ESIA Amendment Greece
Annex 6.1 Flora and Vegetation Baseline Study
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ESIA Amendment Greece Flora and Vegetation Baseline Study
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION 3
General Information on the Vegetation and Flora of NE Greece and the reroutings wider region 3
Relevant Legislation 3
Scope of Work 4
Concise review of the habitats and species of interest along the Tenagi area in the Philippoi Plain, the Nestos plain and Rodopi as assessed in the TAP EIA study (EIA route) 4
2 Methodology 5
Flora Sampling Methodology 5
Habitat Identification 8
Limitations – Uncertainty - Bias 8
3 RESULTS 9
Species of conservation interest within the project area 9
Habitats of conservation interest within the project area 10 3.2.1 Riparian and wetland habitats 10 3.2.2 Scrubland communities 11
4 KEY FINDINGS 12
Principal species and areas of interest 12
List of Tables
Table 2-1 Riparian sites 7 Table 2 Supplement I List of sampling / observation points of the vegetation and
flora survey 13 List of Figures Figure 1 Sampling locations at Nestos rerouting 6 Figure 2 Sampling locations Kosmio rerouting 7 Figure 3 The range-restricted Balkan endemic Dianthus tenuiflorus, Kosmio, FH-80 9 Figure 4 European habitat 92A0 “Salix alba and Populus alba galleries”, Hatisio river,
Kosmio, FH-79 11 Figure 5 Greek habitat 5340 “Garrigues of Eastern Mediterranean”, Kosmio, FH-54 12
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Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP GPL00-EXG-642-Y-TAE-1006 Rev.: 00 / at09 Document Title:
ESIA Amendment Greece Flora and Vegetation Baseline Study
1 INTRODUCTION
General Information on the Vegetation and Flora of NE Greece and the
reroutings wider region
Eastern Macedonia and Thrace comprise evergreen and deciduous scrubland and forests,
grasslands, riparian forests as well as wetland and coastal habitats by the seashore. Although
lowlands have been transformed into cultivations, the vegetation in mid and high altitudes is little
affected by agricultural activities.
The Nestos plain which comprises a section of the rerouting area covers 500,000 acres and
partially lies within the National Park of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace. The Nestos Delta has
gone through major changes in the 20th century: during 1945 – 1960 the size of cultivations
expanded while forest and wetlands areas decreased. Τhe river course was re-aligned to its
present position, swamps were drained and irrigation infrastructures were developed, thus
changing the river’s flow regime. During the period 1960 - 1992 an irrigation and regulatory dam
was constructed in the Delta’s neck. During this period, agricultural activities would be intensified
in the lowlands while land abandonment is held on in the uplands. During 1992 - 2002 the
agricultural areas shrank.
The larger parts of the study area either along the “Kosmio” or “Nestos plain” reroutings comprise
agricultural land (sunflower, corn, cotton and wheat) and a very small portion is covered by
shrubs and grasslands. Streams that pass through the valleys of the study area are dominated by
Salix alba - Populus alba galleries. Synanthropic vegetation encompasses species such as
Ulmus sp., Paliurus spina-christi and Rubus ssp.
Relevant Legislation
The protection status of flora and habitats in Greece is outlined in the presidential Decree 67/81
“On the protection of wild flora and fauna” as well as Law 3937/2011 on the “Conservation of
Biodiversity”. The P.D. 67/81 (Official Gazette Issue 23/A/1981), corrected with the Official
Gazette Issue 43/A/1981, provides measures on the protection of endemic, rare and endangered
plant species. The collection, transplantation, root removal, cutting and transfer of species listed
in the P.D. 67/81 are prohibited throughout the year. The Greek Law 3937/2011 expands the
protection measures (prohibition of harvest, collection, cutting, root removal, possession and
transfer) to endemic plants in general, without, however, listing scientific or common names of
specific species or stating precise endemism levels (local, Greek, Balkan or other). According to
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Project Title: Trans Adriatic Pipeline – TAP GPL00-EXG-642-Y-TAE-1006 Rev.: 00 / at09 Document Title:
ESIA Amendment Greece Flora and Vegetation Baseline Study
Law 3937/2011, a national catalogue of endemic plant species is being elaborated by the Ministry
of Environment, Energy and Climate Change (MEECC).
European priority habitats are protected under Law 3937/2011, according to which any actions or
activities that may cause destruction, damage or alteration in European priority habitats are
prohibited. The implementation of the Directive 92/43/EEC in Greece started with the execution
of the project Inventory, Identification, Evaluation and Mapping of the Habitat types and Flora and
Fauna species in Greece. During this Project, a significant number of other important species
which occur in Greece, not included in Annex II, i.e. endangered, rare, endemics and/or protected
species under several international conventions were also identified and recorded. The list of
“Other important plant species” includes 1,852 taxa of conservation interest of the Greek flora
(Kokkini et al., 1996), which however, are not under any legal status of protection.
Scope of Work
The flora and habitats assessment has focused on:
the identification and documentation of populations of plant taxa (species and subspecies)
of high conservation interest, i.e. protected, rare, endemic species in selected habitats
along the route, and
the identification and mapping of European habitats (as defined in the Directive 92/43/EEC)
along the route, in order to locate habitats of conservation interest (priority, protected, rare,
threatened or hosting rare and protected species).
The project area comprises a 500m corridor along the corresponding reroutings at Nestos plain
(IP 374-4 to IP 374-24 approx. of the ESIA basecase) and the Kosmio region (IP 251 to IP 251-
15 of the ESIA basecase).
Concise review of the habitats and species of interest along the Nestos plain and
Komotini as assessed in the TAP EIA study (EIA route)
The vegetation and flora baseline studies referring to the ESIA basecase route indicate that the
following taxa of conservation interest are present along the particular sections, therefore are
likely to occur in the nearby regions as well:
Ruscus aculeatus protected under Annex V of the Directive 92/43/EC
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ESIA Amendment Greece Flora and Vegetation Baseline Study
Platanus orientalis and Digitalis viridiflora, protected under the Greek law (P.D. 67/81)
the Balkan endemics Bromus cappadocicus, Erysimum crassistylum and Verbascum
phoeniceum subsp. flavidum. Common habitat types in the area are 92A0 (Salix alba and
Populus alba galleries), 6420 (Mediterranean tall humid herb grasslands (European
habitat)) and 72A0 (Reedbeds (Greek habitat)).
2 Methodology
In order to gain a high understanding of the habitats and flora existing along the proposed
reroutings, a field survey was conducted in June 2014. This survey was undertaken by a survey
team consisting of botanists Anastasia Stefanaki and Christina Adamidou. .
The survey was conducted in June 2014 in order to describe the existing habitat types and
identify population characteristics of flora species of interest from an international and national
perspective. The main tasks included:
Ground truthing of the habitats cartography (from satellite imagery, forestry maps, GIS data
and from previous surveys data);
Provide details of Protected Areas;
Provide a description and distribution of main vegetation types and habitats along the
reroutings, and;
Identify populations of a few flora species of interest; the field survey concentrated its
efforts within a buffer zone of 500 m around the proposed reroutings (250 m on each side
of the pipeline axis).
Flora Sampling Methodology
During the field survey, focus was put on assessing whether the most likely taxa already
recorded in the nearby areas are present along the reroutings. These taxa are:
Taxa recorded along the ESIA basecase (Ruscus aculeatus, Platanus orientalis,
Digitalis viridiflora, Bromus cappadocicus, Erysimum crassistylum and Verbascum
phoeniceum subsp. flavidum)
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ESIA Amendment Greece Flora and Vegetation Baseline Study
The rare willow tree Salix xanthicola which is known to grow along main watercourses
(even road ditches or streams of temporary flow) in Nestos, Ardas and Evros
waterbasins (Christensen 1991, Christensen & al 2006)
Salvinia natans (floating fern) and Trapa natans (water chestnut), two hydrophytes
listed in the “Other important plant species” of the Natura 2000 network in Greece
(Kokkini et al., 1996) and protected under the Bern convention. Both grow in stagnant
or low- flow water in wetland systems, and have been reported from wetlands of NE
Greece, the first from Kerkini lake and Richios river (Rentina) and the latter from
Aspropotamos river (E side of Vistonida lake), and the lakes Mitrikou, Volvi and
Kerkini (Papastergiadou & Babalonas, 1993)
A total of 49 locations were sampled along the reroutings. The sampling locations are listed in
Table 2-1 and are shown in Figures 1 and 2 focusing on areas outside cultivations and locations
with riparian vegetation. 17 sampling points in particular referred to watercourses.
Figure 1 Sampling locations at Nestos rerouting
Source: Google Earth
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ESIA Amendment Greece Flora and Vegetation Baseline Study
Figure 2 Sampling locations Kosmio rerouting
Source: Google Earth
Table 2-1 Riparian sites
Nr. GPS point Area Route IP
number Riparian vegetation Water flow status
1 FH_2 Nestos rerouting IP-374-4 Reeds and willow galleries Permanent
2 FH_6 Nestos rerouting IP-374-12 Reeds Permanent
3 FH_8 Nestos rerouting IP-374-13 Reeds Permanent
4 FH_9 Nestos rerouting IP-374-14 Reeds Permanent
5 FH_11 Nestos rerouting IP-374-19 Reeds Permanent
6 FH_12 Nestos rerouting IP-374-23 Reeds Permanent
7 FH_14 Nestos rerouting IP-374-24 Reeds Permanent
8 FH_16 Nestos rerouting IP-374-24 Reeds, willow and poplar galleries Permanent
9 FH_70 Kosmio rerouting IP251-14 Reeds and willow galleries Permanent
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Nr. GPS point Area Route IP
number Riparian vegetation Water flow status
10 FH_76 Kosmio rerouting IP251 Reeds and poplar galleries Permanent
11 FH_77 Kosmio rerouting IP251-1 Sedges seasonal
12 FH_78 Kosmio rerouting IP251-1 Reeds seasonal
13 FH_79 Kosmio rerouting IP251-11 Reeds and willow galleries Permanent
14 FH_81 Kosmio rerouting IP251-11 Reeds seasonal
15 FH_83 Kosmio rerouting IP251-11 Reeds and willow galleries Permanent
16 FH_84 Kosmio rerouting IP251-15 Reeds and willow galleries Permanent
17 FH_85 Kosmio rerouting IP251-15 Reeds and willow galleries Permanent
The taxonomic identification proceeded with standard floras and taxonomic papers (Tutin et al.,
1964; Tutin et al., 1968-1980; Strid & Tan, 1997, 2002)
Habitat Identification
For the identification of habitats the basic manuals for the identification of European Habitats in
Greece (Dafis et al., 2001; EC, 2007) were used. The mapping of habitats within the 500 m zone
has been based on orthophoto maps. In sites without vegetation or in cases where vegetation
was highly anthropogenic, the definition of habitat types was based on information related to the
geologic substrata or on land uses.
Limitations – Uncertainty - Bias
The sampling survey referred to late spring and summer flowering species and did not take into
account taxa in blossom exclusively in early spring or autumn.
Floristic analysis took place in habitats and landscape spots selected by means of expert
judgment and not randomly: this is due to the fact that reroutings cross mainly agricultural areas
and therefore random sampling would end up taking place mostly in cultivations.
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3 RESULTS
The project area mostly comprises annual crop cultivations (corn, sunflower, cotton and wheat)
as well as a few scattered sites where perennial species (Populus, Actinidia) are cultivated.
Habitats and species of interest are discussed below
Species of conservation interest within the project area
With regards to the targeted flora taxa discussed in Section 2.1 “Flora Sampling Methodology”,
there has been no sighting of a single population or even individual in any sampling point.
One sole species of conservation interest, Dianthus tenuiflorus (Figure 2), was recorded within
the project area. D. tenuiflorus is a range-restricted Balkan endemic species flowering in June
and July. It grows locally in NE Greece in open pine forest, deciduous scrub and roadsides, at
50-1100 m a.s.l. (Strid & Tan, 1997; Dimopoulos et al., 2013). It is also reported from neighboring
areas in Bulgaria and FYR of Macedonia (Strid & Tan, 1997). It was found within the Kosmio
optimization rerouting project area between IP251-8 and IP251-9 (FH-80). A few individuals were
observed growing at the vicinity of a dry stream in a small patch of Paliurus spina-christii
garrigues among cultivated land.
Figure 3 The range-restricted Balkan endemic Dianthus tenuiflorus, Kosmio, FH-80
Source: EXERGIA field survey (June 2014)
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Habitats of conservation interest within the project area
3.2.1 Riparian and wetland habitats
Reed formations dominated by Phragmites australis (Greek habitat 72A0 “Reeds grow around
the shores forming part of the fen system. Both remnant fens were characterized by almost
monotypic dominance of the common reed Phragmites australis and despite the historical
evidence about presence of the 7210 EU priority habitat locally (see Section 1 “Introduction”),
there were no records of the corresponding species in these surveys.
Fens in general are known to have a role in water purification, flood prevention and global
warming regulation due to their ability of carbon storage (Raeymaekers, 2000; Šefferová Stanová
et al., 2008). Nevertheless, alkaline fens have been selectively drained in the past and have
become very rare and threatened at a European level. In Greece, they are also rare and
considered of high conservation priority (Dafis et al., 2001; Dimopoulos et al., 2006).
Natural or semi-natural water bodies crossed by the pipeline are few and as follows:
Kosmio at Aspropotamos (FH-83, x: 608266,3185, y: 4551478,14)
Hatisio river (FH-79, x:613685,0488 y: 4549028,235)
Well-developed riparian galleries belonging to the European habitat 92A0 “Salix alba and
Populus alba galleries” were observed at the Hatisio river crossing in Kosmio (Figure 6).
Excluding the Hatisio site, riparian vegetation in the study area is considered to be poor,
consisting mainly of reeds (Phragmites australis) and scattered single black poplar (Populus
nigra). Riparian galleries belong to the most threatened habitats at a global and European level
as well as in Greece. Intensive human activity, such as river impoundment, channelization and
drainagesets high pressure in riparian habitats, with the willow (Salix) and poplar (Populus)
communities to be the most affected (Wenger et al., 1990; Dafis et al., 2001; Fernandes et al.,
2011; Clerici et al., 2013). It is important to note that within the project area, extermination of
riparian vegetation in comparison to its past state as depicted in satellite images was observed in
several streams crossed by the pipeline along the Kosmio rerouting as follows:
FH-76 (x:621999,507 y: 4547725,508)
FH-77 ( x: 621314,1363 y: 4547783,103)
FH-78 ( x: 620413,9101 y: 4547578,357)
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ESIA Amendment Greece Flora and Vegetation Baseline Study
FH-80 ( x: 611839,1113 y: 4549881,191)
FH-81 ( x: 611429,5087 y: 4550114,125)
FH-82 (x: 611010,132 y:4550266,468)
FH-83 (x: 608266,3185, y: 4551478,14 Aspropotamos crossing).
Channels at Nestos and Kosmio reroutings are dominated by reed stands (Nestos, Kosmio) or
black poplar (Populus nigra) as well as white willow (Salix alba) and elm (Ulmus spp.) stands
(Kosmio).
Figure 4 European habitat 92A0 “Salix alba and Populus alba galleries”, Hatisio river, Kosmio, FH-79
Source: EXERGIA field survey (June 2014)
3.2.2 Scrubland communities
Semi-natural vegetation consisting of garrigues with Paliurus spina-christii was observed among
cultivated fields at two locations in Kosmio rerouting (FH-54, FH-80, Figure 8), possibly as a
result of long abandoned cultivations re-colonized by woody format ions. They belong to the
Greek habitat 5340 “Garrigues of Eastern Mediterranean” which refers to shrubby, often low and
poor in species formations growing usually in dry, poor soils in continental and insular Greece
mostly at low elevations, occasionally up to 1200 m (Dafis et al., 2001). In these stands, woody
species were rather few and loose while numerous common species of grass and herbs were
observed to grow among them: Avena sterilis, Salvia verbenaca, Eryngium campestre,
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ESIA Amendment Greece Flora and Vegetation Baseline Study
Cardopatium corymbosum, Thymus sp., Cichorium intybus, Teucrium capitatum, Delphinium
peregrinum, Prunella laciniata, Asphodelus ramosus etc. The Balkan endemic Dianthus
tenuiflorus was observed in this habitat type at FH-80.
Figure 5 Greek habitat 5340 “Garrigues of Eastern Mediterranean”, Kosmio, FH-54
Source: EXERGIA field survey (June 2014)
4 KEY FINDINGS
Principal species and areas of interest
The reroutings cross an area of extensive agricultural activity. Natural or semi-natural vegetation
is scarce.
One (1) species of conservation interest, Dianthus tenuiflorus, has been recorded at the Kosmio
rerouting. Although a species of narrow geographic range, D. tenuiflorus is not protected under
any national or international legal status.
The main areas of interest in the project area are:
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ESIA Amendment Greece Flora and Vegetation Baseline Study
Riparian stands with black poplar (Populus nigra) and white willow (Salix alba) which
develop along a dense network of drainage channels.
The crossing with Hatisio river along the Kosmio rerouting where natural riparian galleries
of the European habitat 92A0 are found (FH-79).
Table 2 Supplement I List of sampling / observation points of the vegetation and flora
survey
WP_number Site_Code Date Geographical Coordinates_WGS84Greek Grid
POINT_X POINT_Y
WP016 FH-1 20.6.2014 N40 59.891 E24 41.139 557667,0058 4538782,149
WP017 FH-2 20.6.2014 N41 00.383 E24 41.439 558079,218 4539695,462
WP018 FH-3 20.6.2014 N41 00.382 E24 41.418 558051,129 4539692,431
WP019 FH-4 20.6.2014 N41 00.567 E24 41.519 558189,9308 4540037,464
WP020 FH-5 20.6.2014 N41 00.857 E24 41.769 558535,2573 4540575,281
WP021 FH-6 20.6.2014 N40 59.507 E24 40.689 557040,7022 4538066,092
WP022 FH-7 20.6.2014 N40 59.427 E24 40.581 556891,6624 4537917,301
WP023 FH-8 20.6.2014 N40 59.140 E24 40.213 556378,5617 4537383,244
WP024 FH-9 20.6.2014 N40 58.739 E24 39.725 555701,2126 4536635,949
WP025 FH-10 20.6.2014 N40 58.313 E24 39.146 554894,2984 4535841,129
WP028 FH-11 20.6.2014 N40 57.952 E24 37.862 553098,7836 4535159,244
WP029 FH-12 20.6.2014 N40 57.768 E24 36.351 550982,6891 4534805,2
WP031 FH-13 20.6.2014 N40 57.755 E24 35.036 549137,3195 4534767,68
WP032 FH-14 20.6.2014 N40 57.774 E24 34.008 547695,9028 4534793,236
WP068 FH-47 22.6.2014 N41 04.208 E25 25.557 619799,5216 4547521,608
WP069 FH-48 22.6.2014 N41 04.180 E25 25.438 619633,838 4547468,374
WP070 FH-49 22.6.2014 N41 04.026 E25 24.759 618688,3205 4547167,274
WP071 FH-50 22.6.2014 N41 03.847 E25 24.249 617979,1293 4546824,056
WP072 FH-51 22.6.2014 N41 04.011 E25 24.139 617819,6672 4547125,282
WP073 FH-52 22.6.2014 N41 03.996 E25 23.925 617521,8109 4547092,588
WP074 FH-53 22.6.2014 N41 04.056 E25 23.481 616896,8798 4547194,056
WP075 FH-54 22.6.2014 N41 04.315 E25 23.254 616572,5537 4547668,815
WP076 FH-55 22.6.2014 N41 04.243 E25 22.926 616115,0991 4547527,726
WP077 FH-56 22.6.2014 N41 04.506 E25 22.755 615867,9557 4548009,819
WP078 FH-57 22.6.2014 N41 04.474 E25 22.667 615746,0042 4547950,08
WP079 FH-58 22.6.2014 N41 04.524 E25 22.297 615225,3319 4548032,971
WP080 FH-59 22.6.2014 N41 04.788 E25 22.206 615090,2307 4548519,198
WP082 FH-60 22.6.2014 N41 04.802 E25 21.534 614149,4999 4548531,649
WP083 FH-61 22.6.2014 N41 04.905 E25 21.187 613660,2396 4548714,369
WP084 FH-62 22.6.2014 N41 04.782 E25 21.159 613625,3824 4548485,775
WP085 FH-63 22.6.2014 N41 04.945 E25 21.041 613454,838 4548784,395
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WP086 FH-64 22.6.2014 N41 05.408 E25 20.552 612756,6624 4549630,743
WP087 FH-65 22.6.2014 N41 05.313 E25 20.318 612432,7122 4549450,082
WP088 FH-66 22.6.2014 N41 05.208 E25 20.327 612447,0278 4549256,758
WP089 FH-67 22.6.2014 N41 05.709 E25 19.029 610616,6656 4550156,144
WP091 FH-68 22.6.2014 N41 06.153 E25 17.886 609004,529 4550952,105
WP093 FH-69 22.6.2014 N41 06.301 E25 17.187 608023,3293 4551211,754
WP094 FH-70 22.6.2014 N41 06.349 E25 17.122 607930,4161 4551298,888
WP095 FH-71 22.6.2014 N41 06.598 E25 15.813 606090,9896 4551734,021
WP096 FH-72 22.6.2014 N41 06.594 E25 15.584 605771,809 4551721,051
WP097 FH-73 22.6.2014 N41 06.566 E25 15.128 605134,237 4551660,112
WP098 FH-74 22.6.2014 N41 06.435 E25 16.523 607089,2346 4551446,801
WP099 FH-75 22.6.2014 N41 06.450 E25 16.606 607205,137 4551475,776
WP100 FH-76 23.6.2014 N41 04.298 E25 27.130 621999,507 4547725,508
WP101 FH-77 23.6.2014 N41 04.336 E25 26.641 621314,1363 4547783,103
WP102 FH-78 23.6.2014 N41 04.233 E25 25.996 620413,9101 4547578,357
WP103 FH-79 23.6.2014 N41 05.075 E25 21.208 613685,0488 4549028,235
WP104 FH-80 23.6.2014 N41 05.551 E25 19.899 611839,1113 4549881,191
WP105 FH-81 23.6.2014 N41 05.680 E25 19.609 611429,5087 4550114,125
WP106 FH-82 23.6.2014 N41 05.766 E25 19.311 611010,132 4550266,468
WP107 FH-83 23.6.2014 N41 06.443 E25 17.364 608266,3185 4551478,14
WP108 FH-84 23.6.2014 N41 06.615 E25 16.561 607137,6913 4551779,847
WP110 FH-85 23.6.2014 N41 06.764 E25 15.547 605714,7215 4552035,759
Source: EXERGIA field survey (June 2014)
Trans Adriatic Pipeline AG-Greece (Branch Office)
21st floor, Athens Tower, 2-4 Mesogion Ave.
11527 Athens, Greece
Phone: +30 210 745613
Fax: +30 210 745300
www.tap-ag.com
Date 12/2014
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