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Environmental Change (cont’d); Matter Cycling
ENST1001A, Week 614 October, 2011
New readings: Textbook Chapter 4
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Catching up: leftovers from last lecture
(slides deleted since they’re in the files
from week 4)
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Matter (Chapter 4)
has mass
takes up space
“what things are made of”
elements, atoms, molecules
law of conservation of matter
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Biogeochemical cycles
matter moving through the ecosphere
recall: energy flows; matter moving too
of all the naturally occurring chemical elements, about 30 are required for life
nutrients (macro- and micro-)
cycled continuously through ecosphere
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Figure 4.1 Generalized model of biogeochemical cycle
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Some really key cycles:
nitrogen
phosphorus
sulphur
carbon
water
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Phosphorus (P)
See text Figure 4.2
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Sulphur
See text fig 4.3
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Nitrogen
See text fig 4.4
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C
See text fig 4.7
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See text fig 4.6
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Hydrological Cycle
water also necessary for life
many unique properties
common in all three phases
high molecular attraction --> tension
high heat capacity
universal solvent
density: solid LESS dense
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See Text Figure 4.8
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Water availability
very unequal distribution on Earth
varying availability
Canada relatively rich, although most is ice
regionally large potential deficits
large demand from southern neighbours
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Available Water
easiest to access/use:
surface freshwater
Groundwater
See text Figure 4.9
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Precipitation
also highly variable
regional patterns (see Figure 4.10) -> why?
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Air pressure & winds
need to bring back energy for a minute
energy + air -> air masses, winds
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Convection systems
• cool air will descend, and will flow towards areas of lower pressure
• Precipitation often occurs in low pressure zones
• as warm air rises, it cools, and can become supersaturated, resulting in precipitation
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Implications...
strong tendency of air movement -> global air circulation patterns
strong influence on climate
combines with processes that govern water cycle
-> strong influence on other processes, soil formation, plant growth, ... (recall last week)
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Back to water...
of course, these air masses also carry water
evaporation
air masses move
precipitation
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Clouds
air can get supersaturated = too much water in vapour form -> condensation
condensation nuclei -> droplets
at first, droplets too small to fall; large numbers of droplets or ice crystals -> clouds
kept up by upward movements of air
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Remote sensing of clouds...
satellites have “long” been used to study weather and climate
important tool to monitor development and track of storms, fronts, ...
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Which brings us back to...
soils
vegetation
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Humans and BGC Cycles
“Some of the most notable environmental crises today result from humans disrupting the natural flow of biogeochemical cycles”
discuss
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Examples
Eutrophication (text Figure 4.13)
acid deposition (text Figures 4.15-4.16, 4.18)
greenhouse gases (TBC)