Download - Environmental Energy Technology (NOTE 6-7) Joonhong Park Yonsei CEE Department 2014. 10. 13
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Environmental Energy Technology(NOTE 6-7)
Joonhong ParkYonsei CEE Department
2014. 10. 13.
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Unsustainable Energy Technologies: Coal, Oil, Gas and
Non-Conventional Hydrocarbons
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Nuclear Power
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Physical basis
• 235 U + n => 92 Kr + 141 Ba + 3n + gamma ray
• Mass reduction (△m): 3.57 X 10-28
• E = mc2 = △m * (3 x 108)2 = 3.2X10-11 J per fission.
• The fission of 1 kg of 235U releases 8.2 X 1013 J per kg (cf. Chemical energy from 1 kg Oil = 35 MJ)
• WOW!
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Technologies for Use
There is only one commercial use for nuclear fission: the generation of electricity for supply to consumers via a national grid.
- Connected to steam engine (again?!)
-Nuclear fission is used simply as a heat source.
-Requires a coolant.
- Differences lie primary in the design of the core of the reactor and the fluid used to remove heat from it.
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Basic Reactor Design
-The need for a reactor to absorb excess neutrons.
-Requires the initializing neutrons to be moving relatively slowly (thermal neutrons)
-A moderator: water or graphite
-Uranium oxide (U3O8) consists of only 0.7 % 235U. (mainly in a form of 238U).
- 238U + n => 239U
239U => 239Np + e (beta-decay)
239Np=>239Pu + 3 (beta-decay)
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Reactor Physics
-Multiplication factor (k): the number of additional neutrons going on to produce fission from each fission event (k =1 under steady state power generation)
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A variety of thermal reactors
Type ThermalPower (MW)
Coolant
Moderator
CoreVolume(m3)
Vol. PD (MW/m3)
FuelRating(MW/tonne)
ExitCoolant Temp (oC)
Magnox
225-1875
CO2 Graphite 449-2166
0.5-0.87
2.2-3.15
400
AGR 1500 CO2 Graphite 550 2.5 11.2 650
CANDU 3425 D2O D2O 280 12.2 26.4 293
PWR 3800 H2O H2O 40 95 38.8 332
BWR 3800 H2O H2O 75 51 24.6 290
RBMK 3140 H2O Graphite 765 4.1 15.4 -
Fast Breeder
1000 Liquid Na
None 1.5 400 150 -
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Environmental Concerns
Waste materials from the mining of the uranium ore:
-Radioactive radon gas
-Radioactive materials from the enrichment process
-Ratocative gases (krypton and xenon)
-Radioactive tritium (3H).
-Low-level and high-level wastes
Two greatest concerns
-A large scale accident (mostly due to poor operation and human errors)
-What to do with the spent fuel rods.
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Options for high-level waste storage
Enrichment
Fuelfabricatio
n
Reactor
PU Store Reprocessin
g
InterimLiquid
storage
Solidification
Spent fuelstorage
Natural U
Fast ReactorEngineered
Surface Storage
Ultimate Disposal
(Sea Bed)
Pu
U
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World Resource
Estimated known uranium reserves: 3.12 Mt (1400 EJ), 70 yr
Economical feasible to extract U from diluted source: 28 Mt
Ocean: 3 ppb
Fast reactor: using 238U rather than 235U.
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Discussion
Is nuclear power the solution to global warming?
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Hydropower
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Technologies for Use
Low head
Medium head
High head
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Technologies for Use
The Francis turbine (reaction turbine): suitable for medium heads
Propeller (reaction turbine): suitable for low heads
The Pelton wheel (impulse turbine): suitable for very high heads (>250 m)
Efficiency: 70%
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Environmental impacts
The need to resettle large number of people
The low of important archaeological remains
Loss of habitats
Loss of rare species
Major impacts on river wildlife and humans on the downstream side of the dam
Methane production from rotting vegetation in the flooded area
Loss of human life from dam failures
Amplification of interstate tensions from diverting water resources
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Pumped Storage
A method to storage a large amount of electrical energy
More dams?
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Discussion
In Korea, most of annual rain precipitation occurs during the Monson period (July-August).
How to maximize the hydro-resource for electricity generation? How to store them in our land?
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Introduction to Sustainable Energy Technologies
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Energy Conversion Efficiencies
ChemicalEnergy(fossil fuels etc.)
Thermal
Energy(heat)
Electricalenergy
Mechanical energy
70-95 %
20-40 %100 %
85-95 %
90-95 %
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Cogeneration/CHP
ChemicalEnergy(fossil fuels etc.)
Thermal
Energy(heat)
Electricalenergy
Mechanical energy
70-95 %
20-40 %100 %
85-95 %
90-95 %
Recovery of WasteHeat (CombinedHeat and Power)
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Solar Power
Thermal
Energy(heat)
Electricalenergy
Mechanical energy
20-40 %100 %
85-95 %
90-95 %
Recovery of WasteHeat (CombinedHeat and Power)
Solar Power
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Solar Power Systems
• Low temperature• High temperature - Dish collectors - Stirling engines - Power towers - Trough collectors
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Operational principle of an ocean thermal energy
converter (pilot scale)
Pump
CondenserEvaporator
Turbine
Electric power generator
AmmoniaLiquid
AmmoniaVapor
ColdWater(5oC)
WarmWater(25oC)
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Photovoltaics
Sunlight
Thermal
Energy(heat)
Electricalenergy
Mechanical energy
100 %85-95 %
90-95 %
Photovoltaics90-95 %
Turning sunlight intoElectricity with high efficiencyat low cost using common materials.
(n-p junction in a solar cell)
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Wind power
Thermal
Energy(heat)
Electricalenergy
Mechanical energy
100 %
85-95 %
90-95 %
Wind power
Horizontal axis wind turbine: rotor diameter, machine rating, rotational speed & number of blades, the generator
Environmental impacts: electromagnetic interference, ecological impact, noise
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Wave power
Thermal
Energy(heat)
Electricalenergy
Mechanical energy
100 %
85-95 %
90-95 %
Wave power
Global energy densities: New Zealand (100), South Africa (70), North east France (70), Korea-Japan ( 15)
Power is a function of wave height (h)
Onshore devices, Offshore devices (Salter Duck, Pelamis)
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Tidal and small-scale hydropower
Thermal
Energy(heat)
Electricalenergy
Mechanical energy
100 %
85-95 %
90-95 %
Tidal and small-scalehydropower
Tidal stream
Small-scale hydropower
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Biomass
ChemicalEnergy
(Biomass)
Thermal
Energy(heat)
Electricalenergy
Mechanical energy
70-95 %
20-40 %100 %
85-95 %
90-95 %
Recovery of WasteHeat (CombinedHeat and Power)
CO2
Oxidation
C-fixation
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Geothermal
Thermal
Energy(heat)
Electricalenergy
Mechanical energy
20-40 %100 %
85-95 %
90-95 %
Recovery of WasteHeat (CombinedHeat and Power)
Geothermal
Environmental impact?
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Fast Breeder & Fusion
NuclearEnergy
Thermal
Energy(heat)
Electricalenergy
Mechanical energy
70-95 %
20-40 %100 %
85-95 %
90-95 %
Recovery of WasteHeat (CombinedHeat and Power)
Fast Breeder
Fusion
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Fast Breeder (Fission)
100 fissions
292 neutrons produced
39lost
32 by Pu
121 by 238U
84 in Pu13 in 238 U3 in 235 U
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A variety of thermal reactors
Type ThermalPower (MW)
Coolant
Moderator
CoreVolume(m3)
Vol. PD (MW/m3)
FuelRating(MW/tonne)
ExitCoolant Temp (oC)
Magnox
225-1875
CO2 Graphite 449-2166
0.5-0.87
2.2-3.15
400
AGR 1500 CO2 Graphite 550 2.5 11.2 650
CANDU 3425 D2O D2O 280 12.2 26.4 293
PWR 3800 H2O H2O 40 95 38.8 332
BWR 3800 H2O H2O 75 51 24.6 290
RBMK 3140 H2O Graphite 765 4.1 15.4 -
Fast Breeder
1000 Liquid Na
None 1.5 400 150 -
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Fusion
NuclearEnergy
Thermal
Energy(heat)
Electricalenergy
Mechanical energy
70-95 %
20-40 %100 %
85-95 %
90-95 %
Recovery of WasteHeat (CombinedHeat and Power)
Fusion
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Potential uses of Fusion technology
SOLAR
NUCLEAR
Fast Fission
Thermal Fission
Fusion
Geothermal (radioactivit
y)
Heat
THERMAL Electricity
ELECTRICAL
Biomass
FossilFuels
Hydrogen Batteries
CHEMICAL
Wind
Wave
Mechanical
Hydro TidalGeothermal
(original accretion)
GRAVITATIONAL
KINETIC
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Fuel Cells
ChemicalEnergy
Thermal
Energy(heat)
Electricalenergy
Mechanical energy
100 %85-95 %
90-95 %
Fuel Cells
90-95 %
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The current uses of unsustainable energy technologies. How about the potential uses of sustainable energy
technologies?