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Essential Question: What is the water cycle and how does it influence living things?
Warm-up: How does the majority of water get into the atmosphere? How does it get out of the atmosphere?
HW: No Homework
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Energy in the Water Cycle
• About _____ Joules/gram are needed to change liquid water into vapor.
2260
• Fueled by SOLAR ENERGY through evaporation
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Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle)• Model used to show the movement &
phase changes of water
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Water Retention• Precipitation can
be stored or retained on land as ice & snow or on plants & trees
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Infiltration (seep)• Gravity pulls water into the upper
parts of the Earth’s lithosphere – Subsurface Water
Poor Infiltration
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Runoff• Water that flows over the land• 1/3 of water is returned to the water
cycle
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Water Table• Interface between the zone of saturation
(filled with water) & the zone of aeration (partially filled with water)
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Time in Months
Mill
imete
rs o
f W
ate
r
Time in Months
Mill
imete
rs o
f W
ate
r
Key = Need
= Supply
Wet Climate Dry Climate
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Practice Questions
4
7Runoff
Evaporation
6Transpiration
5Condensation
1Precipitation
2Runoff
3Infiltration
8Ground Water Discharge
9Evaporation
10Evaporation
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Essential Question: How does water move into and through the ground?
Warm-up:
In general, the probability of flooding decreases when there is an increase in the amount of
1) Runoff 2) Snow melt
3) Infiltration 4) Precipitation
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Factors Affecting Infiltration
SLOPE of the LAND
- STEEPER the slope, the LESS the Infiltration
Less time to SEEP into GROUND
DEGREE of SATURATION
-More SATURATED the ground, the LESS infiltration
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POROSITY –Amount of open space between particles
-GREATER the porosity the GREATER infiltration
3 factors that effect porosity are:
SHAPE
Well-rounded particles have
GREATER porosity
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PACKING
More closely packed the particles, the lower the porosity
SORTING
-Material with well-sorted
particles has high Porosity
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PERMEABILITY
-Ability of a material to allow fluid to pass through it
- Permeability = Greater Infiltration
CORK SPONGE
SHALE
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CAPILLARITY
-Ability of water to RISE in small openings
-SMALLER the particle size, the
GREATER the capillarity
- Capillarity = Infiltration
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VEGETATION Ground with
grasses, trees, & other plant types
have HIGH infiltration
LAND-USE
Impermeable surface like roads, parking lots, & buildings
decrease infiltration
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Factors Affecting Runoff
• Rate of precipitation > Rate of Infiltration• Ground is 100% saturated
• Slope of surface to GREAT to allow infiltration
• Water is not evaporating fast enough
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Which graph best describes the relationship between the slope of the land and the amount of surface runoff during a period of heavy rainfall?
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Each tube was placed in a shallow pan of water. In which tube did the water rise the
highest?
1)A 3) C
2) B 4) D
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When rain falls on a soil surface, flooding at that location would most likely occur if the
1) soil surface is permeable
2) soil surface is covered with vegetation
3) soil pore spaces are filled to capacity
4) infiltration rate exceeds the precipitation rate