Rootwere frequently used in folklore of Jakholi for herbalpreparations similar to [1, 22] Root proportion is highprobably due to root consist rich of active ingredients[23]. Leaves were second most useful plant part it mightbe due to easy availability and it is thought that leavescontain more easily extractable phytochemicals, crudedrugs and many other mixtures which may be proven asvaluable regarding phytotherapy [24].
Mode of drug preparation and traditional toolsOut of total 148 preparations, the herbal medicine for-mulations prepared according to the traditional uses asfollows: paste (lepa) (37%), juice/extract (rasa) (29%),powder (churna, 21%), decoction (kwath/kaada) (6%),semi-dried (avleha) (4%), oil (taila/ghee), solid extract(sattva), and cooked with milk (paka) (each 1%) (Figs. 6,7 and 8). The most frequent use of paste and juice mightbe due to easy preparation and effectiveness of herbaldrugs. Water was commonly used as solvent if requiredfor the preparation. Sometimes milk or honey was usedas a matrix or added to increase viscosity of the prepar-ation as reported in earlier study [25]. Paste is made bycrushing plant parts and then mixing it with oil or water.Administration of dosages was taken mostly twice andthrice a day. Besides above, according to few participantsthe dosage depends on the age and physical appearanceof the patient [24].Mostly traditional tools used by local
Table 1 Age and gender information of inhabitants and local practitioners
Gender
Age group Male Female Vaidyas (male) Daai (female) No of persons Percentage
30 – 39 14 6 0 0 20 9.09
40 – 49 23 14 3 1 41 18.63
50 – 59 27 36 2 4 69 31.36
60 – 69 30 29 3 3 65 29.54
70 – 79 9 7 4 2 22 10
80 + − − 3 − 3 1.36
Total 103 92 15 10 220
Table 2 Literacy rate of participants
Education level No. of individuals Percent
Illiterate 64 29.11
1 - 5th 87 39.54
6 - 10th 43 19.54
11 - 12th 19 8.63
≤ 12th 7 3.18
Total 220
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 5 of 29
Table
3Ethn
omed
icinalplantsused
bylocalinh
abitantsof
JakholiB
lock,Rud
raprayag
district,Uttarakhand
,Ind
ia
PlantFamily,b
otanicalname
andcollectionnu
mbe
rCom
mon
/Eng
lish
name
LFPartsused
Prep
aration,
Doses,app
licationandailm
entscatego
ries
∑Citatio
nPrevious
uses
repo
rted
Acanthaceae
Barleria
cristataL.
ASR
HAPPRC
1461
Kularkatya
/Ku
ladya/
Philipp
ineviolet
HLeaves,Roo
tLeaf
androot
pasteappliedin
cutsandwou
nds.(60,DE)
601●
,2●,3●
,4●,5●
,6●,7▲
,8●,
9●,10●
,11▲
,12●
,13●
,14●,15▲,16▲
,17●
,18●
,19▲
,20●
,21Δ
,22●
,23●
,24●
,25●,26●,27▲,28●
,29●
,30▲
,31●
,32●
,33●
,34●
,35●
Justicaadha
toda
L.ASR
HAPPRC
1601
Basing
u/Malabar
nut
SLeaves,Stem,
Flow
erLeaf
buds
(5–10)
decoction(kwath)
100mla
timetaken
thriceadayfortreatm
entof
stom
achacheandfever
(12,23
GA,FI)
Stem
used
forcleaning
teeth.(31,DP)
Flow
erpo
wde
r(chu
rna)
used
forcoug
handcold
(15,RE)
Leaf
extract/juiceappliedfortreatm
entof
cutand
wou
nds.(3,D
E)
841▲
,2▲,3●,4●
,5Δ,6●
,7●,8●
,9●,10●,11▲12●,13●,
14●,15●,16●,17●,18●,19▲,20●
,21Δ
,22●
,23▲
,24Δ
,25●,26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31Δ,32●,33●,34●,35●
Acoraceae
Acorus
calamus
L.ASR
HAPPRC
1456
Bauj
/Baj/S
weetflag
HRh
izom
eRh
izom
epo
wde
r(chu
rna)
(2-4
g)+½
teaspo
onMishri
(Sug
arlumps)(2–4
g)ge
ntlymixed
incold
water
(250
ml)
drun
kthriceadayas
itactsas
refrige
rant.(11,G
A)
Rhizom
epo
wde
r(chu
rna)
used
forcleaning
teeth.
(12,DP)
Freshor
driedrhizom
eextractdo
seof
2–3teaspo
ons
takenorallythriceadayinclud
ing1takenearly
morning
before
eatin
g,fortreatm
entof
stom
achache(jonku).
(15,GA)
Rhizom
egarland
used
toincrease
child
immun
ity(17,DU)a
ndalso
used
tocure
jaun
dice.(16
GA)
Rhizom
epasteappliedin
burns,cutsandwou
nds.(4,D
E)
751Δ
,2Δ,3●
,4Δ,5●
,6●,7●
,8●,9Δ
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14Δ
,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19Δ,20●,21●,22Δ,23▲,24●
,25Δ
,26●,27▲,28●
,29●
,30Δ
,31●
,32●
,33Δ
,34●
,35Δ
Amaryllidaceae
Allium
cepa
L.ASR
HAPPRC
1404
Pyaz/O
nion
HBu
lbBu
lbjuice(swarasa)
used
fortreatm
entof
burns,and
skin
diseases.(69,D
E)Bu
lbjuice1–2drop
isused
forearache.(29,EC
)
981●
,2●,3Δ
,4Δ,5●
,6●,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11●
,12Δ
,13●
,14Δ
,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20Δ,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,
26●,27▲,28●
,29●
,30●
,31●
,32●
,33●
,34●
,35●
Anacardiaceae
Man
gifera
indica
L.ASR
HAPPRC
1618
Aam
/Mango
TSeed
sSeed
extract/juice(ra
sa)(Fig.11)
1teaspo
onused
tocure
stom
achache,dysenteryanddiarrhea
(especially
for
child)(12,19,G
A)
311●
,2●,3●
,4●,5Δ
,6●,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14Δ,15●,16●,17Δ,18●,19●,20Δ,21●,22●,23●,24●,
25●,26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●
Apiaceae
Centellaasiatica(L.)Urban
ASR
HAPPRC
1408
Brahmi/A
siatic
penn
ywort
HAerialp
art
Bram
hileaf
pasteappliedfortreatm
entof
headache
.(25,HA)
Dailyuseof
bram
hijuicebe
neficialfor
eyesight,leaf
powde
r(chu
rna)
isalso
used
forsameactio
n.(40,OP)
651Δ
,2Δ,3▲
,4Δ,5Δ
,6●,7●
,8●,9Δ
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●,15●,16●,17Δ,18▲,19●
,20●
,21●
,22Δ
,23Δ
,24Δ
,25Δ,26●,27Δ,28Δ,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34Δ,35●
Apo
cynaceae
Calotropisgigantea
(L.)Dryand.
ASR
HAPPRC
1413
Aak/CrownFlow
erS
Leaves,Latex
Leaves
used
fortreatm
entof
jointpain,swelling(usedas
garam
patti).(37,SK)
Latexisuseful
inskin
diseases.(2,DE)
391●
,2●,3●
,4Δ,5Δ
,6●,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11Δ
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19Δ,20Δ,21Δ,22●,23●,24●,25Δ,26●,
27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35Δ
Aspho
delaceae
Aloe
vera
(L.)Brum
.f.ASR
HAPPRC
1627
Alovera
/Gwarpatha
HLeaves
Leaves
sacisused
fortreatm
entof
skin
diseases
and
burns.(65,DE)
651Δ
,2▲,3●,4●
,5●,6●
,7●,8●
,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,
15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,26●,
27Δ,28●,29●,30▲,31Δ
,32●
,33●
,34●
,35●
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 6 of 29
Table
3Ethn
omed
icinalplantsused
bylocalinh
abitantsof
JakholiB
lock,Rud
raprayag
district,Uttarakhand
,Ind
ia(Con
tinued)
Asparagaceae
Asparagusadscendens
Roxb.
ASR
HAPPRC
1456
Jhirn
i/Asparagus
SRo
ot,Seeds
Root
bark
(100
g)+Seed
s(5-10g)
aregrou
ndmixed
with
ghee(clarifiedbu
tter)(1
tablespo
on)andthen
shadedried;
prep
ared
powde
r(chu
rna)
istaken1teaspo
onorallythriceadaywith
milk
toremoveweakness.(98,DU)
Root
(50–60
g)cooked
with
cow
milk
(100
ml)(sod
na)
+1–2tablespo
onsugar,(paka)
takenorallythriceaday
toincrease
mem
orypo
wer
andbo
dyweigh
t.Tube
rous
rootsarealso
galactagog
ue(increasing
andactivating
mam
marygland).(26,G
Y)
124
1●,2▲,3●,4●
,5●,6●
,7●,8▲
,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,
15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19Δ,20●,21Δ,22●,23●,24●,25●,26●,
27Δ,28●,29●,30▲,31Δ
,32●
,33●
,34●
,35●
Asteraceae
Eupatorium
adenopho
raSpreng
.Syn-Ag
eratinaadenop
hora
(Spren
g.)R.M.King
&H.Rob
.ASR
HAPPRC
1529
Basya/Crofton
weed
SLeaves,Stem
Leaves
extract/juiceappliedin
cutsandwou
nds
(antisep
tic)andbu
rns.(108,D
E)Stem
piece(7–9
each
10–15cm
)dipp
edin
500mlw
ater
foranigh
tthen
thisextractisdrun
kearly
morning
for
prom
pttreatm
entof
pimples.(12,D
E)Freshleaves
decoction(kwath)
isused
fortreatm
entof
coug
handcold
(5–10mltaken
orallythriceaday).
(18,RE)
138
1●,2▲,3▲,4●,5●
,6▲,7●,8●
,9▲,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●,15▲,16●
,17▲
,18●
,19●
,20●
,21●
,22●
,23●
,24●
,25●,26●,27▲,28●
,29●
,30●
,31●
,32●
,33●
,34●
,35●
Ageratum
conyzoides
(L.)L
ASR
HAPPRC
1585
Kalabasya/Gun
drya/
Billygo
at-w
eed
HAerialp
arts
Aerialp
lant
partsextractandpasteappliedfortreatm
ent
ofbu
rns,cutsandwou
nds.(36,DE)
361▲
,2▲,3●,4●
,5●,6●
,7▲,8●,9●
,10●
,11▲
,12●
,13●
,14●,15●,16●,17▲,18●
,19●
,20●
,21▲
,22●
,23●
,24●
,25●,26●,27Δ,28▲,29●
,30Δ
,31●
,32●
,33●
,34▲
,35▲
Jurinea
macroceph
alaDC.
ASR
HAPPRC
1620
Bishkand
aroo
HRo
otRo
otpasteappliedfortreatm
entof
boils,p
imples,cuts
andwou
nds,andskin
diseases.(53,6,30,7DE)
961●
,2●,3▲
,4●,5●
,6▲,7●,8●
,9Δ,10●,11●,12●,13●,
14●,15Δ,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22Δ,23Δ,24●,
25●,26●,27●,28●,29●,30●,31●,32▲,33Δ
,34●
,35●
Senecionu
dicaulisBu
ch-Ham
exD.Don
.ASR
HAPPRC
1605
Neelbadi
HWho
leplant
Freshleaves
juice(swarasa)
orextractisused
for
treatm
entof
earprob
lem
(earache
,pussin
earetc.).
(10,EC
)Who
leplantsjuicewith
Mishri(Sugarlumps)(4–6
g)used
asrefrige
rant.(21,G
A)
Leaves
juice(1
teaspo
on)isused
fortreatm
entof
stom
achprob
lems(jonku,mostly
occurringin
children).
(33,GA)
2–3leaves
juicewith
lukewarm
water
isused
for
treatm
entof
fever.(11,FI)
751●
,2●,3●
,4●,5●
,6●,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15●,16▲,17●
,18Δ
,19●
,20●
,21●
,22●
,23●
,24●
,25●
,26●,27▲,28●
,29●
,30●
,31●
32●,33●,34●,35●
Taraxacum
officinale(L.)
Syn-
Taraxacum
campylodesG.E.H
aglund
Web
erex
F.H.Wigg.
ASR
HAPPRC
1434
Kadatu/Com
mon
Dande
lion
HWho
leplant
Tube
rous
root
paste(lepa
)appliedfortreatm
entof
cuts
andwou
nds,he
adache
.(16,17DE,HA)
Root
decoction(kwath)
used
fortreatm
entof
mou
thand
throat
infection.
(2,RE)
Who
leplantpaste(lepa
)used
forskin
diseases
andbo
ils.
(9,D
E)Freshor
driedroot
extract/juiceused
fortreatm
entof
fever.(21,FI)
651●
,2▲,3●,4●
,5Δ,6●
,7●,8●
,9●,10●,11●,12●,13▲,14●
,15Δ,16●,17●,18●,19Δ,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,26Δ,
27Δ,28Δ,29Δ,30▲,31●
,32●
,33Δ
,34●
,35●
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 7 of 29
Table
3Ethn
omed
icinalplantsused
bylocalinh
abitantsof
JakholiB
lock,Rud
raprayag
district,Uttarakhand
,Ind
ia(Con
tinued)
Berberidaceae
BerberischitriaBu
ch.H
amex
Lind
lASR
HAPPRC
1411
Totar/Totru
SRo
otDecoctio
n(Rasou
t)(Fig.8)isused
fortreatm
entof
eye
fluandconjun
ctivitis.(110,O
P)Ro
ot(5–10g)
rubb
edwith
water
then
½teaspo
ontaken
orallythricea
dayfortreatm
entof
stom
achache.(3,G
A)
Freshroot
extract/juice½
teaspo
onthriceadayfor
treatm
entof
diabetes.(7,DI)
120
1●,2●,3●
,4●,5●
,6●,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,
26●,27▲,28▲
,29●
,30●
,31●
,32●
,33●
,34●
,35●
Berberislyceum
Royle
ASR
HAPPRC
1594
King
od/Barbe
rry
SRo
ot,Inflore-
scen
ceDecoctio
n(Rasou
t)(Fig.8)of
root
isused
fortreatm
ent
ofconjun
ctivitis(2–3
drop
administeredfor3–5days.
(101,O
P)½-1
teaspo
onrasout
takenorallythriceadayfor
treatm
entof
stom
achache.(3,G
A)
Flow
erextract/juiceisalso
used
fortreatm
entof
eye
infection.
(1,O
P)Ro
otisalso
used
intreatm
entof
diabetes.(7,DI)
112
1▲,2▲,3●,4●
,5●,6●
,7●,8●
,9●,10●,11●,12Δ,13●,14●,
15●,16Δ,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,
26●,27▲,28●
,29Δ
,30▲
,31▲
,32▲
,33▲
,34●
,35●
Podoph
yllum
hexand
rum
Royle
Syn-
Sino
podoph
yllum
hexand
rum
(Royle)T.S.
Ying
ASR
HAPPRC
1611
Bankakhri/Ind
ian
Podo
phyllum
HRo
otRo
otpaste(lepa
)used
fortreatm
entof
cutsandwou
nds,
boils,skindiseases.(3,31,8,D
E)42
1●,2●,3▲
,4●,5●
,6▲,7●,8●
,9▲,10▲
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●,15▲,16●
,17●
,18●
,19●
,20●
,21●
,22Δ
,23Δ
,24●
,25●,26●,27●,28●,29●,30Δ,31Δ,32▲,33▲
,34●
,35▲
Betulaceae
BetulautilisD.D
onASR
HAPPRC
1624
Bhoj
/Bh
ojpatra/
Him
alayan
birch
TLeaves,Bark
Leaf
andbark
extract/juiceisused
fortreatm
entof
cut
andwou
nds,bo
ils.(17,D
E)17
1●,2●,3Δ
,4●,5●
,6●,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11●
,12Δ
,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23▲,24●
,25Δ
,26●,27●,28●,29●,30Δ,31●,32▲,33▲
,34●
,35Δ
Brassicaceae
Brassicajuncea
(L.)Czern.
ASR
HAPPRC
1626
Sarson
/Indian
mustard
HSeed
sSeed
soilu
sedas
hairtonicandin
earprob
lems.Also
used
tocure
skin
diseases
(12,42,15,HP,EC
,DE)
691●
,2●,3▲
,4●,5●
,6●,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●,18▲,19●
,20●
,21●
,22●
,23●
,24●
,25●
,26●,27●,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34Δ,35●
Megacarpaea
polyan
draBenth.ex
Madde
nASR
HAPPRC
1616
Barm
olu/Barm
ouH
Who
leplant
Root
(4-6
gfre
shor
dried)
rubb
edor
crushe
dandmixed
with
500mlw
ater
andstayed
outsidein
nigh
tcovered
with
clothanddrun
kearly
morning
fortreatm
entof
fever.(7,FA)
Other
prep
arationforfever(Jar)andrefrige
rant:roo
trubb
edin
chon
thriand½-1
spoo
nmixed
with
1glass
whe
y/bu
tter-m
ilk(cha
nch)
and1spoo
nsugarlumps
(Mishri(Sugarlumps))takentw
iceaday.
Who
leplantisrefrige
rant
(coo
lingeffect)(56,GA).
Root
powde
risalso
bene
ficialfor
abdo
minalprob
lems
(17,GA)
Root
powde
ralso
used
asantid
oteof
snakebite
and
scorpion
sting(ro
otpasteor
powde
rprep
ared
with
ghee
(clarifiedbu
tter)andappliedthriceaday)
(9,PB)
891●
,2●,3▲
,4●,5●
,6▲,7●,8●
,9▲,10●
,11●
,12Δ
,13●
,14●,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,
25●,26●,27●,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●
Caprifoliaceae
Nardostachysjataman
si(D.D
on)DC.
ASR
HAPPRC
1428
Maasi/Spikenard
HRh
izom
eRh
izom
epo
wde
r½
teaspo
ontakenorallythriceaday
with
water
tocure
men
tald
isorde
randinsomnia.
(29,35,M
A)
641●
,2●,3▲
,4▲,5●,6●
,7Δ,8●
,9Δ,10Δ,11●,12Δ,13●,
14●,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22Δ,23Δ,24●,
25●,26●,27●,28●,29●,30●,31●,32Δ,33●,34●,35●
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 8 of 29
Table
3Ethn
omed
icinalplantsused
bylocalinh
abitantsof
JakholiB
lock,Rud
raprayag
district,Uttarakhand
,Ind
ia(Con
tinued)
Valeriana
jataman
siJone
sASR
HAPPRC
1526
Sumaya/Indian
Valerian
HRh
izom
eRh
izom
epo
wde
r½
teaspo
onand5-10
gMishri(Sugar
lumps)takenorallytw
iceadaywith
lukewarm
water
for
treatm
entof
insomnia(7,M
A),abdo
minalpain,d
igestive
prob
lems(2,G
A),coug
handcold.(2,RA
)Rh
izom
epasteappliedin
cutsandwou
nds,bo
ils,skin
diseases
andhe
adache
(4,15,3,2,DE,HA)
351●
,2▲,3●,4Δ
,5●,6▲
,7●,8●
,9▲,10●
,11●
,12●
,13Δ
,14●,15●,16●,17●,18▲,19●
,20●
,21●
,22Δ
,23●
,24●
,25●,26▲,27Δ
,28▲
,29●
,30▲
,31●
,32Δ
,33▲
,34●
,35●
Caryoph
yllaceae
Drymaria
cordata(L.)Willd.
exSchu
lt.ASR
HAPPRC
1406
Daidya/Trop
ical
Chickweed
HAerialp
art
Pasteof
aerialp
artisused
tocure
herpes
(Makra/Daa
d).
(6,D
E)Leaves
juiceisused
fortreatm
entof
feverandhe
adache
.(13,FI,H
A)
191●
,2●,3●
,4●,5●
,6●,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11Δ
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,
26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33Δ,34Δ,35●
Com
bretaceae
Term
inalia
bellirica(Gaertn.)Ro
xb.
ASR
HAPPRC
1582
Bahe
da/Beleric
TFruit
Fruitpe
elpo
wde
risuseful
incoug
handrespiratory
diseases.(22,10,RE)
321▲
,2▲,3●,4●
,5●,6●
,7●,8●
,9●,10●,11▲,12●
,13●
,14▲,15●
,16●
,17●
,18Δ
,19●
,20●
,21●
,22●
,23●
,24●
,25●,26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30Δ,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●
Term
inalia
chebulaRetz.
ASR
HAPPRC
1598
Haida/M
yrob
alan
TFruit
Fruitdipp
edin
cow
urinefor1week,andthen
driedin
partialshade
andstored
injam
bottle.½
-1teaspo
ontakenorallythriceadayfortreatm
entof
coug
h.(42,RE)
Fruitpe
elrubb
edwith
mustard
oilisappliedfor
treatm
entof
skin
diseases.(7,DE)
491▲
,2▲,3●,4●
,5●,6Δ
,7●,8●
,9●,10●,11▲,12●
,13●
,14●,15●,16●,1718Δ,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24Δ,25●,
26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30▲,31●
,32●
,33●
,34Δ
,35●
Cucurbitaceae
Cucumissativus
L.ASR
HAPPRC
1414
Kakhdi/Cucum
ber
Cl
Seed
sSeed
s(5–10)
rubb
edwith
water
and2teaspo
onof
the
prep
ared
juice(swarasa)
isgivento
child
twiceadayfor
treatm
entof
fever(ta
ap).Massage
sthroug
hjuice/
swarasaon
who
lebo
dyas
refrige
rant
infever(ta
ap).
(65,FI)
651●
,2Δ,3●
,4●,5Δ
,6●,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,
26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●
Tricho
santhestricuspida
taLour.
ASR
HAPPRC
1599
Yaladu
Cl
Fruit,Seed
sExtract/juice(swarasa)
ofskin
/pe
elof
yaladu
fruit½-1
teaspo
ontakenorallythriceadayas
refrige
rant.(31,G
A)
Seed
powde
r(chu
rna)
(½-1teaspo
on)takenorallythricea
dayfortreatm
entof
internalinjury.(11,D
U)
421●
,2●,3●
,4Δ,5Δ
,6●,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22Δ,23●,24●,25●,
26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●
Dioscoriaceae
Dioscorea
bulbifera
L.ASR
HAPPRC
1552
Gen
thi/A
irYam
Cl
Tube
rTube
rpo
wde
r(chu
rna)
½-1
teaspo
ontakenorallythricea
dayforcurin
gfever.(17,FI)
Tube
rpaste(lepa
)appliedfortreatm
entof
boils.(16,D
E)
331Δ
,2Δ,3●
,4●,5●
,6●,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17Δ,18●,19Δ,20●,21Δ,22●,23Δ,24●,25●,26●,
27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●
Ericaceae
Lyon
iaovalifolia
(Wall.)Drude
ASR
HAPPRC
1520
Anyar
TLeaves,Bark
Leaves
(4–5)andbark
(5–10g)
crushe
dwith
10–20ml
water,p
reparedin
asemi-d
ried(avleha)
prep
aration
(anyarkutu)appliedto
cure
boils,skindiseases
(antiallergic).(33,10,D
E)
431●
,2▲,3●,4●
,5●,6●
,7●,8●
,9●,10●,11Δ,12●,13▲,
14●,15▲,16▲
,17●
,18●
,19●
,20●
,21●
,22▲
,23▲
,24●
,25●,26Δ,27Δ,28▲,29●
,30▲
,31●
,32●
,33●
,34●
,35●
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 9 of 29
Table
3Ethn
omed
icinalplantsused
bylocalinh
abitantsof
JakholiB
lock,Rud
raprayag
district,Uttarakhand
,Ind
ia(Con
tinued)
Fagaceae
Quercus
leucotricho
phoraA.
Camus
Syn-
Quercus
oblong
ataD.D
onASR
HAPPRC
1393
Baanj/H
imalayan
oak
TGum
,Roo
t,Leaves,Bark
Gum
/resin
rubb
edin
chon
thrithen
0.5–1ggivenorally
thriceadaywith
lukewarm
water
fortreatm
entof
espe
ciallychild
fever,stom
achache
,laxativeand
refrige
rant.(15,13,36,59FI,G
A)
Gum
/resin
isalso
used
instriroga
(femalege
nital
disorder,leukorrhe
a,).(2,G
Y)Bark
extract/juice(½-1
teaspo
on)takenorallythricea
daywith
lukewarm
water
fortreatm
entof
stom
achache
andabdo
minalprob
lem.(2,GA)
127
1●,2▲,3●,4●
,5●,6●
,7●,8●
,9●,10●,11▲,12Δ
,13●
,14●,15●,16▲,17●
,18Δ
,19●
,20●
,21●
,22▲
,23●
,24●
,25Δ,26▲,27▲
,28▲
,29●
,30Δ
,31●
,32●
,33●
,34●
,35●
Juglandaceae
Engelhardtia
spicataLechen
exBlum
eASR
HAPPRC
2798
Bish
mahua
TWho
leplant
Branches
stem
androot
areused
astoothb
rush
(cleansing
teeth)
andhe
lpfultoremovepyorrhea.(37,D
P)Leaves,b
arkandroot
pasteappliedfortreatm
entof
boils,
cutsandwou
nds.(50,DE)
871●
,2●,3●
,4●,5●
,6Δ,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,
26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●
Juglan
sregiaL.
ASR
HAPPRC
1581
Akhor/w
alnu
tT
Who
leplant
Leaves,stem
orbranches,roo
t,used
forcleaning
teeth
andfortreatm
entof
pyorrhoe
aandforshiningteeth.
(89,DP)
Fruitpe
elpasteisused
fortreatm
entof
tinea
pedis
(kaa
den)
andbo
ils,cutsandwou
ndsandskin
diseases.
(28,DE)
Bark
andleaves
pasteisappliedforskin
diseases,cuts
andwou
nds.(9,D
E)
126
1●,2▲,3▲,4●,5●
,6▲,7●,8●
,9▲,10●
,11●
,12Δ
,13●
,14●,15▲,16Δ
,17●
,18▲
,19●
,20●
,21●
,22●
,23▲
,24●
,25Δ,26Δ,27Δ,28●,29●,30▲,31●
,32Δ
,33Δ
,34●
,35●
Lamiaceae
AjugaparvifloraBenth.
ASR
HAPPRC
1573
Neelkanthi/S
mall-
Flow
ered
Buglew
eed
HAerialp
art
Leaves
crushe
dandmixed
with
water,the
nthemixture
filteredthroug
hcloth.
Thisprep
arationof
extract/juice
(swarasa)
indo
seof
½-1
teaspo
ontakenorallythricea
daywith
250mlw
ater
isused
fortreatm
entof
abdo
minal
prob
lems,andalso
actas
refrige
rant
(coo
lingeffect)
(29,GA).
Leaves
pasteprep
ared
with
mustard
oilapp
liedfor
treatm
entof
skin
diseases,b
oils,and
pimples
(6,D
E).
Freshaerialp
artextract/juice(saw
arasa)
1–2drop
thrice
adayfortreatm
entof
earache/earinfection(pussin
ear)
(9,EC).
441●
,2●,3●
,4●,5●
,6●,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22▲,23●
,24●
,25●
,26●,27●2
8●,29●
,330▲,31▲
,32Δ
,33●
,34●
,35Δ
Mentha×piperitaL.
ASR
HAPPRC
1591
Pudina/Pep
perm
int
HAerialp
art
Leaves
powde
r(1
teaspo
on)takenthriceadaywith
lukewarm
water
actsas
appe
tizer
(increasing
dige
stion
andhu
nger)(21,GA).
Freshaerialp
lant
part(2–4
g)+water
+½-1
kaag
jifru
itjuice(Citrus
aurantifolia
(Christm
.)Sw
ingle)
takenon
cea
dayactsas
refrige
rant
(coo
lingeffect),carm
inative
(releases
intestinalgasesor
flatulence)
(12,GA).
Aerialp
artpasteappliedfortreatm
entof
burns(3,D
E).
361●
,2●,3●
,4●,5Δ
,6●,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,26●,
27▲,28●
,29●
,30Δ
,31●
,32●
,33●
,34●
,35●
Lauraceae
Cinn
amom
umtamala(Buch.-Ham
.)T.Nees&Eberm.
ASR
HAPPRC
1505
Khikod
a/Kh
ikhaidu/
Indian
BayLeaf
TBark,Leaves
Bark
powde
risused
tocure
heartdiseases
(22,DU).
½-1
teaspo
onbark
powde
rtakenorallythriceadayfor
treatm
entof
stom
achache.(25,GA)
471●
,2▲,3●,4●
,5●,6Δ
,7●,8●
,9Δ,10●,11●,12●,13●,14Δ,
15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20●,21●,22●,23Δ,24●,25▲,
26●,27Δ,28Δ,29●,30●,31Δ,32▲,33●
,34●
,35Δ
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 10 of 29
Table
3Ethn
omed
icinalplantsused
bylocalinh
abitantsof
JakholiB
lock,Rud
raprayag
district,Uttarakhand
,Ind
ia(Con
tinued)
Melanthiaceae
Paris
polyph
ylla
Sm.
ASR
HAPPRC
1612
Dud
hiya
/Sankhjadi/
Satw
a/Myanaru/
Him
alayan
Paris
HLeaves,
Rhizom
eRh
izom
epaste(lepa
)appliedin
treatm
entof
cutsand
wou
nds,leaf
also
used
asvege
tableandits
actas
tonic.
(36,1,DE,DU)
371●
,2●,3●
,4●,5●
,6●,7●
,8●,9Δ
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20●,21●,22●,23Δ,24●,25●,26●,
27Δ,28Δ,29●,30●,31●,32Δ,33▲,34●
,35●
Men
ispe
rmaceae
Stepha
niaelegan
sHook.f.&Thom
son
ASR
HAPPRC
1407
Pahari
Cl
Aerialp
art
Leaf
pasteappliedfortreatm
entof
headache
.(4,HA)
Aerialp
art(1–2
ftbe
aring6–8leaves)+Mishri(Sugar
lumps)(10–15
g)arecrushe
danddipp
edin
water
(500
ml)foranigh
t,then
takenas
drinkin
early
morning
,asitactsas
refrige
rant.(15,G
A)
Leaf
(4–5)extract½-1
teaspo
ontakenorallythriceaday
fortreatm
entof
fever.(4,FI)
231●
,2●,3●
,4●,5Δ
,6●,7●
,8●,9Δ
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●1
8●,19●
,20●
,21●
,22●
,23●
,24●
,25●
,26●,27●,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●
Tino
sporacordifolia
(Willd.)Miers
Syn-
Tino
sporasin
ensis
(Lou
r.)Merr.
ASR
HAPPRC
1608
Giley/Heart-leaved
moo
nseed
Cl
Who
leplant
Aerialp
artextract/juiceisused
asrefrige
rant.(91,G
A)
(10mljuice
in250mlw
ater
+Mishri(Sugarlumps),10
g)Who
leplantextract/juiceuseful
infeveranddiabetes.
(1,FI)
Leaves
pasteappliedin
cutsandwou
nds.(1,D
E)Stem
isused
tocure
diabetes
(5–10cm
stem
piece
chew
eddaily).(35,DI)
128
1▲,2▲,3●,4●
,5Δ,6●
,7●,8Δ
,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,
14Δ,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19Δ,20●,21●,22Δ,23●,24●,
25●,26●,27▲,28●
,29●
,30▲
,31●
,32●
,33●
,34●
,35●
Musaceae
Musabalbisian
aColla
ASR
HAPPRC
1614
Kaila/Banana
TBark,Fruit
Bark
extract(juice)
/rasa
isused
asrefrige
rant
(coo
lingeffect).(13,GA)
Immaturefru
itisalso
used
fortreatm
entof
dysentery
anddiarrhea.
(11,GA)
241●
,2Δ,3●
,4●,5●
,6●,7●
,8Δ,9●
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●,18▲,19●
,20●
,21●
,22●
,23●
,24●
,25●
,26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●
Myricaceae
MyricaesculentaBu
ch.-H
am.exD.D
onASR
HAPPRC
1476
Kaafal/Box
myrtle
TBark,Roo
tBark
powde
r(chu
rna)
½-1
teaspo
onistakenwith
lukewarm
water
thrice
adayfortreatm
entof
stom
achache.(9,G
A)
Bark
extract/juiceused
tocure
cutsandwou
nds.
(17,DE)
Root
paste(lepa
)appliedfortreatm
entof
headache
.(6,H
A)
321●
,2Δ,3▲
,4●,5●
,6●,7●
,8●,9▲
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●,15▲,16●
,17●
,18▲
,19●
,20●
,21●
,22●
,23Δ
,24●
,25●,26●,27Δ,28Δ,●2
9●,30●
,31●
,32●
,33●
,34●
,35●
Myrtaceae
Psidium
guajavaL.
ASR
HAPPRC
1610
Amrood
/Guava
TLeaves
Leaves
(2–3)rubb
edwith
water,m
ixed
in250mlw
ater,
andprep
ared
extractistakenorallytw
iceadayto
cure
stom
achache.(21,GA)
Leaves’sem
i-driedpaste(avleha)
2–3teaspo
ontaken
thriceadaywith
250mlw
ater
fortreatm
entof
dysentery
anddiarrhea.(22,G
A)
431●
,2●,3▲
,4●,5●
,6●,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14Δ
,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20Δ,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,
26●,27▲,28●
,29●
,30Δ
,31●
,32●
,33●
,34▲
,35●
Syzygium
cumini(L.)Skeels
ASR
HAPPRC
1597
Jaam
un/JavaPlum
TBark,Roo
tJaam
unbark
crushe
dwith
water,filtered
throug
hcloth
and10
ml(2tablespo
on)takenwith
250mlw
ater
thrice
adayfortreatm
entof
dysenteryanddiarrhea.(14,G
A)
Root
andbark
pasteappliedfortreatm
entof
headache
.(11,HA)
251●
,2●,3▲
,4●,5●
,6Δ,7●
,8Δ,9●
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14Δ
,15●,16●,17Δ,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23Δ,24●,25●,
26●,27▲,28●
,29●
,30▲
,31●
,32●
,33●
,34●
,35▲
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 11 of 29
Table
3Ethn
omed
icinalplantsused
bylocalinh
abitantsof
JakholiB
lock,Rud
raprayag
district,Uttarakhand
,Ind
ia(Con
tinued)
Orchidaceae
Dactylorhizaha
tagirea(D.D
on)Soo
ASR
HAPPRC
1621
Hathajadi/Him
alayan
Marsh
Orchid
HTube
r,Leaves
Tube
rpaste(lepa
)appliedon
cutandwou
ndsas
antisep
tic.(14,D
E)Leaves
rubb
edand½
teaspo
onsemi-d
riedprep
aration
(avleha)
takenorallywith
1glasswater
fortreatm
entof
abdo
minalhe
ator
asrefrige
rant.(20,G
A)
Tube
rpo
wde
r½-1
teaspo
ontakenwith
milk
orwater
toactas
tonic.(39,DU)
731●
,2●,3▲
,4●,5●
,6▲,7●,8●
,9▲,10▲
,11●
,12▲
,13●
,14▲,15●
,16●
,17●
,18●
,19●
,20●
,21●
,22Δ
,23▲
,24●
,25●,26●,27●,28●,29●,30▲,31●
,32▲
,33▲
,34●
,35Δ
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis
corniculataL.
ASR
HAPPRC
1490
Bhilm
od/creep
ing
woo
dsorrel
HAerialp
art
Aerialp
artscrushe
dwith
lukewarm
water,filtered
throug
hclothand1–2drop
sof
thefre
shjuice(swarasa)
areused
tocure
earache.(14,EC
)Arealpartpaste(lepa
)isused
fortreatm
entof
pimples,
skin
diseases,cutsandwou
nds,bu
rns(11,DE).
Aerialp
artsjuice(swarasa)
isused
tocure
cataract
(ankh
meph
ool).(9,O
P)Aerialp
artsor
stem
pieces
used
tocure
boils.(12,D
E)
461Δ
,2Δ,3▲
,4●,5Δ
,6▲,7●,8●
,9Δ,10●,11▲,12●
,13●
,14●,15●,16●,17▲,18●
,19●
,20●
,21▲
,22●
,23▲
,24▲
,25●,26Δ,27▲,28▲
,29●
,30▲
,31Δ
,32●
,33●
,34●
,35●
Paeo
niaceae
Paeoniaem
odiR
oyle
ASR
HAPPRC
1613
Dhand
roo/Gandh
ya/
Him
alayan
Peon
yH
Leaves
1teaspo
onleaves
decoctiongiventhriceadayfor
treatm
entof
child
stom
achache(jonku)
(12,GA)and
verm
ifuge
(expellingor
destroying
intestinalworms).
(17,GA)
Itisalso
used
tocure
fever.(20,FI)
491●
,2▲,3Δ,4●
,5●,6▲
,7●,8●
,9Δ,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,
15Δ,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22Δ,23●,24●,25Δ,26●,
27Δ,28●,29●,30Δ,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●
Phyllanthaceae
Phyllanthu
sem
blicaL.
ASR
HAPPRC
1400
Aanwla/In
dian
gooseb
erry
TFruit
Crushed
3–4fru
itsandsoaked
inwater
(250
ml)for1
nigh
tthen
filteredthroug
hclothandtheprep
ared
extract
/juice(ra
sa)takenorallyon
ceaday,actin
gas
refrige
rant
(coo
lingeffect).(51,GA)
511Δ
,2Δ,3●
,4●,5Δ
,6Δ,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11Δ
,12●
,13●
,14Δ
,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20●,21●,22●,23Δ,24▲,25Δ
,26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30▲,31●
,32●
,33●
,34●
,35●
Pinaceae
Cedrus
deodara(Roxb.
exD.D
on)G.D
onASR
HAPPRC
1574
Devdaar/Him
alayan
cedar
TBark,Resin
Bark
powde
r(chu
rna)
½-1
teaspo
onwith
lukewarm
water
takenorallythriceadayfortreatm
entof
abdo
minal
prob
lem.(11,G
A)
Leaf
andresinpasteappliedin
boils,cutsandwou
nds.
(7,D
E)Resinappliedfortreatm
entof
crackedfeet.(6,DE)
241●
,2●,3●
,4●,5●
,6●,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11●
,12▲
,13●
,14Δ
,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20●,21●,22Δ,23▲,24●
,25●
,26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30Δ,31●,32Δ,33Δ,34●,35Δ
Pinu
sroxburgh
iiSarg.
ASR
HAPPRC
1580
Che
ed/Ku
lain/lo
ngleaf
Indian
pine
TRo
ot,Resin
2–3year
oldplantroot
(2–4
g)extract/juicewith
ado
seof
1–2teaspo
ontakenorallythriceadayfortreatm
entof
tube
rculosis.(1,RE)
Resinisused
forcrackedfeet,cutsandwou
nds,andbo
nefracture.(41,27,D
E,SK)
691Δ
,2▲,3●,4●
,5●,6●
,7●,8●
,9●,10●,11●,1213●,14●,
15▲,16Δ
,17●
,18Δ
,19●
,20●
,21●
,22●
,23▲
,24●
,25●
,26Δ,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32▲,33●
,34●
,35Δ
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 12 of 29
Table
3Ethn
omed
icinalplantsused
bylocalinh
abitantsof
JakholiB
lock,Rud
raprayag
district,Uttarakhand
,Ind
ia(Con
tinued)
Plantaginaceae
Picrorhiza
kurroa
Royleex
Benth.
SynNeopicrorhiza
scroph
ulariiflora
(Pen
nell)D.Y.Hon
gASR
HAPPRC
1432
Kadw
ay/Picrorrhiza
HRo
ot,Leaves
Root
orstolon
paste(lepa
)appliedin
cutsandwou
nds,
boils,b
urns
andbu
rningsensation,
headache
(leaves
pastealso
used
forsameactio
n).(7,15,13DE,HA)
Freshor
driedroot
extract/juice(swarasa)
1teaspo
ontakenorallythriceadayfortreatm
entof
fever(81FI),
andalso
used
asrefrige
rant.(42,G
A)
Root
dipp
edin
cow
urine(2–4
h)andused
fortreatm
ent
ofpimples.(6,DE)
½-1
tablespo
onroot
powde
rtakenon
ceadayearly
morning
before
eatin
gto
removeintestinalworms.
(11,GA)
Root
extract/juice(swarasa)
isalso
bene
ficialfor
milk
feed
ingmothe
r.(3,G
Y)Ro
otextract/juice1teaspo
ontakenorallywith
lukewarm
water
fortreatm
entof
stom
achache.(42,GA)
220
1●,2●,3▲
,4●,5Δ
,6▲,7●,8●
,9▲,10▲
,11●
,12▲
,13●
,14▲,15▲
,16●
,17●
,18●
,19●
,20●
21●,22▲,23▲
,24●
,25●,26●,27●,28●,29●,30▲,31●
,32▲
,33●
,34●
,35●
Plan
tago
depressa
Willd.
ASR
HAPPRC
1468
Syam
atu
HWho
leplant
Leaves
pasteappliedfortreatm
entof
herpes,and
burns.
(2,D
E)Ro
otpaste(lepa
)andextract/juice(swarasa)
appliedfor
treatm
entof
boils,and
skin
diseases.(22,5,D
E)Semi-solid
prep
aration(avleha)
ofseed
s(seeds
crushe
dwith
ghee
(clarifiedbu
tter))½-1
teaspo
onistakenorally
thriceadaywith
lukewarm
water
forcurin
gindige
stion,
constip
ation.
(6,2,G
A)
371●
,2▲,3●,4●
,5●,6●
,7●,8●
,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,
15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22▲,23●
,24●
,25●
,26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●
Poaceae
Cyno
dondactylon
(L.)Pers.
ASR
HAPPRC
1625
Dub
lu/Doo
b/Berm
uda
Grass
HWho
leplant
Root
rubb
edanddipp
edin
water
for4–5hthen
½-1
glassdrun
kthriceadayforrefrige
rant
quality.(17,G
A)
Aerialp
artpaste(lepa
)appliedin
treatm
entof
headache
,cutsandwou
nds,andskin
disease.(26,DE)
431●
,2Δ,3Δ
,4Δ,5Δ
,6●,7Δ
,8●,9●
,10●
,11Δ
,12Δ
,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19Δ,20▲,21●
,22●
,23▲
,24Δ
,25●
,26●,27Δ,28Δ,29▲,30●
,31●
,32●
,33●
,34●
,35Δ
Echino
chloafru
mentaceaLink
ASR
HAPPRC
1589
Jhango
ra/In
dian
barnyard
millet
HSeed
s,Stem
Bhaa
t(coo
kedlikerice)
madeby
jhan
gora
seed
sisused
tocure
jaun
dice.Som
etim
esitisgivenwith
whe
yor
butter
milk
forsimilareffect.(79,G
A)
791●
,2●,3●
,4●,5●
6●,7●,8●
,9●,10●,11●,12▲,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,
26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30▲,31●
,32●
,33●
,34●
,35●
Hordeum
vulgareL.
ASR
HAPPRC
1405
Jau/Jo/Barley
HSeed
sSeed
saredipp
edin
water
for6–8handthen
thewater
isused
asrefrige
rant.(17,G
A)Friedseed
s’flour
used
for
removeto
weakness(sattoo).(9,DU)
Sattva
(solid
extracte.g.
ash,
macerated
inwater
and
stayed
overnigh
tthen
strained
throug
hclothandsolid
matterallowed
tosettle)prep
ared
throug
hseed
sthen
itisused
fortreatm
entof
stom
achache,indige
stion.
(3,G
A)
291●
,2Δ,3●
,4●,5●
6●,7●,8●
,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,
15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,
26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●
Polygo
naceae
Polygonu
mcapitatum
Buch.-H
am.exD.Don
Syn-
Persicariacapitata
(Buch.-Ham
.exD.D
on)
H.G
ross
ASR
HAPPRC
1568
Lohchadi/pinkhead
smartw
eed
HAerialp
art
Leaves
rubb
edwith
mustard
oiland
theprep
ared
pasteis
appliedin
thetreatm
entof
herpes.(1,DE)
Aerialp
artpaste(lepa
)appliedfortreatm
entof
boils
and
burns.(21,DE)
221●
,2●,3●
,4●,5●
6●,7●,8●
,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,
15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,
26●,27●,28●,29●,30Δ,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 13 of 29
Table
3Ethn
omed
icinalplantsused
bylocalinh
abitantsof
JakholiB
lock,Rud
raprayag
district,Uttarakhand
,Ind
ia(Con
tinued)
Rheum
emodiW
all.ex
Meisn.
Syn.
Rheum
australe
D.D
onASR
HAPPRC
1549
Archu
/Rhu
barb
HRo
ot,Leaves
Freshor
driedroot
extract/juice10
mlw
ith250mlw
ater
takentw
iceadayas
refrige
rant.(41,G
A)
Root
powde
r½-1
teaspo
ontakenwith
water
fortreatm
ent
ofinternalbo
dyinjury.(31,D
U)
Freshroot
andleaves
pasteappliedfortreatm
entof
headache
,muscles
andbo
neache
,burns,cutsand
wou
nds.(44,HA,SK,DE)
116
1●,2▲,3▲,4●,5●
6●,7●,8●
,9▲,10▲
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14▲,15●
,16●
,17●
,18●
,19●
,20●
,21●
,22▲
,23Δ
,24●
,25Δ,26●,27●,28●,29▲,30●
,31●
,32▲
,33Δ
,34●
,35▲
Rumex
hastatus
D.D
onASR
HAPPRC
1522
Amed
u/Arrow
leaf
Dock
HWho
leplant
Shadedriedroot
powde
r(chu
rna)
½-1
teaspo
ontaken
orallythriceadayfortreatm
entof
stom
achache.(21,GA)
Aerialp
artsextract/juiceused
fortreatm
entof
burns,cuts
andwou
nds.(18,DE)
391●
,2Δ,3Δ
,4●,5●
6▲,7●,8●
,9●,10●,11▲,12●
,13●
,14●,15●,16▲,17●
,18●
,19●
,20●
,21●
,22●
,23●
,24●
,25Δ,26▲,27▲
,28Δ
,29●
,30●
,31●
,32●
,33Δ
,34●
,35Δ
Rumex
nepalensisSpreng
.ASR
HAPPRC
1603
Khuldya/Nep
alDock
HRo
ot,Leaves
Leaf
androot
pasteappliedin
burns,cutsandwou
nds,
skin
diseases
andbo
ils.(5,9,6,12,D
E)Ro
otpo
wde
r½-1
teaspo
onistakenorallythriceadayfor
treatm
entof
body
pain.(2,DU)
Root
pasteappliedfortreatm
entof
toothache.(1,D
P)Sattva
(solid
extracte.g.
root
powde
r(5–10g),m
acerated
inwater
(250
ml),stayed
overnigh
t,andthen
strained
throug
hclothandsolid
matterallowed
settle)filtered
water
(250
ml)drun
kon
ceadayas
refrige
rant
andsolid
matter/po
wde
r½-1
teaspo
ontakenwith
water
for
treatm
entof
stom
achacheandfever.(5,3,G
A,FI)
431●
,2●,3●
,4●,5●
6▲,7●,8●
,9Δ,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,
15Δ,16●,17●,18●,19Δ,20●,21●,22Δ,23▲,24●
,25●
,26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30▲,31●
,32●
,33Δ
,34●
,35●
Ranu
nculaceae
Acon
itum
balfouriiStapf
Syn-
Acon
itum
lethaleGriff.
ASR
HAPPRC
1424
Bikh
HTube
rTube
rpastewith
ghee
(clarifiedbu
tter)a
ppliedfor
treatm
entof
snakebite
andscorpion
sting,
boils,g
out,
jointpain
andbo
dypain
(soo
l).Fresh
ordriedtube
rextract/juicealso
used
forsameactio
n.(62,7,3,PB
,DE,SK)
721●
,2●,3●
,4●,5●
6Δ,7●,8●
,9Δ,10Δ,11●,12Δ,13●,14●,
15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22▲,23▲
,24●
,25Δ
,26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32Δ,33●,34●,35▲
Acon
itum
heteroph
yllum
Wall.ex
Royle
ASR
HAPPRC
1426
Atees/In
dian
Atees
HTube
rTube
rpasteappliedfortreatm
entof
cutandwou
nds,
boils,h
eadache.(25,DE,HA)
Freshor
driedtube
rextract/juicedo
sage
of1teaspo
ontakenorallywith
lukewarm
water
thriceadayfor
treatm
entof
fever,stom
achache
,and
killing
intestinal
worms.(78,7,FI,G
A)
Tube
rrubb
edwith
milk
andho
ney,prep
ared
semi-d
ried
(avleha),usedto
cure
child
fever,stom
achacheetc.
(37,3FI,G
A)
Driedor
fresh
tube
rextractor
juicedo
seof
½-1
spoo
ntakenorallythriceadaywith
lukewarm
water
takenbe
fore
mealtocure
dysenteryanddiarrhea.(3,GA)
153
1●,2▲,3▲,4●5
●6▲,7●,8●
,9▲,10▲
,11●
,12▲
,13●
,14▲,15▲
,16●
,17●
,18●
,19●
,20●
21●,22▲,23▲
,24●
,25●,26●,27●,28●,29▲,30▲
,31▲
,32▲
,33●
,34●
,35●
Delph
inium
denu
datum
Wall.ex
Hoo
k.f.&Thom
son
ASR
HAPPRC
1417
Nirb
ishi
HRo
otRo
otpaste(lepa
)appliedfortreatm
entof
boils,p
imples,
cutsandwou
nds.(22,3,3,DE)
Root
pastewith
ghee
(clarifiedbu
tter)appliedfor
treatm
entof
scorpion
andsnakebite.(18,PB)
461●
,2●,3Δ
,4●,5●
6▲,7Δ,8●
,9●,10●,11●,12▲,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●,18▲,19●
,20●
,21●
,22●
,23Δ
,24●
,25Δ
,26●,27▲,28●
,29●
,30▲
,31●
,32Δ
,33●
,34●
,35●
Thalictrum
foliolosum
DC.
ASR
HAPPRC
1562
Mam
iri/Peelijad/Leafy
Meado
w-Rue
HWho
leplant
Leaf
androot
extract/sw
arasa(freshjuice)
orpaste
appliedfortreatm
entof
boils,skindiseases,cutsand
wou
nds.Italso
healsbu
rns.(42,4,8,DE)
541●
,2●,3●
,4●,5●
,6●,7●
,8●,9Δ
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●,18▲,19●
,20●
,21●
,22●
,23Δ
,24●
,25●
,26Δ,27Δ,28Δ,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 14 of 29
Table
3Ethn
omed
icinalplantsused
bylocalinh
abitantsof
JakholiB
lock,Rud
raprayag
district,Uttarakhand
,Ind
ia(Con
tinued)
Rosaceae
Duchesnea
indica
(Jacks.)Focke
ASR
HAPPRC
1575
Bhuikafal/Ind
ian
Strawbe
rry
HFruit
Fruitpaste(lepa
)appliedfortreatm
entof
white
patche
s,andskin
diseases.(12,D
E)4–5fru
itsrubb
edandmixwith
water
(250
ml)takenon
ceaday,as
itactsas
refrige
rant
(coo
lingeffect).(14,GA)
261●
,2●,3●
,4●,5●
6●,7●,8●
,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,
15●,16●,17Δ,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,26Δ,
27Δ,28Δ,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●
PotentillafulgensWall.
exSims
SynPotentillalineataTrevir.
ASR
HAPPRC
1553
Bajradanti/Silver
weed
HWho
leplant
Rootsandleaves
used
forcleaning
teethandalso
used
fortreatm
entof
toothache.(79,DP)
Leaves
arechew
edto
cure
throat
infection(kho
d).(15,RE)
941●
,2▲,3▲,4●,5●
6●,7●,8●
,9▲,10●
,11●
,12▲
,13●
,14●,15●,16Δ,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22Δ,23▲,24●
,25●,26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32▲,33●
,34●
,35▲
Prun
uspersica(L.)Batsch
ASR
HAPPRC
1437
Aaru/Peach
TBark,Leaves,
Seed
sSeed
swith
pericarprubb
edin
chon
thri,prep
ared
pasteis
appliedin
boils
andskin
diseases.(12,D
E)Fine
seed
(1)po
wde
rge
ntlymixin
20mlw
ater,filter
itthroug
hcloththen
1tablespo
ongivenforchild
asrefrige
rant
(coo
lingeffect).(30,GA)
421●
,2●,3●
,4●,5●
6●,7●,8●
,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,
15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20●,21Δ,22●,23●,24●,25●,
26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30Δ,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●
Rubusellipticus
Sm.
ASR
HAPPRC
1444
Hisaur/Golde
nHim
alayan
raspbe
rry
SRo
ot,Leaves,
Fruit
Youn
gshoo
tsarechew
edfortreatm
entof
throat
infection(kho
d).
(17,RE)
Root
andleaves
pasteappliedfortreatm
entof
skin
diseases,and
boils.(9,DE)
Stem
isused
astoothb
rush
forcleaning
teeth.
(26,DP)
521●
,2Δ,3●
,4●,5●
6●,7●,8●
,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,
15●,16●,17Δ,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23Δ,24●,25●,
26Δ,27Δ,28Δ,29●,30●●
,31●
,32●
,33●
,34●
,35●
Rubiaceae
Rubiaman
jithRo
xb.exFlem
ingA
SRHAPP
RC1473
Lyachkuru/Indian
madde
rCl
Who
leplant
Aerialp
lant
pasteappliedfortreatm
entof
skin
diseases,
burns,bo
ilsandhe
adache
.(7,6,3,DE,HA)
Who
leplantpo
wde
r(chu
rna)
½-1
teaspo
onwith
lukewarm
water
istakenthriceadayfortreatm
entof
abdo
minalprob
lems.(3,G
A)
191●
,2●,3●
,4●,5Δ
,6●,7●
,8●,9Δ
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15Δ,16Δ,17●,18Δ,19Δ,20●,21●,22▲,23▲
,24●
,25●
,26●,27Δ,28Δ,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●
Rutaceae
Citrus
aurantiifolia
(Christm
.)Sw
ingle
ASR
HAPPRC
1579
Kaagji/Lime
SFruit
1Fruitjuiceprep
ared
with
250–500mlw
ater
+½-1
teaspo
onsalt+5–10
gMishri(Sugarlumps)(sug
arlumps)
takenorallyfortreatm
entof
dysenteryanddiarrhea,acts
asarefrige
rant
(coo
lingeffect)(42,GA),anditisalso
used
tocure
feverandhe
adache
.(29,FI,HA)
Fruitjuiceappliedfortreatm
entof
pimples,cutsand
wou
nds.(9,D
E)
801●
,2●,3●
,4●,5●
,6●,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,
26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●
Saxifragaceae
Bergenia
ciliata
(Haw
.)Sternb
.ASR
HAPPRC
1578
Pashanbh
ed/Syalmadi/
Kaam
al/FrillyBergen
iaH
Root,Leaves
Fresh(5
g)or
dried(2
g)root
grou
ndwith
ghee
(clarified
butter)(1
teaspo
on)mixed
with
250mlw
ater,taken
once
adayforabdo
minalsanitatio
n.(3,G
A)
Root
andleaf
pasteisused
fortreatm
entof
burns,bo
ils,
cutsandwou
nds.(7,D
E)Ro
otjuice(swarasa)
1teaspo
onin
250mlw
ater
used
asrefrige
rant
(coo
lingeffect).Ro
otgrou
ndwith
water,m
ade
into
semid
riedprep
aration,
then
½teaspo
onisgiven
with
milk
tochild
thriceadayto
cure
syalbey(whe
nchild
goto
cool
side
rapidlyor
kind
offever).
Root
decoction
also
used
forcure
ston
e(8,FI,GA)
Root
isalso
useful
inleucorrhoe
a.(4,G
Y)Ro
otpo
wde
r(½-1
teaspo
on)takenthricewith
lukewarm
water
forcure
stom
achacheandston
e(pathri).(45,GA)
671●
,2▲,3●,4●
,5●,6Δ
,7●,8●
,9Δ,10▲,11●
,12▲
,13●
,14●,15▲,16▲
,17●
,18▲
,19●
,20●
,21●
,22Δ
,23▲
,24●
,25Δ,26●,27▲,28▲
,29●
,30▲
,31▲
,32●
,33Δ
,34●
,35●
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 15 of 29
Table
3Ethn
omed
icinalplantsused
bylocalinh
abitantsof
JakholiB
lock,Rud
raprayag
district,Uttarakhand
,Ind
ia(Con
tinued)
Smilacaceae
Smilaxaspera
L.ASR
HAPPRC
1448
Kukrdaad/Com
mon
smilax
Cl
Fruit
Fruit(7–9)+1tablespo
onGhe
e(clarifiedbu
tter)paste
(lepa
)appliedfortreatm
entof
snakebite
andscorpion
stingfor5days.(2,PB
)
21●
,2●,3●
,4●,5●
,6●,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,26Δ,
27Δ,28Δ,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●
Solanaceae
Solanu
mkhasianu
mC.B.C
larke
Syn-
Solanu
maculeatissim
umJacq.
ASR
HAPPRC
1583
Bhug
undroo
/Ko
nldb
ey/
Dutch
eggp
lant
SFruit,Ro
otFruitgarland
isused
tocure
jaun
dice.(61,G
A)
Root
decoction(½-1
teaspo
on)takenthriceadayfor5–7
days
tocure
jaun
dice
(kon
lbey).(1,G
A)
Root
pasteappliedto
cure
boils
andbu
rns.(14,DE)
761●
,2▲,3●,4●
,5●,6●
,7●,8●
,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,14●,
15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,26●,
27▲,28●
,29●
,30●
,31●
,32●
,33●
,34●
,35●
Solanu
mnigrum
L.Syn-
Solanu
mam
erican
umMill
ASR
HAPPRC
1459
Kiwaini
/Kyaw
en/Black
nigh
tshade
HFruit,Leaves
Maturefru
it(4–5)juice(swarasa)
mixed
with
250ml
water
takenorallytw
iceadayto
cure
fever,indige
stion,
andactsas
refrige
rant
(coo
lingeffect).(11,9,16,FI,GA)
Fruitpaste(lepa
)appliedon
forehe
adfortreatm
entof
headache
.(1,HA)
Leaves
juice(swarasa)
appliedin
cutsandwou
nds,bo
ils.
(2,D
E)
391▲
,2▲,3●,4●
,5Δ,6●
,7●,8●
,9●,10●,11●,12●,13●,
14●,15●,16●,17Δ,18▲,19▲
,20▲
,21●
,22●
,23●
,24▲
,25●,26●,27▲,28Δ
,29●
,30▲
,31▲
,32●
,33Δ
,34●
,35●
Taxaceae
Taxuswallichian
aZu
cc.
ASR
HAPPRC
1607
Thun
er/Him
alayan
yew
TLeaves
Leaves
extract/juiceappliedfortreatm
entof
boils,cuts
andwou
nds.(27,15,D
E)42
1●,2●,3●
,4●,5●
,6Δ,7●
,8●,9Δ
,10●
,11●
,12Δ
,13●
,14●
,15Δ,16●,17Δ,18●,19●,20●,21●,22Δ,23Δ,24●,25●,26●,
27Δ,28●,29●,30Δ,31●,32●,33Δ,34●,35●
Urticaceae
Girardinia
diversifolia
(Link)Friis
ASR
HAPPRC
1618
Dho
lan/Him
alayan
nettle
HWho
leplant
Root
decoctionisused
fortreatm
entof
boils,swelling
andjointpain.(10,9,4,D
E,SK)
Freshroot
isalso
used
fortreatm
entof
boils.(6,DE)
291●
,2Δ,3●
,4●,5●
,6●,7●
,8●,9Δ
,10Δ
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23Δ,24●,25●,
26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30▲,31●
,32●
,33▲
,34●
,35●
PouzolziahirtaBlum
eex
Hassk.
ASR
HAPPRC
1628
Kanchw
alya
HRo
otRo
otpasteused
toremovedand
ruffandpreven
thairfall.
(92,HP)
921●
,2●,3●
,4●,5●
,6●,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●,18●,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25●,
26●,27●,28●,29●,30●,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●
Violaceae
ViolacanescensWall.
ASR
HAPPRC
1537
Bansai/Banasa/Him
alayan
White
Violet
HAerialp
art
Aerialp
lant
pasteused
forcutsandwou
nds,(9,D
E),
flowerspo
wde
r(chu
rna)
½-1
teaspo
ontakenorallythrice
adaywith
lukewarm
water
tocure
coug
h.(11,RE)
201●
,2●,3●
,4●,5●
,6●,7●
,8●,9▲
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15▲,16●
,17●
,18●
,19●
,20●
,21●
,22●
,23●
,24●
,25●
,26▲,27Δ
,28▲
,29●
,30▲
,31Δ
,32●
,33●
,34●
,35●
Zing
iberiaceae
Curcum
along
aL.
ASR
HAPPRC
1619
Haldu
/Turmeric
HRh
izom
eRh
izom
epasteappliedin
cutsandwou
ndsactsas
antisep
tic.(87,D
E)To
cure
deep
bone
wou
ndsandinternalbo
dyinjury
rhizom
epo
wde
r½
teaspo
on(1
g)mixed
with
1glass
milk
isdrun
k1glassaday.(19,DU)
106
1●,2●,3●
,4●,5●
,6●,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11●
,12▲
,13●
,14●
,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20▲,21●
,22●
,23●
,24▲
,25●
,26●,27▲,28●
,29●
,30Δ
,31●
,32●
,33●
,34Δ
,35●
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 16 of 29
Table
3Ethn
omed
icinalplantsused
bylocalinh
abitantsof
JakholiB
lock,Rud
raprayag
district,Uttarakhand
,Ind
ia(Con
tinued)
Hedychium
spicatum
Sm.
ASR
HAPPRC
1416
Syod
u/Banh
aldu
/Spiked
Ginge
rLily
HRh
izom
e,leaves
Rhizom
es(40-50
g)bo
iledin
100mlw
ater
then
thepaste
isappliedfortreatm
entof
jointpain,b
urns,b
oils,and
skin
diseases.(4,SK,D
E)Freshrhizom
eextract/juicecanbe
used
fortreatm
ent
ofcutsandwou
ndsandbo
ils.(22,D
E)Leaves
paste(lepa
)appliedfortreatm
entof
headache
.(6,H
A)
321●
,2Δ,3Δ
,4●,5●
,6●,7●
,8●,9Δ
,10●
,11●
,12●
,13●
,14●
,15●,16Δ,17●,18Δ,19Δ,20●,21●,22Δ,23Δ,24●,25Δ,26Δ,
27Δ,28Δ,29●,30Δ,31●,32●,33●,34●,35●
Zing
iber
officinaleRo
scoe
ASR
HAPPRC
1609
Aadu/Ginge
rH
Rhizom
eRh
izom
epo
wde
r(½-1)teaspo
ontakenorallythriceaday
with
lukewarm
water
fortreatm
entof
coug
handcold.
(66,RE)
Rhizom
epaste(lepa
)also
used
forcurin
gbu
rnsandbo
ils.
(6,2,D
E)
741Δ
,2●,3▲
,4●,5Δ
,6●,7●
,8●,9●
,10●
,11●
,12Δ
,13●
,14Δ
,15●,16●,17●,18Δ,19●,20●,21●,22●,23●,24●,25Δ,
26●,27Δ,28●,29●,30▲,31●
,32●
,33●
,34▲
,35●
LFlifeform
s,Hhe
rb,S,shrub
;Ttree
,Clclim
ber
GAga
stro-in
testinal
disorders,RE
respira
tory
complaints,FIfeveran
dache
s,DEDiseasesof
theskin,G
Ywom
en’she
alth,SKskeletom
usculardisorders,DId
iabe
tes,OPop
htha
lmolog
iccomplaints,PB
poison
ous
bite,D
Pde
ntal
prob
lems,HPHairprob
lems,EC
earcomplaints,HAhe
adache
,MAmen
tala
fflictio
ns,D
Udifferen
tuses
(▲)Similaruse,
(Δ)Dissimilaruse,
and(●)Not
repo
rted
1[35]2[31]3[30]4[41]5[43]
6[1],7
[48]8[46]9[22]
10[26],1
1[49]
12[32],1
3[50]
14[51]15
[52],1
6[53]17
[54],1
8[39]19
[55]
20[56]21
[57]
22[38]23
[45],2
4[33]25
[58]
26[29]
27[11],2
8[27]
29[59],3
0[44],
31[28],3
2[36],3
3[37],3
4[17],3
5[18]
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 17 of 29
inhabitants for drug preparation are: Chhonthri (made ofstone in the shape of plate 10 – 12 mm thick and with adiameter of 15 – 20 cm and a weigh of about 0.5 – 1.0 kg(Fig. 2d), Kharad (also made of stone 20 cm × 45 cm,3 – 5 kg weight), Silbatta/Silotu (made of stone 30 × 60cm, 15 – 25 kg weight) (Fig. 2d), Imaamdasta (made ofstone or readymade china ceramic, 3 – 5 kg weigh).
Informant consensus factor (ICF)The consensus of participants on medicinal plants re-ported for treating different ailments was quantitativelyanalyzed. To develop this consensus, all treated diseasesare grouped into 15categories. ICF value ranged from0.91 – 0.99, inferring the high consensus value amongparticipants, however the 100% consensus was notreported. The highest ICF value (0.99) was for hair prob-lems (HP), followed by Ophtalmologic complaints (OP)Mental afflictions (MA) 0.98 (Table 4). Our result repu-diated the earlier findings and found the highest ICF forHP and OP. It may be due to low availability of marketbased nutraceuticals and OP was attributed by the poor
sanitation, frequent injuries made by scrubs, wind, in-sects and poisonous flowers/pollens. Low consumptionof water, high intensity light, hard work might be one ofthe important factors causing MA. High ICF values fromadjoining areas were recorded for haematological dis-order (1.00) [26], Liver disorder (0.56) [27], Malaria,Measles, Giddiness (each 1.00) [28].
Ailments and useful speciesA total of 4967 therapeutic URs were documented for15 different ailments categories and the most (1468reports) were related to diseases of skin (DE) (29.55%).This account was accorded to the findings of Saha et al.[29] confirming that dermatology is the most repre-sented therapeutic category in India, followed by Gastro-intestinal disorder (GA) (25.89%) (Table 4). Women’shealth (GY) cited less UR (0.70%).A total of 1286 URs from 39 medicinal plants were re-
ported to treat gastrointestinal ailments (GA) (killing in-testinal worms, dysentery and diarrhoea, refrigerant,stomach ache, abdominal sanitation, indigestion,
Fig. 3 Number of medicinal plants in different families
Fig. 4 Proportion of different life forms used as medicinal plants in Jakholi
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 18 of 29
Fig. 5 Proportion of different plant parts used for ethnomedicinal purpose in Jakholi
Fig. 6 Paste (Lepa) and Extract (Rasa) preparation by local inhabitants of Jakholi
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 19 of 29
carminative, and constipation) with ICF value 0.97.Tinospora cordifolia was highly cited for refrigerant inthis ailments category with 91 URs it is commonlyknown as Giley. Echinochloa frumentacea was fre-quently cited for jaundice with 79 URs. Megacarpaeapolyandra used as refrigerant with 56 URs, howeverSemwal et al. [30] and Singh and Rawat [22] reported itfor fever, asthma, stomach ache and dysentery. Bergeniaciliata commonly known as Pashanbhed / Syalmadi /Kaamalhighly was cited for curing gallstone with 53 URs,similar account was made by Uniyal and Shiva [31].Total 219 URs and 10 taxa were cited for respiratory
complaints (RE) categories and ICF value is 0.95. Coughand cold, tuberculosis and throat infection use reportswere common in RE due to cold, fluctuation intemperature, and high smoking. Zingiber officinale com-monly known Aadu, was highly cited for cough and coldwith 66 UR as reported by Semwal et al. [30] for coughand cold with honey. Alien and invasive plant
Eupatorium adenophora was used for cough and coldwith18 URs. A total of 437 URs and 15 taxa were men-tioned for fever and aches complaints (FI) categorieswith ICF value (0.96). Picrorhiza kurroa and Aconitumheterophyllum highly cited for fever and headaches with81 and 78 URs, substantiate the findings from Garhwalby Uniyal and Shiva [31], Semwal et al. [30], Malik et al.[1], Singh and Rawat [22]., Highest number of URs(1468) from 53 species for skin diseases (DE) with ICFvalue (0.96) was noted for treatment of cuts andwounds, boils, burnt, pimples, white patches and herpes.Cut and wounds and boils are commonly occurred inhilly areas due to narrow trails and intensive thornyshrubs, tiresome work with sharp tools and implements,etc. Eupatorium adenophora was highly cited for cutand wounds with 108 URs followed by Curcuma longawith 87 URs, consistent with the findings of Phondani etal. [32], Tewari et al. [33] and Gaur [11]. Women’shealth problems like galactogogue and leucorrhoea were
Fig. 7 Decoction (Rasout) preparation by local inhabitants of Jakholi
Fig. 8 Proportion of different formulations of medicinal plants in Jakholi
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 20 of 29
treated by Asparagus adscendens, Picrorhiza kurroa,Bergenia ciliata and Quercus leucotrichophora. This re-sult is consistent with the findings of Azad and Bhat[34]. Rheum emodii was highly cited for bone ache with44 URs as noted by Semwal et al. [30]. Tinospora cordi-folia was highly cited for diabetes with URs 35 followedby Berberis chitria and Berberis lyceum with 7 URs fortreatment of diabetes. However, Chandra et al. reportedBerberis lyceum for ophthalmic complaints [35], Uniyaland Shiva for antiseptic, blood purifier, conjunctivitis[31]. Ophthalmologic complaints (OP) was the secondhighest ICF value recorder. Berberis chitria commonlyknown Totar/Totru root decoction commonly calledRasout 1–2 drops was used to treat eye infection with110 URs followed by 101 URs of Berberis lyceum for eyecomplaints, similar observations were made in Hima-layan areas [1, 28, 36, 37]. Centella asiatica was alsobeneficial for eye sight with 40 URs. The use of plants orpoisonous bite (PB) was moderately consented and only91 URs from 4 taxa were cited for poisonous bite (PB)complaints with ICF value 0.96. Aconitum balfourii wasused for Snake bite and Scorpion sting with 62 URs asRana et al. [38] recorded. Juglans regia was cited forcleaning teeth and for treatment of pyorrhoea with 89URs similar to Uniyal and Shiva [31], Semwal et al. [30],Malik et al. [1] Highest consensus was reported for treat-ment of hair problems. A total of 104 URs from only 2species Pouzolzia hirta and Brassica juncea were citedfor hair problems. Pouzolzia hirta commonly known asKanchwalya tuberous root paste is used as shampoo andhighly cited for to remove dandruff and prevent hair fall.
Brassica juncea was also cited for ear problems with 42URs similar to Semwal et al. [30] and Kumari et al. [39].Rheum emodii root and leaf paste was cited for head-ache, consistent with the observation of Rehman et al.[40]. Species Nardostachys jatamansi and Valerianajatamansi were cited for mental disorder and insomnia,as evidenced by Semwal et al. [30], Sharma et al. [41]and Shah et al. [29]. In sense of plants used, the highestnumber was observed for DE categories (67.94%)followed by Gastro- intestinal ailments (GA) (50%). It hasbeen affirmed that the local people are interested to useherbal therapies predominantly for the management of der-matological and gastro-intestinal ailments. The reportedplants having high citations against above mentioned dis-eases should be further evaluated and analyze throughpharmaceutical and biological properties [24, 42].
Threatened speciesOf the plants recorded for ethnomedicinal, 29 plant spe-cies are prioritized for conservation (Table 5). Thesethreatened species are available in restricted pocket ofGarhwal Himalaya, and locally threatened due to prema-ture and over-exploitations (Fig. 9). Eleven local highlythreatened species were cited by local inhabitants ofJakholi and overexploitation as principle cause of threatcited by local inhabitants for all local threatened species.Alpine species are highly threatened, which may be in-fluence by other cause viz. long vegetative phase and lesspropagation, decreasing natural water resources and glo-bal warming. (Table 6/ Fig. 10).
Table 4 Informant consensus factor for ailment categories
Ailment categories(group of illness)
Number of usereports (Nur)
% of usereports
Number oftaxa (Nt)
% oftaxa
Informant consensusfactor (ICF)
Women’s health (GY) 35 0.70 4 5.12 0.91
Head ache (HA) 199 4.00 14 17.94 0.93
Respiratory complaints (RE) 219 4.40 10 12.82 0.95
Diabetes (DI) 49 0.98 3 3.84 0.95
Diseases of the skin (DE) 1468 29.55 53 67.94 0.96
Skeletomuscular disorders (SK) 128 2.57 6 7.69 0.96
Ear complaints (EC) 104 2.09 5 6.41 0.96
Poisonous bite (PB) 91 1.83 4 5.12 0.96
Gastrointestinal disorders (GA) 1286 25.89 39 50 0.97
Fever and Aches (FI) 437 8.79 15 19.23 0.96
Dental problems (DP) 275 5.53 7 8.97 0.97
Mental afflictions (MA) 71 1.42 2 2.56 0.98
Ophthalmologic complaints (OP) 252 5.07 4 5.12 0.98
Hair problems (HP) 104 2.09 2 2.56 0.99
Different uses (DU) 249 5.01 10 12.82 0.95
TOTAL 4967
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 21 of 29
Table
5Threaten
edspeciesof
Indian
Him
alayan
region
used
inethn
omed
icinepractices
instud
yarea
S.No
Botanicaln
ame
IUCN(1993)
[60]
CAMP(Con
servationAssessm
entand
Managem
entPlan)(1998)
[61]
RDB(Nayar
andShastry,
1987,1988,1990)[62]
Gaur(1999)
[11]
Dharet
al.
(2002)
[63]
NautiyalandNautiyal
(2004)
[64]
IUCN
(2017)
1Acon
itum
balfouriiStapf
CR
VUCR
2Acon
itum
heteroph
yllum
Wall.ex
Royle
VUCR
ENEN
EN
3Acorus
calamus
L.VU
LC
4Berberislyceum
Royle
EN
5BerberischitriaBu
ch.H
amex
Lind
lEN
6Bergeniaciliata
(Haw
.)Sternb
.VU
UV
7BetulautilisD.D
onEN
8Cedrus
deodara(Roxb.
exD.D
on)G.D
onLC
9Centellaasiatica(L.)Urban
LC
10Cinn
amom
umtamala(Buch.-Ham
.)T.Nees&Eberm.
LRVU
11Dactylorhizaha
tagirea(D.D
on)Soo
CR
ENR
12Delph
inium
denu
datum
Wall.ex
Hoo
k.f.&Thom
son
CR
13EngelhardtiaspicataLechen
exBlum
eLC
14Girardiniadiversifolia
(Link)Friis
15Hedychium
spicatum
Sm.
VU
16Juglan
sregiaL.
NT
17Jurinea
macroceph
alaDC.
LRVU
R
18Man
gifera
indica
L.DD
19Megacarpaea
polyan
draBenth.ex
Madde
nVU
20Nardostachysjataman
si(D.D
on)DC.
CR
CR
CR
21Paeoniaem
odiRoyle
VUVU
22Paris
polyph
yllaSm
.VU
23P icrorhiza
kurroa
Royleex
Benth.
VUEN
ENEN
24Pinu
sroxburgh
iiSarg.
LC
25Rheum
emodiW
all.ex
Meisn.
VUVU
26Podoph
yllum
hexand
rum
Royle
ENCR
ENEN
EN
27Taxuswallichian
aZu
cc.
CR
CR
28Thalictrum
foliolosum
DC.
VU
29Valeriana
jataman
siJone
sCR
EN
CRcritically
enda
ngered
,VUvu
lnerab
le,ENen
dang
ered
,LRlower
riskne
arthreaten
ed,LCleastconcern,
DDda
tade
ficient,N
Tne
arthreaten
ed,R
rare
IUCN:The
Internationa
lUnion
forCon
servationof
Naturean
dNatural
Resources
http://www.iucnredlist.o
rg28
May
2017
Databa
se
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 22 of 29
Reliability and comparisonCultural practices of particular region directly affectedby floral and faunal wealth and variance among them in-dicate importance of particular region. For similarity,dissimilarity and new use reports uses of plants docu-mented in our study were compared to 35 publishedethno-botanical studies from Indian Himalaya as well asneighbouring countries (Table 7). In the present study,the similarity of uses as compared to other studiesranged from 0 to 30% while dissimilar uses varied widelyfrom 42.5 [43] to 1.58% [44]. JI range between 2.86 –56.66 and Sorensen’s index 5.56–72.34 were obtain. Thehighest degree of similarity was found with studiesconducted by Kala [45] with JI 55.66 and SI 72.34 andUniyal and Siva [31] with JI 49.35, SI 66.08. The lowestindices of similarity are found with studies of Samant etal. [36] and Ghildiyal et al. [46] (JI 2.86 and 3, SI 5.56and 5.83). Comparison of medicinal flora and useswithin district and block only two reports were foundwhich have more than 30 JI and 50% SI similarity (49.35
JI, 66.08 SI Uniyal and Siva [31] and 39.68JI, 56.81 SISemwal et al.) [30]. It appears that the distance betweenstudy area and neighbouring region is responsible forany change in JI [24]. The highest similarity index wasnot surprisingly observed with the nearest areas, whichhad high similarity indices with respect to plant use andmodes of applications.This occurrence may be due to the sharing of a
similar flora and the cross-cultural exchange of medi-cinal plant knowledge in past and present. It also in-dicates similar ethno-genesis of people in comparativeareas [47]. Besides, low similarity indices may belikely due to minimal cultural exchange between themountains region as they are disconnected throughmountain ranges and other cultural variations [24].However, region to region similar medicinal flora areused in various way. Low similarity with the other re-port may be due to different topography and climaticcondition and medicinal flora or it could be a sign ofloss of cultural practices.
A B C
D E F
G H I
Fig. 9 Threatened species in study area a Aconitum balfaourii b Aconitum heterophyllum c Bergenia ciliata d Dactylorhiza hatagirea e Nardostachysjatamansi f Paris polyphylla g Picrorhiza kurroa h Rheum emodi i Taxus wallichiana
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 23 of 29
Novelty and future prospectsThe present study was compared with the previous stud-ies related to analysis of ethnomedicinal plants and theiruses in Himalaya. This comparative analysis in theethnomedicinal point of view found the following newreports as Calotropis gigantea for joint pain, swelling (37UR) and skin diseases (2 UR); Citrus aurantiifolia fordysentery, diarrhea and as refrigerant with 42 UR; Cucu-mis sativus for fever with 65 UR; Dioscorea bulbifera forfever (17 UR) and boils (16 UR); Drymaria cordata forherpes (6 UR) fever and headache (13 UR); Duchesneaindica for Skin diseases (12 UR) and as refrigerant (14
UR); Engelhardtia spicata for cleansing teeth (37) andtreatments of boils, cut and wounds (50 UR); Hedychiumspicatum for skin diseases and boils, cut and wounds,joint pain (26 UR); Hordeum vulgare for weakness (9UR) as refrigerant (17 UR); Mangifera indica used forstomachache (12 UR), dysentery and diarrhea (19 UR)(especially for child); Prunus persica used for boils, skindiseases (12 UR) and as refrigerant (30 UR); Polygonumcapitatum for boils, burnt (21) herpes (1); Pouzolziahirta to remove dandruff and prevent hair fall (92 UR);Rubus ellipticus for throat infection (17 UR), boils and skindiseases (9 UR) and cleaning teeth (26 UR); Stephania
Table 6 Consensus and observation for local threatened medicinal plants and their causes by local inhabitants of Jakholi
Botanical name Availability /Citation∑Citation
Restrictedpockets∑Citation
long vegetative phase/less propagation∑Citation
Global worming /decreasingnatural water resources∑Citation
Unfair trade/Overexploitation∑Citation
No idea∑Citation
Aconitum balfourii Stapf R/98 113 42 14 109 15
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle VR/183 106 78 26 193 4
Acorus calamus L. S/93 10 5 32 168 12
Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo R/109 165 69 19 143 7
Megacarpaea polyandra Benth. exMadden
R/103 142 49 25 91 12
Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC. VR/176 125 65 32 125 11
Paris polyphylla Sm. S/91 45 33 23 102 9
Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. VR/174 198 64 21 201 9
Rheum emodi Wall. ex Meisn. D. Don R/125 164 15 29 95 6
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle R/81 112 21 13 61 14
Taxus wallichiana Zucc. R/76 67 46 11 129 5
S scattered, R rare, VR very rare (N = 220)
Fig. 10 Consensus and observation for local threatened medicinal plants and their causes by local inhabitants of Jakholi
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 24 of 29
Table
7Com
parison
ofpresen
tstud
ywith
previous
stud
yfro
madjoiningarea
ofHim
alayaregion
Stud
yarea
Stud
yYear
Num
berof
plantsrepo
rted
Plantswith
similaruse
Plantswith
dissim
ilaruse
TotalC
ommon
speciesin
both
areas
%of
common
plantsspecies
Specieslisted
onlyin
aligne
dareas
Speciesen
listed
onlyin
stud
yarea
%of
species
enlistedon
lyin
thisstud
y
%of
plants
with
similar
uses
%of
plants
with
dissim
ilar
uses
Jaccard
inde
x(JI)
Sorensen
’ssimilarity
inde
x(QS)
Reference
Rudraprayagdistrict,
Uttarakhand
2013
159
78
159.43
144
6380.77
4.40
5.03
7.81
14.49
Chand
raet
al.[35]
Garhw
alHim
alaya,
Uttaranchal
2005
113
2414
3833.63
7540
51.28
21.24
12.39
49.35
66.08
Uniyaland
Siva
[31]
Ukhim
athBlock,
RudraprayagUttarakhand
2010
6018
725
41.67
3553
67.95
30.00
11.67
39.68
56.81
Semwal
etal.[30]
Sub-Him
alayan
region
,Uttarakhand
2013
241
78
33.33
1670
89.74
4.17
29.17
10.25
18.6
Sharma
etal.[41]
Sub-Him
alayan
region
,Uttarakhand
2012
400
1717
42.50
2361
78.21
0.00
42.50
25.37
40.47
Sharma
etal.[43]
Western
Him
alaya
2015
9714
822
22.68
7556
71.79
14.43
8.25
20.18
33.58
Malik
etal.[1]
Uttarakhand
2015
562
35
8.93
5173
93.59
3.57
5.36
4.2
8.06
Kala[48]
Garhw
alregion
2014
671
34
5.97
6374
94.87
1.49
4.48
35.83
Ghildiyal
etal.[46]
KedarnathWildlife
Sanctuaryin
Western
Him
alaya,India
2011
126
1217
2923.02
9749
62.82
9.52
13.49
24.78
39.72
Sing
hand
Rawat
[22]
KedarnathWildlife
Sanctuary,IndiaHim
alaya
2013
216
39
42.86
1269
88.46
28.57
14.29
12.5
22.22
Bhat
etal.
[26]
Garhw
alHim
alaya,India
2011
618
513
21.31
4865
83.33
13.11
8.20
1323
Kumar
etal.[49]
Niti
valleycentral
Him
alaya,India
2010
869
1120
23.26
6658
74.36
10.47
12.79
19.23
32.25
Phon
dani
etal.[32]
Garhw
alHim
alaya
2010
232
13
13.04
2075
96.15
8.70
4.35
3.26
6.31
Dangw
alet
al.[50]
Uttaranchal,Ind
ia2005
745
1015
20.27
5963
80.77
6.76
13.51
14.01
24.59
Kalaet
al.
[51]
KedarnathWildlife
Sanctuary,Garhw
alHim
alayaIndia
2013
152
116
1711.18
135
6178.21
7.24
3.95
9.49
17.34
Bhat
etal.
[52]
PauriG
arhw
alUttarakhand
2010
616
612
19.67
4966
84.62
9.84
9.84
11.65
20.86
Palaet
al.
[53]
Nanitalo
fKu
maun
region
Uttarakhand
2014
283
811
39.29
1767
85.90
10.71
28.57
15.06
26.19
Kapkoti
etal.[54]
Alm
oradistrict
Uttarakhand
,Ind
ia2011
188
1024
3418.09
154
4456.41
5.32
12.77
20.73
34.34
Kumari
etal.[39]
KumaunHim
alaya,India
2013
483
1013
27.08
3565
83.33
6.25
20.83
14.94
26Bh
attet
al.
[55]
Bhabar
region
ofUttarakhand
2015
243
47
29.17
1771
91.03
12.50
16.67
8.64
15.9
Pand
eand
Joshi[56]
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 25 of 29
Table
7Com
parison
ofpresen
tstud
ywith
previous
stud
yfro
madjoiningarea
ofHim
alayaregion
(Con
tinued)
SubHim
alayan
tract
Uttarakhand
,Ind
ia2010
542
68
14.81
4670
89.74
3.70
11.11
7.4
13.79
Gauret
al.
[57]
Nanda
DeviB
iosphe
rereserve,Uttarakhand
,India
2013
909
1625
27.78
6553
67.95
10.00
17.78
26.88
42.37
Rana
etal.
[38]
Tons
watershed
Uttarakhand
Him
alaya
2015
8417
1734
40.48
5044
56.41
20.24
20.24
56.66
72.34
Kala[45]
Garur
Blockof
district
Bage
shwar,U
ttarakhand
,India
2014
394
48
20.51
3170
89.74
10.26
10.26
8.6
15.84
Tewari
etal.[33]
Uttarakhand
2014
111
115
1614.41
9562
79.49
0.90
13.51
11.34
20.38
Prakash
[58]
NanitalU
ttarakhand
2014
113
410
1412.39
9964
82.05
3.54
8.85
9.39
17.17
Shah
etal.
[29]
DistrictGarhw
alNorth
WestHim
alaya
1999
2035
1945
643.14
1971
1417.95
0.93
2.21
3.33
6.44
Gaur[11]
KumaonHim
alayaIndia
2014
898
1422
24.72
6756
71.79
8.99
15.73
21.78
35.77
Sing
het
al.[27]
Cen
tralHim
alayaIndia
2002
503
25
10.00
4573
93.59
6.00
4.00
4.42
8.47
Neg
ietal.
[18]
JammuKashmirand
Ladakh
India
2014
948
2515
404.22
908
3848.72
2.64
1.58
4.41
8.45
Gairola
etal.[44]
KashmirHim
alaya
2011
305
712
40.00
1866
84.62
16.67
23.33
16.66
28.57
Maliket
al.
[59].
Him
achalP
rade
shNorth
westHim
alaya,India
2016
7311
819
26.03
5459
75.64
15.07
10.96
20.21
33.62
Thakur
etal.[28].
Him
achalP
rade
shNorth
westHim
alaya,India
2007
643
712
192.95
624
5975.64
1.09
1.87
2.86
5.56
Samant
etal.[36]
Nep
alHim
alaya
2006
843
58
9.52
7670
89.74
3.57
5.95
5.79
10.95
Kunw
aret
al.[37]
ArunachalPradesh
EasternHim
alayan
zone
2011
746
1016
21.62
5862
79.49
8.11
13.51
15.38
26.66
Tang
jang
etal.[17]
Average
172.14
7.69
10.23
17.91
21.68
154.23
60.09
77.03
9.14
12.54
15.49
25.11
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 26 of 29
elegans for headache (4 UR), acts as refrigerant (4 UR),fever (4 UR); Smilax aspera for snake-bite and scorpion-sting (2 UR),Taxus wallichiana for boils (27 UR), cuts andwounds (15 UR) and Trichosanthes tricuspidata for fever(65 UR) (Table 3) were newly reported ethnomedicinaluses.Some of plant species such as Aconitum heterophyl-
lum, Eupatorium adenophora, Echinochloa frumentacea,Engelhardtia spicata, Megacarpaea polyandra, Picror-hiza kurroa, Polygonum capitatum, Plantago depressa,Potentilla fulgens, Quercus leucotrichophora, Senecionudicaulis were frequently used in Jakholi but their de-tailed bioactive constituents and pharmacological activityare yet unknown, revealing a good candidature forpharmacological and therapeutic values and extractionof novel bioactive constituents (Fig. 11).
ConclusionsPresent paper is the first attempt of survey in JakholiBlock, Uttarakhand, India. Asteraceae, Polygonaceae,Ranunculaceae and Rosaceae were the most used fam-ilies and root were the most commonly used plant parts
in the area. Aconitum heterophyllum, Megacarpaea poly-andra, Picrorhiza kurroa and Rheum emodii are wellknown medicinal plant species, contributing importantrole in the local health care system of Jakholi area.Documentation of local medicinal knowledge is alsoessential due to outmigration of the younger. Study ofethnomedicinal knowledge helps identify the importantspecies of the region for pharmacological importanceand ecological sustainability and it also aids conservationof traditional knowledge. Cataloguing useful plant spe-cies supports registration of indigenous knowledge, aid-ing national impetus of obeying implementation ofconvention of biological diversity and Nagoya protocol.Traditional knowledge is based on experience passed onfrom generation to generation and limited only to el-derly (Bujurg) people and traditional healers. We cameto the following considerations to be taken while doingethnomedicinal studies in the Himalaya: (a) local peopleare quite conservative in sharing traditional knowledgeabout the Medicinal plants; (b) the young generation isnot interested and knowledgeable about the ethnomedic-inal plants and their uses; and (c) outmigration is a
Fig. 11 Preparation of seed extract by local inhabitants of Jakholi
Singh et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2017) 13:49 Page 27 of 29
menace to the conservation of traditional ethnomedicinalknowledge. The present study showed that the medicinalplants are still very important for livelihood of local inhab-itants of Jakholi and the Himalaya. Some medicinal plantsare at the brisk of threatened due to their ecology, biologyand human induced exploitations. To sum, documenta-tion of useful plants and the knowledge of their utilizationis immediate before being lost.
AcknowledgementsThe authors are thankful to the local inhabitants, Shepherd, and localtraditional healers (Vaidyas and Daai) of Jakholi Block for sharing theirincredible knowledge with us. The first author is thankful to the Director,High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre, H.N.B. Garhwal University,Uttarakhand, India for facilities.
FundingNot applicable.
Availability of data and materialsThe raw data contain the names of all participants, and cannot be shared inthis form.
Author’s contributionsAS carried out a field survey and collected ethnomedicinal data, vouchersamples and identified the plant material, analysed data and drafted thepaper. MCN, RMK and RB revised the manuscript and give critical inputs. Allauthors have read the final manuscript and agreed to its submission.
Ethics approval and consent to participateBefore conducting interviews, prior informed consent was obtained from allparticipants. No further ethics approval was required.
Consent for publicationThis manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data and furtherconsent for publication is not required.
Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s NoteSpringer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims inpublished maps and institutional affiliations.
Author details1High Altitude Plant Physiology Research Centre, H.N.B. Garhwal University,Post Box: 14, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand 246174, India. 2PracticalSolutions, Kathmandu, Nepal. 3William L. Brown Center, Missouri BotanicalGarden, Missouri, USA.
Received: 16 February 2017 Accepted: 10 August 2017
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