Download - Environmental Ethics and Justice
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The EARTH "We have not inherited the
Earth from our fathers. Weare borrowing it from ourchildren."
Native American saying
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Culture and Worldview Our relationship with the environment depends on assessments
of costs and benefits
But culture and worldview also affect this relationship Culture= knowledge, beliefs, values, and learned ways of lifeshared by a group of people
Worldview= a persons or groups beliefs about the meaning,operation, and essence of the world
How a person sees his or her place in the worldPeople draw dramatically different conclusions about a situation
based on their worldviews
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We value things in two ways
Instrumental (utilitarian)value: valuing something for itsbenefits by using it
Animals are valuable because we can eat them
Intrinsic (inherent)value: valuing something for its ownsake because it has a right to exist
Animals are valuable because they live their own lives
Things can have both instrumental and intrinsic value But different people emphasize different values
How we value something affects how we treat it
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Current Environmental Conditions Half the worlds wetlands were lost in the last 100
years.
Land conversion and logging have shrunk the worldsforests by as much as 50%.
Nearly three-quarters of the worlds major marine fish
stocks are overfished or are being harvested beyonda sustainable rate.
Soil degradation has affected two-thirds of the worldsagricultural lands in the last 50 years.
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The corporate social responsibility ofa business is to increase profit. M.
Friedman
Those things that cannot be traded
on the market have no value.
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ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
Ethics which guides human behavior towards theearth
It is concerned with the moral relationships betweenhumans and the world around us.
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Two main types ofEnvironmental Ethics:
Indiv idual ist ic&
Hol ist ic
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Commonalities
Both holistic and individualisticenvironmental ethics address
Whose interests count?
Whose interests mus t weconsider?
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Individualistic Approach
Who has standing?
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Anthropocentrism-Human Centered morality.
-Only humans have intrinsic value andmoral standing.
-The rest of the natural world has
instrumental value(use to human).
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Anthropocentrism
We can best protect nature bylooking out for human needs.
Example:
Saving the rainforests willprovide O2and medicines for
humans
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Sentio-centrism Sentient - being centered morality
All and only sentient beings (animals that
feel pain) have intrinsic value and moralstanding.
The rest of the natural world hasinstrumental value.
Both humans and sentient animals haverights and/or interests that must be
considered
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Holistic Approach
Holistic ApproachesThe basic idea:
The whole is greater (and more valuable)
than the constitutive parts
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3 Holistic Approaches
Biocentrism life-centered ethics
Ecocentrism
ecosystem-centered ethics Deep Ecology
identification and kinship ethics
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Biocentrism
Life-centered morality All and only living beings, specifically individual organisms(notspecies or ecosystems) have intrinsic value and moralstanding.
Humans are not superior to other life forms nor privileged, andmust respect the inherent worth of every organism
Humans should minimize harm and interference with nature:eat vegetarian since less land needs to be cultivated.
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Eco-centrism / Eco-centric
Holism ecosystem centered morality
Non-individuals (the earth as an interconnectedecosystem, species, natural processes) have moralstanding or intrinsic value and are deserving of respect.
Individuals must be concerned about the whole communityof life/nature,
Humans should strive to preserve ecological balance andstability.
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Deep Ecology Deep ecology is a recent branch of
ecological philosophy that considers
humankind as an integral part of itsenvironment.
Deep ecology places greater value onnon-human species, ecosystems and
processes in nature than established
environmental and green movements.
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Deep Ecology The core principle of deep ecology as originally
developed is Norwegian philosopher Arne Nss's
doctrine of biospheric egalitarianism the claim that
all living things have the same right to live and flourish.
Deep ecology describes itself as "deep" because it isconcerned with fundamental philosophical questions
about the role of human life as one part of theecosphere, and aims to avoid merely utilitarian
environmentalism.
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Environmental Justice
Combination of civil rights and environmentalprotection that demands a safe, healthy life-
giving environment for everyone
Most people of low socio-economic positionare exposed to high pollution levels
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Environmental Justice"Environmental Justice is the fairtreatment and meaningful
involvement of all people regardlessof race, color, national origin, orincome with respect to thedevelopment, implementation, andenforcement of environmental laws,regulations, and policies.
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Environmental Justice Environmental Justice examines the ethical and
political questions of who get what, when, why and
how much.
All individuals have a r ightto be protected fromenvironmental degradation.
It adopts a public health model of prevention.
It shifts the burden of proof to polluters who do harm.
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Group 4
MEMBERS:Catilo, Jasleen Vien
Llegos, Charmaine
Cables, Mark Anthony