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Environmental Application of Remote Sensing: CE 6900
Tennessee Technological UniversityDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Course Instructor: Dr . Faisal Hossain (Associate Prof.)
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SOIL MOISTURE SATELLITES
By: Abebe Gebregiorgis
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Outlines• Soil Moisture Active and Passive Satellite (SMAP) – NASA
– Introduction– Mission Imperative Overview– Scientific Objectives– Scientific Overview– Application Overview– Current status
• Soil Moisture and Ocean Satellite (SMOS) – ESA– Mission Imperative Overview and Scientific Objectives– Scientific Overview– Application Overview– Current status
• Summary
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Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Satellite
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Introduction
• SMAP - both active and passive sensors• L-band radiometer – (passive sensor )• L-band radar – (active sensor)
• Designed to provide – Global Soil moisture– Freeze/thaw
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Mission• to provide global measurements of
soil moisture and freeze/thaw state via L-band radar and radiometry so as to
– Improve estimates of land surface evaporation, –Have good understanding of land-
atmosphere water and energy exchange
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Specific objectives• Understand processes that link the terrestrial
water, energy and carbon cycles • Estimate global water and energy fluxes at the
land surface • Enhance weather and climate forecast skill • Develop improved flood prediction and drought
monitoring capabilities
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Scientific OverviewArtistic rendition of the SMAP spacecraft
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Scientific overview …• Orbit– Orbit Altitude: 670 km
(450 to 700 km)– Inclination: 98 degrees,
sun-synchronous – Local Time of Ascending
Node: 6 pm – SMAP will make
measurements from a 6am/6pm sun-synchronous polar orbit
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Scientific overview …
• Configuration: Conically-scanning reflector – Diameter: 6 meters – Shared by both radar
and radiometer
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Scientific overview …
• Configuration: – 1000 km wide swath – Scanning system: Along track scanning ???
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SMAP Satellite’s swath path 1shows the initial path of the satellite
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SMAP Satellite’s swath path 2shows the swath path illustrate the scanning pattern
of the antenna
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SMAP Satellite’s swath path 3shows the swath path with more extensive
coverage
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SMAP measurement geometry
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Data Products
• Schematic representation of passive (left) and active (right) microwave interaction with soil and vegetation
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Scientific overview …
• Configuration:
–Resolution: • 40 km radiometer • 1-3 km SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)• 10 km – combined product
–Rotation rate: 14.6 RPM–Beam efficiency: 90%
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Data Products
• Soil Moisture– L-Band Radiometer (1.41 GHz)• Resolution = 40 km
– L-Band Radar (1.26 GHz)• Resolution = 10 km
• Freeze/Thaw– L-Band Radar (1.26 GHz)– Resolution 3 km
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Data Products
• Sampling duration– 6 am/ 6 pm
• Revisit duration– Global = 3 days– Boreal = 2 days
• Mission life– Minimum = 3 years
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Application Overview• Hydrological Hazards Applications: – Drought and Flood
• Ecosystem Services Applications– Agricultural Productivity
• Weather Forecast Applications• Climate Prediction Applications• Human Health Applications
SMAP launch is currently targeted for 2014
Status
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SOIL MOISTURE AND OCEAN SALINITY (SMOS) SATELLITE
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Introduction• European Space Agency (ESA)
• The SMOS mission is a direct response to the current lack of global observations of soil moisture and ocean salinity
• It objectives are to: – globally monitor surface soil moisture over land surfaces, – globally monitor surface salinity over the oceans, and – Improve the characterization of ice and snow covered
surfaces.
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Scientific overview• altitude of 755 km• view an area of almost 3000 km in diameter.
SMOS Click here
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• Launch: 2009• Duration: Minimum 3 years• Instrument: Microwave Imaging Radiometer• Instrument concept: Passive microwave• Frequency: L-band (21 cm -1.4 GHz)• Number of receivers: 69• Spatial resolution: 35 km• Temporal resolution: 3 days revisit at Equator• Swath: 3000 km
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Scientific application• Soil moisture • Ocean salinity
Current Status
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SMAP & SMOS• Do they have overlapping mission?• May new science opportunities arise if data from
SMAP and SMOS mission are combined ?
Facts:• SMOS will explore a potential technology but will provide
only a 35 km resolution• SMAP will explore a potential technology and different
instrument design and will provide a 10 km resolution• SMOS - ocean salinity, whereas SMAP -freeze/thaw
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100 km 10 km 1 km
Day
Week
Month
SMOS SMAP Radar-Radiometer
ClimateClimate ApplicationsApplications
Weather ApplicationsWeather Applications
CarbonCarbon CycleCycle ApplicationsApplications
Resolved Spatial Scales
Res
olve
d T
emp
oral
Sca
les
Radio
met
er
RadarEvolution of L-Band Sensing
Evolution of SMOS & SMAP
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Thank You
This material is extracted and compiled from • http://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/• http://www.esa.int/esaLP