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Environmental Assessment
Pressure-State-Response
& use of Indicators
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• The Livestock & Environment Toolbox uses the Pressure-State-Response (PSR) Framework
• The PSR framework was developed in the early 1990s and forms the basis for Environmental Assessment and Reporting, e.g. SOE reports
• Indicators form an integral part of PSR
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Indicators
• Their use / utility depends on the context• Should also be designed to help decision makers
understand why change is taking place
• Quantify and Simplify phenomena• Inform and Alert about changes taking
place in systems
WARNING function
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Use of Indicators
How much ?• Performance evaluation
• Thresholds
• Causal Loops
• Model construction & Scenario analysis
In relation to a defined Max / Min quantity
Analysis of cause & effect
What If ?
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• Without good monitoring data, it is not possible to develop indicators
• Performance measures imply that targets are set, e.g. quotas, or acceptable maximum levels
• Indicators must take into account different locations, people, cultures and institutions.
• Sets of indicators evolve over time, and are seldom, if ever, complete
• Indicators tend to reduce uncertainty, but not eliminate it
• Indicators play an important part in influencing human impact on the environment operate.
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There are a number of different diagrams illustrating PSR
Pressure-State-Response
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Pressure-State-Response
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Pressure-State-Response
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Adapted from: Pinter et al, UNEP, IISD & Ecologistics International, 1999
Human ActivitiesthatInfluencethe environment
Condition of the
Environment
Response to Prevent / Reduce Negative Impact
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Ongoing Development of PSR
PSR:Pressure - State - Response
DSR:Driving Force - State - Response
DPSIR: Driving Force - Pressure - State - Impact - Response
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Pressure
• human activities• trade, and consumption
The pressures Human Society puts on the environment, as a result of:
These activities, or Driving Forces, result in direct pressures on the environment such as:
• pollution• resource depletion
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State• Condition (typically of the environment) that
results from the pressures, e.g. pollution levels, degree of land degradation or extent of deforestation
• These changed conditions may, in turn, affect human health and well-being
• One therefore needs an understanding of both the State of the Environment as well as the direct and indirect effects - or Impacts
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Response
Relates to actions taken by society either individually or collectively,
to prevent or mitigate against negative environmental impacts,
to correct existing damage,
or, to conserve natural resources
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Responses Include• Regulatory action &
Instruments of Policy • Public opinion & consumer preference • Changed management strategies• Environmental or research expenditure • Provision of environmental information
Do Not Include Coping Strategies: These tend to be State or Impacts, are
less easy to influence with policy instruments, and are symptoms rather than causes
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Human ActivitiesthatInfluencethe environment
Condition of the
Environment
Response to Prevent / Reduce Negative Impact
Indicators of state should be designed to be responsive to the pressures and at the same time facilitate
corrective action
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Indicators & the PSR framework
Pesticide Use e.g. Deltamethrin as Pour-on for control of tsetse
Levels of active residues in dung .
Dung Beetle mortality Reduced nutrient cycling
S
P
R
Research,Improved techniques,Better control over use,Trypanotolerant varieties
Monitoring