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ENVR 419Chemical Equilibria of Natural Waters
Fall 201011:00-12:15 Tu/Th
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2. Purification of Water
•Drinking Water•Wastewater•Contaminated Groundwater
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Sources of Drinking Water
•Fresh Water•Ground Water•Surface Water
-Rivers and streams-Lakes and impoundments
•Brackish Water •Reclaimed Wastewater?•Importance of Watershed Protection
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Potential Contaminants in Drinking Water
•Pathogenic microorganisms•Bacteria (salmonella, cholera), viruses (Hepatitis A virus, poliovirus), protozoan cysts (Giardia, Cryptosporidium)
•Suspended particles (turbidity)•Dissolved inorganic contaminants
•e.g. Fe, Mn, As, Cr, Cu, Pb, NO3-, ClO4
-
•Dissolved organic contaminants•e.g. taste and odor-causing organics, pesticides, pharmaceutically active compounds
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Objectives of Drinking Water Treatment
•Removal of particulate material•Removal of color (natural organic material, humic
substances arising from vegetative decay)•Removal of taste and odor-causing substances•Removal of harmful contaminants - chemical and microbial•Residual protection of water during distribution - protect against microbial recontamination, corrosion
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Chemicals Used in Water Treatment•Coagulants
•Aluminum, ferric salts•Polymers
•Disinfectants•Chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone•(UV-Irradiation)
•Acids/Bases for pH adjustment•Lime, caustic•Sulfuric Acid
•Corrosion Control •Phosphates, silicates
•Other•Fluoride
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MEMBRANE
Feed Water Filtered Water(Permeate)
Membrane Filtration Thin barrier or film of material that allows certain Thin barrier or film of material that allows certain
substances to pass through while rejecting other substances to pass through while rejecting other substances.substances.
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Membrane Removal Functions • Microfiltration (MF)
– particles, bacteria, cysts
• Ultrafiltration (UF)– viruses and colloids
• Nanofiltration (NF)– viruses; natural organic matter; SOCs; hardness
• Reverse Osmosis (RO)– dissolved minerals (desalination)
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Membrane Filtration ComparisonFeed WaterFeed Water
RO
NF
UF
MF
Particles, Giardia, Cryptosporidium
Some Viruses
DOC, Hardness
Minerals
Water
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Objectives of Wastewater Treatment
•Removal of suspended solids•Removal of oxygen-demanding material
•CBOD (e.g. CH2O), NOD (NH3)
•Removal of nutrients that can promote algal growth, eutrophication
•Nitrogen, phosphorus
•Removal of toxic substances•Disinfection
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Dissolved Oxygen Depletion(Oxygen Demand)
Carbonaceous oxygen demand (CBOD)CH2O + O2 = CO2 + H2O
C6H5OH + 7O2 = 6CO2 + 3H2O
Nitrogenous oxygen demand (NOD)NH4
+ + 2O2 = NO3- + H2O + 2H+
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) 3CH2O + 2Cr2O7
2- +16H+ = 3CO2 + 4Cr3+ + 11H2O
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d[C]/dt = -kL[CBOD] - kN [NOD] + kH (Cs-C)where C = dissolved oxygen concentrationCBOD = carbonaceous oxygen demandNOD = nitrogenous oxygen demandCs = dissolved oxygen saturation concentration
Dissolved oxygen sag curve
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Nutrient Enrichment of Surface Waters and Eutrophication
•PhotosynthesisCO2 + NO3
- + PO43- + H2O Algae biomass + O2
(C106H263O110N16P)
•RespirationAlgal biomass + O2 CO2 + NO3
- + PO43- + H2O
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9 9 4 7 4 9 4 9 8 9 4 11 8 6 9 10n=
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Median
outlier
Figure 4.23 Percent removal of PPCPs by activated sludge and microfiltration processes. (The value ‘n’ represents the number of samples that were analyzed.)
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Log Kow
4.51 3.973.06
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n=8 n=9 n=10 n=3 n=7 n=8 n=9 n=11 n=10 n=9 n=10
Figure 4.24 Removal of PPCPs by GAC adsorption. (The values shown on the figure are the logs of the octanol-water partition coefficients (log Kow) for the PPCPs indicated.
The value ‘n’ represents the number of samples that were analyzed and met the quality
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Figure 4.27 Comparison of PPCP removal by ozonation with ozonation rate constants and PPCP structures
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Metal Binding Agents in Detergents• Dissolved calcium in hard waters precipitates
when the pH is raised during normal laundering operations
• Dissolved calcium and magnesium in hard waters precipitates the cleansing agent in detergents
• Hence, detergents contain chelating agents that bind calcium
• Common chelating agents – polyphosphates, NTA, EDTA, citric acid, succinic acid
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Groundwater Contamination
•NAPLs•DNAPLs
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Groundwater Remediation
•Pump and treat•Use of surfactants
•In-situ biodegradation/bioremediation•Reductive dehalogenation (zerovalent Feo)•Isolation