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1
Essay Options:
1. “If I have seen farther than others, it is because I have
stood on the shoulders of giants.” How did Newton
synthesize scientific thought? {Chp 18 / Sci. Revol.}
2. Who was the more effective “politique,” Catherine de
Medici or Henry of Navarre? Support your argument
with specific facts. {Chp 15 Relig. Wars & Chp 16 Absol.
Mon.}
3. Compare and contrast the religious policies and tactics
of Philip II (of Spain) and Louis XIV (of France), the two
dominant absolutist kings. {Chp 16 Absol. Mon.}
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2
The Enlightenment
1600s – 1700s
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3
KEY BELIEFS OF
THE
ENLIGHTENMENT
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4
NATURAL
RIGHTS
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5
POLITICAL
EQUALITY
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6
Most Common European Political
Experience:
Absolute Monarchy
Divine Right Rule
King has final say in all matters
Top gov’t & military jobs reserved for
aristocracy and clergy
People have little or no voice in gov’t
Peasants and middle class taxed heavily
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7
SOCIAL EQUALITY
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8
Laissez-faire
Economics
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9
Physiocratic Economic Theory:
Free agricultural trade (no tariffs or gov’t
restriction)
Believe once gov’t restrictions are
removed, progress would occur
naturally (incorrect theory)
True value of a country is in its land, not
raw materials
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10
Education
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11
Pacifist / Anti-war Philosophy
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12
The Enlightenment was
centered in France since
she had the most
repressive absolute
monarchy in Europe!
(Louis, Louis - - oh, oh - -
he gotta go! Yeh,yeh,yeh,
yeh!)
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13
Thomas Hobbes / English
1588-1679
Leviathan 1651
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14
John Locke / England
1632-1704
Published in
1690
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15
Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron
de Montesquieu / French
1689-1755
Published 1748
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16
Francois Marie Arouet / “Voltaire” /
France / 1694-1778 / most famous of
all philosophes!!
Published in 1759
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17
Voltaire =
Speaking of the Roman
Catholic Church
“É crasez l‘ infame!”
{Crush the infamous thing!}
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18
Voltaire =
“I do not agree with a
word you say, but I
will defend to the
death your right to
say it!”
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19
Jean Jacques Rousseau / Swiss
1712-1778
Published in 1762
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20
Rousseau created
the idea of the
“noble savage.”
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21
Rousseau said spontaneity or
impulse (noble savage) was
better than reasoned thought.
“Man is born free, yet
everywhere he is in chains.”
According to his book, Origin of
Inequality Among Men 1753,
civilization creates evil. Life in a
state of nature would be better.
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22
Social Contract 1762 = people must
surrender their individual will into
one combined “general will.” This
means what is in the best interests
of the majority of the people. So,
this represents a contract among
the people themselves {a social
contract}. Government must
function according to the “general
will” or what is in the best interests
of the nation as a whole.
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23
Petit hameau (little hamlet) de la Reine - - Queen Marie Antoinette’s miniature
peasant village on the grounds of Versailles. The queen pretended to be a
milkmaid!
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24
Émile (1762) was a novel
on education. Émile was a
child for whom Rousseau
designed a “natural”
education. Rousseau
thought young children
should “learn by doing”
and not from books.
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25
Denis Diderot / French
1713-1783
Published from1751-1772 in 17 volumes --
updated with all the new scientific and
philosophical knowledge
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26
Edmund Burke / England
1729-1797
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27
Mary Wollstonecraft / English
1759-1797
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28
William Godwin
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29
After Mary gave birth to her second child, also
named Mary, the doctor did not remove ALL the
placenta from her uterus and it became
gangrenous. She died 10 days after giving birth.
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30
There has recently been some controversy about eating the
placenta after childbirth. In China, Italy, and Vietnam it is pretty
customary for people to eat part of the raw placenta directly after
birth. It contains vitamins & hormones that were used to feed the
baby.
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31
Gangrene is an infection due to poor
blood flow or bacterial infection that
causes human tissue to die. It spreads
very quickly. (Left) Internal gangrene in
the intestines.
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32
Rousseau – “The education of women should be always
relative to men. To be useful to us, to make us love
them, to render our lives easy and agreeable; these are
the duties of women at all times, and what they should
be taught in infancy.”
Wollstonecraft – “Woman was not created merely to be
the solace of man . . . on this sexual error has all the
false system been erected, which robs our whole sex of
its dignity . . . whilst man remains . . . the slave of his
appetites . . . our sex is degraded by a necessity.”
Rousseau – “Girls must be subject all their lives to the
most constant and severe restraint, . . . that they may the
more readily learn to submit to the will of others . . . but
is it not just that this sex should partake of the
sufferings which arise from those evils it hath caused
us?”
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33
Wollstonecraft – “How can a woman believe that she was
made to submit to man – a being like herself, her equal?”
Rousseau – “Boys love sports, noise, and activity: to
whip the top, to beat the drum, to drag about their little
carts; girls on the other hand are fond of things of show
and ornament – trinkets, mirrors, dolls.”
Wollstonecraft – “Little girls are forced to sit still and
play with trinkets. Who can say whether they are fond of
them or not?”
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34
Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft
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35
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36
William Hogarth / English
1697-1764
Self portrait (1757)Self portrait with Pug (1745)
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37
Gin Lane (1751) Beer Street (1751)
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38
Hogarth
1751
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39
Hogarth
1751
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40
“Credulity, Superstition,
and Fanaticism” (1762)
{A comment on
religious
fundamentalism.}
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41Marriage à la Mode # 1 {“The Marriage Settlement”}
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42Marriage à la Mode # 2 {“The Tête à Tête”}
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43
Plate 6 – “The Lady’s Death” Hogarth (Marriage à la Mode)
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44
Enlightened MonarchsPeter the Great / Russia / 1682-1725 (reign)
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45
Peter the Great
monument in
Moscow
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46
Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church
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47
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48
Land on the coast
of the Baltic Sea,
conquered by Peter
the Great in the
“Great Northern
War (1700-1721)”
with Sweden.
Russian gained:
Estonia, Livonia,
and some of
Finland.
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49
Peter the Great
cutting the
beards of the
Boyars!!
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50
Enlightened MonarchsFrederick the Great / Prussia / 1740-1786 (reign)
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51
Voltaire lived in the
Sanssouci Palace (Potsdam)
with Frederick the Great of
Prussia for two years.
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52
Sanssouci – Frederick
the Great’s summer
palace in Potsdam.
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53
Catherine the Great / Russia
1762-1796
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54
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55Catherine Palace in Pushkin, Russia (near St. Petersburg)
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Joseph II of Austria
1780-1790
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Austrian Empress Maria Theresa of
Austria (1740-1780 reign)
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61Austrian Hapsburg Territory, 1718