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ENVIR NMENTALSTUDIES
10B11GE411
(3-0-0)
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Environmental Studies, Rajagopalan,
Dr. B. S. Chauhan, EnvironmentalStu ies, University Press.
Jose h B. 2005 Environmental
Studies, Tata McGraw Hill, India.
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Module
1
EcosystemsBiogeochemicalCycles
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Environment is derived from the wordnv ron mean ng enc rc e. s very
broad concept and involves everythingt at a ects an organ sm ur ng tslifetime.
Simply be defined as ones surroundings.
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segments:
1mosp ere.2)Hydrosphere
3)Lithosphere
The names of the four spheres are
(litho), air (atmo), water (hydro), and life.
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The atmosphere
Theatmosphereisthebodyofairwhichsurroundsourplanet.Mostofouratmosphereislocatedclosetotheearth'ssurfacewhereitismostdense.
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Compositionofatmospherewithin25kms
Composition of atmosphere
(Argon+Neon+
Helium+
Hydrogen+
Krypton)
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Thehydrosphereiscomposedofallofthewateronorneartheearth.Thisincludestheoceans,rivers,lakes,andeventhemoistureintheair.
' .remainingthreepercentisfreshwater;threequartersofthefresh
wateris
solid
and
exists
in
ice
sheets
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Thelithosphere
Thelithosphere
is
the
solid,
rocky
crust
covering
entire
planet.
This
crustisinorganicandiscomposedofminerals.ItcoverstheentiresurfaceoftheearthfromthetopofMountEveresttothebottomoft e ar ana renc .
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Thebiosphereiscomposedofalllivingorganisms.Plants,animals,and .
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education
1. Awareness: To help individuals and social
to the environment and its allied problems.
.groups acquire basic understanding of thetotal environment, its associated roblems
and humanitys critically responsiblepresence and role in it.
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3. Attitude: To help individuals and socialgroups acquire social values, strong
feelings of concern for the environmentand the motivation for actively part c pat ng n ts protect on animprovement.
4. Skills: To help individuals and social
environmental problems.
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5. va ua on y: o e p n v ua s ansocial groups evaluate environmental
terms of ecological, political, economic,social, aesthetic and educational factors.
6. Participation: To help individuals and
social groups develop a sense of responsibility and urgency regardingenvironmental problems to ensure
appropr a e ac on o so ve oseproblems.
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Environmental studies as a subject has a.
of areas and aspects:
management
Environmental pollution and control
and environment
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Human population and environment.
Environmental engineering is one of the
fastest growing and complex disciplines ofengineering.
Creates awareness and understanding of
environmental concepts which may besc en c, soc a an eco og ca sys emsthereby providing a platform for solution
.
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In the recent years, the scope of environmental
studies has expanded dramatically .Several carrier
o tions have emer ed in this field that are broadl
categorized as:
Research & Development (R&D) in environment :
Skilled environmental scientists have an important role to
play in examining various environmental problems in a
scientific manner and carr out R D activities for
developing cleaner technologies and promoting sustainable
.
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Green advocacy: With increasingemp asis on imp ementing various
Acts and Laws related to environment
nee or environmenta awyers asemerged, who should be able to pleadthe cases related to water and air
pollution, forest etc. Green media: Environmentalawareness can be s read amon stmasses through mass media liketelevision radio news a er
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Green marketing: Environmental auditors and
environmental managers would be in great demand
.
Environment consultancy: Many non
government organizations (NGOs), industries and
governmen o es are engag ng env ronmen a
consultants for systematically studying and tackling
environment related problems.
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Im ortance
of
Environment
Environment e ongs to a an is important to a .
Whatever be the occupation or age of a person, he will
be affected by environment and also he will affect the
.
internationally observed environment calendar to
mark some important aspect or issue of
environment.
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ContemporaryIndianEnvironmentalists
1. JusticeKuldeep Singh popularlyknownastheGreenud e
1. Sh.
M.
C.
Mehta,
the
Green
advocate2. Sh.Sunderlal Bahuguna,knownforChipko
3. Smt.Medha Patkar forNarmadabachao Andolan.
4. Ms.
Arundhati Roy for
Narmada
bachao Andolan.5. mt. n ra an , was nstrumenta n ntro uc ng
the concept of environmental protection in theconstitution of India as fundamental duty.
6. mt.
en a an ,
ormer y
env ronment
m n ster,
hasworkedalotforthecauseofwidelifeprotection.
7. Smt.Kinkari Devifoughtalongbattleagainstthem n ngma atosaveenv ronment
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World Wide Fund for Nature, India (WWF 1) New
DelhiThe Botanical Surve of India BSI Calcutta
The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) Calcutta
Bharti Vidyapeeth Institute of Environmental Education
Wild Life Institute of India (WII) Dehradun
Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History
(SACON)The Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) Mumbai
,
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1. In order to increase consumer awareness aboutenvironment, the Government of India has
introduced a scheme of eco
labelling ofconsumer products as ecomark in 1991.
1. It is an earthen pitcher a
symbol of ecofriendliness and
our traditional heritage.
3. A product that is made, used or
disposed off in a harmless manneris called ecofriendly and is awarded this eco
mark.
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Ecosystems: Basic Concepts
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Eco + System
,
interdependentcom lex
An ecosystem is defined as natural functional
ecolo ical unit com risin of livin or anisms(biotic community) and their non-living (abiotic orphysio-chemical ) environment that interact to
orm a sta e se -support ng system. pon ,lake, desert etc. are common examples.
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1. Natural Ecosystems :
These types of ecosystems operate by themselveswithout any major interference by man.
a erres r a ecosys ems: ores s, rass an s e c.
b) Aquatic ecosystems: Lake, Pond, River etc.
2. Artificial ecosystems:
- . . . ,villages, cities, dams, aquarium etc.
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Structure of EcosystemTwo main components:
1. Abiotic
a) Climatic factors: Rain, Temperature,Li ht Humidit etc.
b) Edaphic factors: Soil, pH etc.
.
a) Producers
(b) Consumersc Reducers
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Ecosystem
Abiotic Components Biotic Components
Climatic Edaphic Producers Consumers Decomposers
or or or
Autotrophs Hetereotrophs Saptrotroph
Light pH
Wind Minerals
Temperature Topography
Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
(Herbivores) (Pr. Carnivores) (L. Carnivores) (Omnivores)6
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SUN(Solar
Plants(Photosynthesis)
CarnivoresConsumption
(O2, CO2 ANDWATER)
(Nutrientsand Water)
DetritivoresDecomposition
Relationship within an Ecosystem 7
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Food Chainse pro ucers, consumers, an ecomposers oeach ecosystem make up a food chain.
s ow w ere energy s rans erre
Sun
90 calories lost to
environment
100 calories
Autotroph
10 calories 9 calories lost to environment
plant matter as foodHerbivore
1 calorie
as food
Carnivore
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Various food chains linked to ether to
form complex network called food web
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Food web of a hot spring
2003 John Wiley and Sons Publishers14
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A tro hic level is the osition occu ied b an or anism in
a food chain.
Trophic levels can be analyzed on an energy pyramid.
compromise the first trophic level.
Primary consumers make up the second trophiceve .
Secondary consumers make up the third trophiclevel.
Finally decomposers make up the fourth trophic level.
T hi L l F d
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Trophic Levels Found on an
Energy Pyramid The reatest amount of ener is found at the base of
the pyramid.
The least amount of energy is found at top of thepyram .
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Pyramid - A diagram illustrating the flow ofa commodity through the ecosystem.a) Pyramid of biomass - A pyramid basedon chemical energy.b) Pyramid of numbers - A pyramid based
on the number of organisms involved atvarious levels.
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L G i E ChL G i E Ch
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Laws Governing Energy ChangesLaws Governing Energy Changes
First Law of Thermod namics EnerFirst Law of Thermod namics Ener
Energy is neither created nor destroyedEnergy is neither created nor destroyed
Ener onl chan es formEner onl chan es form
==
L G i E ChL G i E Ch
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Laws Governing Energy ChangesLaws Governing Energy Changes
n every rans orma on, some energy s
converted to heat (lower quality)
n every rans orma on, some energy s
converted to heat (lower quality)
energy quality
energy quality
Connections: Matter and Energy LawsConnections: Matter and Energy Laws
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Connections: Matter and Energy LawsConnections: Matter and Energy Laws
--
--
--economyeconomy
O t id E SO t id E S
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Outside Energy SourceOutside Energy Source
PowersPowers
photosynthesisphotosynthesis
Warms earthWarms earth
Powers waterPowers watercyclecycle
HeatHeatHeatHeat
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HeatHeatHeatHeat
Wind and PrecipitationWind and PrecipitationWind and PrecipitationWind and Precipitation
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Wind and PrecipitationWind and PrecipitationWind and PrecipitationWind and Precipitation Uneven heatingUneven heating
AscendinAscendin
descending airdescending airmassesmasses
Heat releasedradiates to space
LOWPRESSURE
HIGHPRESSURE
Cool, dryair
Condensationand
precipitation
Flows toward low pressure,
Warm,dry air
Hot, wetair
Falls, is compressed, warmsRises, expands, cools
Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13Slide 13
Moist surface warmed by sun
picks up moisture and heat
HIGHPRESSURE
HIGHPRESSURE
LOWPRESSURE
LOWPRESSURE
Figure 6-10Page 117
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ModifiersModifiersModifiersModifiers
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ModifiersModifiersModifiersModifiers
Rotation of theRotation of the
GeologicGeologic
eatureseatures
Rain ShadowsRain ShadowsRain ShadowsRain Shadows
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Rain ShadowsRain ShadowsRain ShadowsRain Shadows
Ecosystem Concepts and ComponentsEcosystem Concepts and Components
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Ecosystem Concepts and ComponentsEcosystem Concepts and Components
BiomesBiomes
Role ofRole of
ulife zonesulife zones
Ecosystem FunctionEcosystem Function
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Ecosystem FunctionEcosystem Function
of energy
of energy
y g
matter
y g
matter
Energy Productivity of EcosystemsEnergy Productivity of Ecosystems
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Energy Productivity of EcosystemsEnergy Productivity of Ecosystems
Primary productivityPrimary productivity
Secondary productivitySecondary productivity
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Biomes of the World
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A Biome is the
argest geograp c
biotic unit, a majorcommunit ofplants and animals
with similar life
environmentalconditions.
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Difference between Biome and
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Difference between Biome and
Ecosystem ,
fauna and microorganisms.
biome. A biome can be defined as
the world grouped together .
n ecosys em can e as arge as eSahara desert or as small as a puddle.
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How are biomes formed?
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How are biomes formed?
Climate is a major factor determining the.
climatic factors are:latitude: Arctic, boreal, tem erate, subtro ical,tropical.humidity: humid, semi-humid, semi-arid, andarid.elevation: Increasing elevation causes a
increasing latitude.Th m wi l m f l if in
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Although there is some disagreement among scientists on
how to divide up the Earths biomes, most can agree on the
following eight:
Tropical Rainforest
Tropical Savanna
Chaparral
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Tem erate Boreal Forest
Tundra26
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equator Receives more than 200 cm
of rain annually
Tem eratures t icall fallbetween 20oC and 25oC forthe entire year
As many as 50% of all theworlds animal species maye oun ere
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Grasslands with a few
scattered trees
Experience a wet and dryseason
Hot temperatures Annual rainfall is between 50
and 127 cm
More species of grazingmammals than any other
ome28
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25
o
and 40
o
latitude Receives less than 25 cm
of rain each year
Tem eratures t icallrange between 20oC and25oC but some extreme
eserts can reactemperatures higher than
15oC 29
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o
40o
latitude on the westcoast of continents
Receives between 35 and
70 cm of rain, usuall in thewinter
Extremely resistant to
drought and weatherevents
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,trees are found only nearwater sources such asstreams
Usually receives between50 and 90 cm of rainfalleach year
ummer temperatures canreach up to 38oC, and
fall to 40oC 31
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Moderate climate
leaves in the winter
Tem eratures ran e between30oC and 30oC
Avera es from 75 to 150 cm of
precipitation
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Also known as Taiga
Typically found between 45o ando or a u e
Cold climate with summer rains
Very few reptiles
Snow is primary form ofprec p a on cmannually)
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Means treeless or marshy plain
permanently frozen soil starting ashigh as a few centimeters below
plant growth
Winter temperatures average 34o w e summer temperaturesusually average below 10oC
Low reci itation 1525 cm er
year) but ground is usually wetbecause of low evaporation
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