Download - Ess2710 week 7
![Page 1: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Injury
Martin I. JonesBSc MSc PhD CPsychol CSci AFBPsS SFHEABASES accredited Sport and Exercise Scientist (Psychology)HCPC registered Sport and Exercise Psychologist
![Page 2: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Intended Learning Outcomes On successfully completing this week’s study you will be able to...
Discuss how stress influences injury risk
Describe Williams and Andersen’s model of injury
Understand the psychological consequences of injury
Manage self-learning, set and meet targets, manage time, and read extensively for information
![Page 3: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Justine Henin has likened her emotions after ending her playing career to being in mourning.
Justine Henin in 'mourning' after ending her career
Source: BBC website
![Page 5: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
"I regard ending my career more like a sentence that's been handed down than a decision I've made
"The will is there, but physically I can't [carry on]. Now I have to mourn the end of my career
![Page 6: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
A. 20 million
C. 2 million
B. 200 million
D. 200,000
A. B. C. D.
25% 25%25%25%
How many (youth) sport injuries in USA?
![Page 7: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
2 million injuries per year that require
medical attention. 20 million sports participants
![Page 8: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
A 1997 survey showed that 73% of all World Cup skiers had experienced a season-ending injury during their careers.
![Page 9: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Women in college soccer or basketball have a 1 in 10 chance of sustaining an ACL injury (a rate 6 times greater than that of men).
![Page 10: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
29.7 million sports
injuries per year
Source: Nicholl et al., 1995)
![Page 11: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
A. £99.7 million
C. 997 million
B. £9997 million
D. 9.7 million
A. B. C. D.
25% 25%25%25%
How much do injuries cost in the UK?
![Page 12: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
£997 million£643 million new injuries £354 million recurrent injuries
Source: Nicholl et al., (1993)
![Page 13: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Sport hurts
![Page 14: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
What “causes” injury?
![Page 15: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Culture of the sport?
![Page 16: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The collarbone was still together; it had a v-fracture but he said it was relatively stable. If I didn't crash again, it was probably going to stay together. He said if I could handle the pain, then maybe it was possible to continue
![Page 17: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Women football players 'tough it out' through injury
Why?
![Page 18: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Sport ethic which advocates personal sacrifice, risk taking, playing with playing with pain in the face of injury, and the unwillingness to seek out medical treatment
![Page 19: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Although these factors are not the cause of injury per se, these attitudes can create a climate that discourages individuals from reporting injuries early or from seeking treatment
![Page 20: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Williams and Andersen (1998)Williams, J. M., & Andersen, M. B. (1998). Psychosocial antecedents of sport injury: Review and critique of the stress and injury model'. Journal of applied sport psychology, 10(1), 5-25.
Stressful event
History of stressors Personality Culture of
sport
Stress response
Injury No injury
Coping
![Page 21: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
History of
stressors
![Page 22: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
History of Stressors• An individual’s personal stress factors, including:
• Previous experience with injuries
• Life stress
• Chronic daily problems
![Page 23: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
PersonalityHardinessOptimism / pessimismExplanatory style
![Page 24: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Personality• Optimism-Pessimism• Explanatory Style
• The way individuals account for events in their lives. It is a relatively permanent tendency to explain things in a certain way.
• Psychological Hardiness• A personality characteristic that acts as a
resistance resource. This disposition consists of three components: commitment, challenge, and control.
![Page 25: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
CopingPersonal coping and social support
![Page 26: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The stress response
![Page 27: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Narrowed peripheral
and central vision
![Page 28: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Muscle tension
bracing
![Page 29: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Endocrine stress response and lower functioning of immune system
![Page 31: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Result: injury
!
![Page 32: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Why should we study the psychology of
pain in relation to injury
?
![Page 33: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Acute pain is the primary reason why people seek medical attention and the major complaint that they describe on initial evaluation
![Page 34: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Of all the components of the injury response, none is less consistent or less understood than an individuals response to pain
![Page 35: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Is pain a purely physiological phenomenon?
Pain vs. nociception
![Page 36: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Psychological factorsact indirectly on pain and injury by reducing physical activity, muscle flexibility, tone, and strength, and physical endurance
![Page 37: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Biopsychosocial model of pain
Moving beyond the biological aspects of pain
Complex inter-relationship of biology with psychological processes and
social environments.
All three areas are of considerable importance in the
overall pain experience
![Page 38: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Pain as a psychological
constructWhich variables
predict pain threshold and pain
tolerance?Pain threshold is the point at
which pain begins to be felt
Pain tolerance is the maximum level of pain that a person is able
to tolerate
![Page 39: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Pain catastrophizingAn exaggerated negative mental set brought to bear during actual or anticipated painful experience
(Sullivan et al., 2001).
A false alarm to an otherwise benign stimulus
(Beck, 1989)
![Page 40: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
RuminationRepetitive thinking about the negative sensations associated with noxious stimuli
"I can´t stop thinking about how much training hurts"
![Page 41: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Magnification Elevation of the threat value of pain
“This is the worst pain I’ve ever experienced, I’m afraid that something serious might happen"
![Page 42: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
HelplessnessA belief that nothing can be done to extricate oneself from the pain experience
“There is nothing I can do to reduce the intensity of my pain"
![Page 43: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Individuals who score high on measures of pain catastrophizingReport more intense pain (Sullivan et al., 1995, 2006)
Report more severe depression and anxiety (Keefe et al., 1989; Martin et al., 1996),
Show higher levels of pain behaviour and disability (Sullivan et al., 1998, 2000,2006; Keefe et al., 2000; Sullivan and Stanish, 2003),
Consume more analgesic medication (Bedard et al., 1997; Jacobsen and Butler, 1996)
Have more prolonged stays when hospitalized (Gil et al., 1992).
![Page 44: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Have you ever been injured? What was your immediate reaction to injury?Feelings ThoughtsBehaviour?
![Page 45: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
ShockDenial AngerBargaining DepressionAcceptance
![Page 46: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Greif response model
Cognitiv
e appraisal
model
![Page 47: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
“the fact that the injury has occurred is considered less critical to understanding emotional reactions than is the way in which the injury is perceived”
(Brewer, 1994)
![Page 48: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Appraisal
![Page 49: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Age Personal control
Personality Explanatory style
History of stressors
Severity of injury
Athletic identityTime of seasonMagnitude of informational
support
Duration of injury
Mood disturbance
Level of activity disruption
Perceived social support
Recovery process
Coping skills Personality
![Page 50: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Psychological Response to
Injury
P e r so na lityO p tim ism -P ess im ism
E x p la n a to ry S ty leH a rd in e ss
H isto r y o f S tr e sso r sP rev io u s E x p e rie n c e w ith In ju r ie s
L ife S tre ssC h ro n ic D a ily P ro b lem s
C o p ing R e so ur c e sS o c ia l S u p p o r t
P e rso n a l C o p in g S k ills
R esp o n se to S p o rt In ju ry
![Page 51: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Individuals with a strong and exclusive athletic identity can see an injury as a threat to their core identity and self-worth.
![Page 52: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
COPINGA wide variety of behaviours and social networks that help individuals deal with life, including:
Personal coping skills (e.g., keeping a positive attitude, ability to control anxiety, etc.)Social support
![Page 53: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
COPINGCoping is the process of constantly changing cognitive and behavioural efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands or conflicts appraised as taxing or exceeding one’s resources
(Lazarus & Folkman, 1984).
![Page 54: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Problem-focused coping
Emotion-focused copingAvoidance coping: Preference to reduce the importance of attention toward a stressorSpecific vs. Global Coping Strategies
![Page 55: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
An exchange of resourcesbetween at least two
individualsperceived by the provider or
recipient to enhance the wellbeing of the recipient.
![Page 56: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
TYPES OF SOCIALSUPPORT
Emotional SupportListening Support
Emotional ChallengeEmotional Comfort
Informational SupportTechnical Appreciation
Technical ChallengeShared Social Reality
Tangible SupportMaterial AssistancePersonal Assistance
![Page 57: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Listening Support
Schedule longer treatment times
Establish closer therapists/athlete relationships
Convey an understanding of skills required by the athlete in his/her sport
![Page 58: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Emotional Comfort
Allow time to talk during each rehabilitation session
Provide reassurance regarding progress through goal-setting
Facilitate communication between the medical practitioner/specialist and the athlete
![Page 59: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Emotional Challenge
Set achievable early goals
Set long and short term goals that are checked regularly
Consider referrals to other health professionals (e.g. GP or Sport Psychologist)
![Page 60: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Technical Appreciation
Measure and record objective changes
Provide the athlete with a sense of self-achievement
Use schedules of positive reinforcement to reward effort
![Page 61: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Technical Challenge
Have an understanding of the particular sport
Set, reinforce and regularly monitor short and long-term goals
Devise strategies to counter set-backs or unrealistic expectations
![Page 62: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Shared Social Reality
Foster communication with the coach
Make available relevant literature and documentary evidence of successful treatment
![Page 63: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Personal Assistance
Act as a human resource base by providing information on the services available to the athlete
![Page 64: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Material Assistance
Suggest further facilities and means of rehabilitation
Provide therapeutic aids and equipment for loan or at cost
![Page 65: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Coach /therapist behaviour
Perceived social
support
Athlete physical
and emotional well being
![Page 66: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Athlete’s willingness to accept and ask for social support is important for effective recovery and rehabilitation
Pain behavior as communal coping?
![Page 67: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
efficacypersonalizeeducationprogression
Competence
![Page 68: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Control
coping with paincoping with emotionscoping with thoughts
![Page 69: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Commitment
goal settingthreat vs. challenge
social support
![Page 70: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Transtheoretical Model of Change and injury• Rehab is dealt with in stages:
• Pre-contemplation• Contemplation• Preparation• Action• Maintenance
![Page 71: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
How could you integrate your knowledge of goal setting and imagery in the rehabilitation of injury?
![Page 72: Ess2710 week 7](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070512/589a4a371a28ab040e8b4ea1/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Martin I. JonesBSc MSc PhD CPsychol CSci AFBPsS SFHEA
BASES accredited Sport and Exercise Scientist (Psychology)HCPC registered Sport and Exercise Psychologist
E: m.i.jones@exeter Tw: @drmijones