Download - Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program
![Page 1: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Chazin Group. © 2011. www.TheChazinGroup.com
The Chazin Group
The The POWERPOWER of of Thinking Thinking CRITICALLYCRITICALLY
The Chazin Group
![Page 2: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Special ThanksSpecial Thanks
![Page 3: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
In the next 3 hours…In the next 3 hours…
![Page 4: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
This Morning’s Agenda
What Is It? Characteristics of Critical Thinkers Characteristics of Non-Critical Thinkers Famous Quotes How to Think Critically
![Page 5: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What Is Critical Thinking?What Is Critical Thinking?
![Page 6: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What Is It?
![Page 7: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
“Critical thinking is the identification andevaluation of evidence to guide decision
making. A critical thinker uses broadin-depth analysis of evidence to make
decisions and communicate her/his beliefs clearly and accurately.”
The CriticalThe CriticalThinking Co. Thinking Co.
What Is It?
![Page 8: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What Is It?
![Page 9: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
““Life is a tragedy for those Life is a tragedy for those who feel, and a comedy for who feel, and a comedy for
those who think." those who think."
Jean dela Bruyere
![Page 10: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
“Thought is great and swift and free, the light of the
world, and the chief glory of man.”
Principles of Social Reconstruction.
BertrandRussell
![Page 11: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
“Many people would die sooner than think; in fact,
they do.”BertrandRussell
![Page 12: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
““Most people don't take the time to think. I made an international reputation for myself by deciding
to think twice a week." ."
George Bernard Shaw
![Page 13: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
““Think, think, think. It will hurt like hell at first, but you'll
get used to it." "
Barbara Castle
![Page 14: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
““just the facts, ma’am." just the facts, ma’am."
![Page 15: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
““Always question Always question authority.“authority.“
Why?
![Page 16: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Critical Thinking Is Critical Thinking Is NOT NOT Clinical ReasoningClinical Reasoning
![Page 17: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
It’s NOT Clinical Reasoning
www.chinesenursing.org/openAccess/sn331/html/doc/cyber-M1_students.pdfwww.chinesenursing.org/openAccess/sn331/html/doc/cyber-M1_students.pdf
![Page 19: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
It’s NOT Clinical Reasoning
![Page 20: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Hierarchy of Knowledge
• Knowledge: What is the most common cause of...?
• Understand: If you see this, what must you consider…?
• Application: In this patient, what is causing…?
• Analysis, synthesis, evaluation: critical thinking?
Bloom’s Taxonomy, 1956
![Page 21: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The KSA Model
• Are there specific:– KnowledgeKnowledge/factsfacts– SkillsSkills– Attitudes …that must be
acquired, in order for the learner to become a critical thinker?
![Page 22: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
• Content learned in a conceptual framework:– How do the facts fit together?– What are the underlying mechanisms?– What do you do when the patterns break down?
• Judge the credibility of the sources:– From primary sources (Google it…)– Primary sources:
• Study design• Appropriate population• Statistics
• Secondary sources:– Textbooks– Review articles
• Evidence-based medicine
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupKnowledge
![Page 23: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Bias and cognitive dispositions to respond:– Availability bias - probability assigned based on
ease of recall of specific examples; and– Confirmation bias - selectively accepting or
ignoring data.
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupKnowledge
![Page 24: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
• Formulate hypotheses• Make logical connections between ideas• Utilize of data• Identify assumptions
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupSkills
![Page 25: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Have an open mind - willingness to consider alternative explanations
• Be aware of your own cognitive processes: what type of reasoning was I using? (meta-cognition)
• Reflection - how did we go wrong? Where did we make a mistake?
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupAttitude
![Page 26: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Importance to Medicine““…few physicians spend much time thinking about such a fundamental medical activity
as thinking. Logic is as important to physicians as water is to fish. It surrounds
us all and we swim in it every day.""
Suzanne FletcherProfessor of Ambulatory Care & Prevention
Harvard Medical School &Harvard Pilgrim Medical Care
![Page 27: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Characteristics of Critical Characteristics of Critical ThinkersThinkers
![Page 28: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• AnalysisAnalysis: Critical thinking can be defined as an approach to ideas from the standpoint of deliberate consideration. (from VirutalSalt.com)
• AttentionAttention: Pay attention to the claims made all around you.
• AwarenessAwareness: have the ability to look around and consider all the thoughts provided, rather than remaining fixed on your own limited views.
• Independent JudgmentIndependent Judgment: the ability to form independent judgments, based on good evidence.
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupWhat Makes a Critical Thinker?
![Page 29: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
• Critical thinkers are by nature SKEPTICAL. They approach text with the same skepticism and suspicion as spoken comments.
• Critical thinkers are ACTIVE, not passive. They ask questions & analyze. They consciously apply tactics and strategies to uncover meanings and confirm understanding.
• Critical thinkers don’t take an egotistical view of the world. They’re OPEN to new ideas/ perspectives. They’re willing to challenge their beliefs and consider competing evidence.
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupWhat Makes a Critical Thinker?
![Page 30: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Characteristics ofCharacteristics ofNon-Critical ThinkersNon-Critical Thinkers
![Page 31: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
• Take a SIMPLISTICSIMPLISTIC view of the world.• They see things in black and white, as
either-or, rather than recognizing a variety of possible understanding.
• They see questions as YES/NO with no subtleties.
• They fail to see linkages & complexities.• They fail to recognize related items.
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupPassive (Non-Critical) Thinkers
![Page 32: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
A Comparison
www.chinesenursing.org/openAccess/sn331/html/doc/cyber-M1_students.pdfwww.chinesenursing.org/openAccess/sn331/html/doc/cyber-M1_students.pdf
![Page 33: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
““Shades of grey wherever I go.Shades of grey wherever I go.The more I find out, the lessThe more I find out, the less
That I know.That I know.Black and white is how itBlack and white is how it
should be.should be.But shades of grey are theBut shades of grey are the
Colors I see.”Colors I see.”
Billy Joel
![Page 35: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
How to Think CRITICALLY
![Page 36: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
• Inferences Versus Assumptions:– INFERENCE: A conclusion you come to, based
on something else that is true/you believe to be true. (Ex. There will be layoffs in my dept. because there were layoffs in another dept.)
– ASSUMPTION: Part of your belief system. Something you don't question. Your mind takes for granted that your assumption is true. (Doctors think they know EVERYTHING.)
– Your beliefs (assumptions) cause you to come to conclusions (inferences). Your inferences then cause you to act accordingly.
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupFind Assumptions
![Page 37: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupFind Assumptions
•Question your assumptions as a path to substantiating them.•Most statements or assertions are based on assumptions.•Sometimes assumptions are implicit, so they’re much harder to find.
![Page 38: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• There are many different ways to measure variables, so absolute figures may not be that relevant.
• In science, it is the EXCEPTION that disproves the RULE.
• The Scottish philosopher David Hulme noted: "A wise man proportions his belief to the evidence.”
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupTrends, Evidence, Exceptions
![Page 39: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
• Always ask: “Who is funding the project” because EVERONE has an AGENDA.
• How are the questions worded/posed?• How are those being questioned selected and
the context in which the questions are put to them?
• How is the statistical analysis carried out and the statistics interpreted?
• How are the findings presented/reported (or misreported?)
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupBe Skeptical of Surveys
![Page 40: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
• Correlation does not necessarily mean causation .
• Because two variables often occur together, doesn’t mean that one actually causes the other.
• The concept of causation is extremely complex.
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupLook for CAUSE & EFFECT
![Page 41: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
• Albert Einstein once remarked: "Foolish faith in authority is the worst enemy of truth."
• Study the evidence and make an independent judgment, based on the balance of the available evidence.
• Confirm the credibility of sources and credentials of “experts.”
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupDON’T Defer to Authority
![Page 42: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
• The Emperor’s new clothes.• You can be seduced by this esp. if you are a
member of a close-knit group of people where there is a strong sense of loyalty to the group.
• The Independent Evaluation Office of the IMF identified groupthink as a major factor in its official report on why the IMF did not foresee the international financial crisis of ‘07-’09.
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupBeware of GROUP Think
![Page 43: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
• Trust your own intuition based on:– your schooling;– on-the-job training;– Past work experience; and– your certifications.
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupTrust YOUR Instincts
![Page 44: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
• A situation occurs in experiments to test the efficacy of drugs or medical treatments known as 'the placebo response.' A placebo (sugar or a 'tonic' containing nothing medicinal) is used with a control group of patients to compare with another group taking the drug or treatment being tested. Researchers have found that frequently a placebo has a positive effect because the person taking it believes it will cure them.
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupObserving Can Change a Situation
![Page 45: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
• Often politicians, businessmen, administrators make statements which are meaningless:– “I think that if we tried harder we could possibly do
somewhat better."– "Some improvements in performance might be
expected in the fullness of time.”– A much more meaningful sentence would be: "We
will reduce recorded crimes of violence by 10% before the next election" or "If we increase our capital expenditure by 5% annually for the next three years, we should achieve a 25% increase in revenues by the end of the decade".
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupFind Meaningful Statements
![Page 46: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
• In a paper or speech, look at the arguments, the evidence, the structure, and the presentation.
• In a novel, consider the plot, the characterization and the language.
• In a film, think about the script, the acting, the direction, the cinematography, and the music.
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupDeconstruct Elements
![Page 47: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
• SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in a project or situation.
• Strengths and weaknesses are internal to the hospital.
• Opportunities and threats are external.
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupUse a SWOT Analysis
![Page 48: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
•Specific•Measurable•Achievable•Relevant•Timed
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupCreate SMART Objectives
![Page 49: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
• A statistic without any content is MEANINGLESS.
• Averages can be misleading.• Medians and modes often work better than the
mean.• Consider how the data points in a set are
distributed. • The PARETO Principle.
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupUse Statistics
1, 5, 5, 5, 13, 50, 74, 1001, 5, 5, 5, 13, 50, 74, 100
![Page 50: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
• When asked to respond to material most people limit their comments to what is requested.
• What ISN’T there is just as important. You might want to ask: “Why are certain arguments missing?” “Why have certain sources not been used?
• What about patient medical histories, prior treatments, allergies, past surgeries?
• A clinical trial or hospital annual report will put the most favorable ‘spin' on activities and may not mention the financial difficulties or threats.
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupWhat’s NOT There?
![Page 51: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
"Problems cannot be solved by thinking within the framework in
which they were created.”
Think OUTSIDE the Box
![Page 52: Ethan Chazin Critical Thinking Program](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051411/545c0b5baf7959b9098b464b/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
• Have someone take a position on a controversial issue (Euthanasia, evolutionEuthanasia, evolution)
• Have someone else ask a question to make that person explain themselves.
• Ask a follow up question to exploit a potential weakness of the answer to the first question.
• Keep going to you either establish or disprove the person’s argument.
The Chazin Group The Chazin GroupThe Socratic Method