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Epistemology Revision
How does indirect realism lead to scepticism about the nature of the external world?
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Epistemology Revision
Responses: Sense data tell us of ‘relations’ between objects
(Russell)
The distinction between primary and secondary qualities (Locke)
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THE ONTOLOGICAL ARGUMENT: LEIBNIZ, MALCOLM AND
PLANTINGA
Philosophy of Religion
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Today’s lesson
We will review previous learning, especially objections to Descartes
You will learn how to explain Leibniz’s ontological argument and additional ideas from Malcolm and Plantinga
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Discussion
Both Anselm and Descartes argue that it is contradictory to state that ‘God does not exist’ because existence is included in the very concept of God.
What do you think, is ‘God does not exist’ a contradiction?
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Objections to Descartes
Hume:‘All existential statements are
synthetic’
Kant:‘Existence is not
a predicate’
The argument doesn’t prove that
a perfect being actually exists
p.25-26
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Vardy Video
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Norman Malcolm
Vardy video What is Malcolm’s argument?
Why do philosophers compare mathematics to God?
Vardy seems to suggest that if something is real for you then this is enough – do you agree?
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Additional ideas from Leibniz, Malcolm and Plantinga
Leibniz:Principle of non-
contradiction
Malcolm:God’s existence
is necessary
Plantinga: Possible worlds
and maximal excellence
p.26-27
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Review
Lesson 3:
Leibniz Malcolm / Plantinga
Lesson 2:
Descartes Hume / Kant
Lesson 1:
Anselm Gaunilo
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Ontological Argument
Arguments for Arguments against