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Enhancing China’s Sustainable Growth and Prosperity: a Pathway to Cleaner Coal
Hengwei LIU, PhDEnergy, Climate, and Innovation (ECI) ProgramThe Fletcher School, Tufts University
Presentation to the China Environment Forum @ Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C., 12 January 2011
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Agenda
• Explore major CCS opportunities
• Identify key technologies enabling CCS development
• Propose a US-China partnership on CCS
HengweiLiu, Kelly Sims Gallagher. Catalyzing strategic transformation to a low-carbon economy: A CCS roadmap for China. Energy Policy38(2010)59–74.
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CO2 emissions by sector in China
Total: 5100 Mt
49%
7% 9% 7%
6%
4%
10%
8%
Industry28%
2005
Total: 11448 Mt (Reference Scenario)
54%
21%
11%
6%8%
2030
Power generation Transport Residential and servicesOther* Iron and steel Non-metallic mineralsChemicals and petrochemicals Other**
Data source: WEO2007
Power generation and industry account for more than 70% of China’s total energy-related CO2 emissions
Power
Power
Industry
Iron & steel
(Cement)
(Ammonia &Methanol)
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Prime candidates for CCS in China
Ammonia & Methanol
Iron and steel
Cement
Power
Today: more than 80% coal electricity
Data source: NBS
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CCS and its enabling technologies: a twin-pronged approach to promote the CCS
deployment
Manufacturing process & energy conversion process
CCS+
CCS enabling technologies
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Summary of CCS enabling technologies
Polygeneration based on Smelting Reduction
Polygeneration based on Direct Reduction
Polygeneration based on Oxygen Blast furnace
Polygeneration (IGCC)
Power
Iron&Steel Coal gasification
SC/USC
Oxy-fuel combustion in cement kiln Cement
Coal gasificationAmmonia &Methanol
Polygeneration based on Smelting Reduction
Polygeneration based on Smelting Reduction
Polygeneration based on Direct Reduction
Polygeneration based on Direct Reduction
Polygeneration based on Oxygen Blast furnace
Polygeneration based on Oxygen Blast furnace
Polygeneration (IGCC)Polygeneration (IGCC)
Power
Iron&Steel Coal gasificationCoal gasification
SC/USCSC/USC
Oxy-fuel combustion in cement kiln Cement Oxy-fuel combustion in cement kiln
Oxy-fuel combustion in cement kiln Cement
Coal gasificationCoal gasificationAmmonia &Methanol
Leading technologyIGCC/Co-production
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Coal power generation: IGCC &SC/USC
•IGCC: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
•SC / USC: Supercritical / Ultra-supercritical
Gasification & advanced combustion: roads to higher efficiency
Coal
High temperature/pressure
Syste
m in
tegr
ation
Synga
s (Gas
ificat
ion)
Pulverized coal (Combustion)
Large capacity
IGCC
SC/USC
Oxy-fuel combustion
Post-combustion
Pre-combustion
Coal
High temperature/pressure
Syste
m in
tegr
ation
Synga
s (Gas
ificat
ion)
Pulverized coal (Combustion)
Large capacityLarge capacity
IGCC
SC/USC
Oxy-fuel combustion
Post-combustion
Pre-combustionIGCC
SC/USC
Oxy-fuel combustion
Post-combustion
Oxy-fuel combustionOxy-fuel combustion
Post-combustionPost-combustion
Pre-combustionPre-combustion
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Co-production: an important approach to promote IGCC development in China
ASUAir
O2
N2Combined
Cycle
Chemical plant
GasifierCoal
Syngas (CO+H2)
Electricity
methanol
CO2Separator
H2
Power generation
Other Fuel cell Seque-stration
EOR/ECBMOcean storage
Others
Shift reactor
Steam
CO2+H2
IGCC
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(2) CCS enabling technologies: Iron & Steel
Polygeneration based on Smelting Reduction
Polygeneration based on Direct Reduction
Polygeneration based on Oxygen Blast furnace
Polygeneration (IGCC)
Power
Iron&Steel Coal gasification
SC/USC
Oxy-fuel combustion in cement kiln Cement
Coal gasificationAmmonia &Methanol
Polygeneration based on Smelting Reduction
Polygeneration based on Smelting Reduction
Polygeneration based on Direct Reduction
Polygeneration based on Direct Reduction
Polygeneration based on Oxygen Blast furnace
Polygeneration based on Oxygen Blast furnace
Polygeneration (IGCC)Polygeneration (IGCC)
Power
Iron&Steel Coal gasificationCoal gasification
SC/USCSC/USC
Oxy-fuel combustion in cement kiln Cement Oxy-fuel combustion in cement kiln
Oxy-fuel combustion in cement kiln Cement
Coal gasificationCoal gasificationAmmonia &Methanol
Leading technologyIGCC/Co-production
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Iron making: development trend
• Blast furnace iron-making
• Non-blast furnace iron-making
• Dominant technology
• Severe pollution
Direct reduction
Smelting reduction
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Breakthrough CCS enabling technologies are needed to achieve large-scale CO2 reduction
Iron ore
Blast furnaceConverter
Rolling
Iron ore pelletizing
Washed coal Coking
Lime stone Sintering
Iron oreIron ore
Blast furnaceBlast furnaceConverterConverter
RollingRolling
Iron ore pelletizingIron oreIron ore pelletizingpelletizing
Washed coal CokingWashed coalWashed coal CokingCoking
Lime stone SinteringLime stoneLime stone SinteringSintering
Steel making
Capture from the main emitter (blast furnace) brings only about 30% reduction in CO2 emissions
Bao Steel
Data source: ZHANG Shourong
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Polygeneration based on Oxygen Blast Furnace
The off gas with medium heating value from OBF is used as an IGCC/co-production fuel gasSteel
unitsunits
Off Gas
Co-production
ElectricityMethanol
Oxygen Blast Furnace
Converter
(CO+H2)
Picture from internet
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Polygeneration Based on Direct Reduction
By coupling IGCC/co-production with a DR process, it shares one gasifier to produce syngas
Steel
unitsunits
Co-production
ElectricityMethanol
Direct Reduction Unit
Electric Arc Furnace
SyngasCO+H2
Gasifier
Picture from internet
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Polygeneration based on Smelting Reduction
The off gas from SR is used as an IGCC/co-production fuel gas
Steel
unitsunits
Off Gas
Co-production
ElectricityMethanol
Smelting Reduction Unit
Converter
(CO+H2)
Picture from internet
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(3) CCS enabling technologies: Ammonia & Methanol
Polygeneration based on Smelting Reduction
Polygeneration based on Direct Reduction
Polygeneration based on Oxygen Blast furnace
Polygeneration (IGCC)
Power
Iron&Steel Coal gasification
SC/USC
Oxy-fuel combustion in cement kiln Cement
Coal gasificationAmmonia &Methanol
Polygeneration based on Smelting Reduction
Polygeneration based on Smelting Reduction
Polygeneration based on Direct Reduction
Polygeneration based on Direct Reduction
Polygeneration based on Oxygen Blast furnace
Polygeneration based on Oxygen Blast furnace
Polygeneration (IGCC)Polygeneration (IGCC)
Power
Iron&Steel Coal gasificationCoal gasification
SC/USCSC/USC
Oxy-fuel combustion in cement kiln Cement Oxy-fuel combustion in cement kiln
Oxy-fuel combustion in cement kiln Cement
Coal gasificationCoal gasificationAmmonia &Methanol
Leading technologyIGCC/Co-production
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Ammonia & Methanol
coalGasification
Ammonia
Methanol
Syngas
• Ammonia industry is the largest consumer of gasification technology in China. Coal-based synthetic ammonia accounts for about 75% of total output– Consume 50 Mt coal per year
• coal-based methanol accounted for about 80% of total output.– consume about 12 Mt coal
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Pathway to a low-carbon future
•Coal gasification
• Polygeneration(power-chemicals &
power-steel)
•Polygeneration(power-chemicals-steel)
Integration & Optimization
CCS
Today~2020 2020~2030 2030~
•Coal gasification
• Polygeneration(power-chemicals &
power-steel)
•Polygeneration(power-chemicals-steel)
Integration & Optimization
CCS
Today~2020 2020~2030 2030~
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Cleaner coal & water
Water consumption (Kg/MWh)Subcritical: 300MW; USC: 1000MW; IGCC: Gasifier: Shell
Estimated by Hengwei Liu
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Subcr i t i cal USC I GCC
Wi thout captureWi th capture
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How to use coal in a carbon-constrained future?
+CCS
+CCS
GasifierCoalSyngas
Syngas to liquids
(Gasoline, diesel)
Syngas to chemicals
(Methanol, ammonia, etc.)
Syngas to power
(IGCC/polygeneration)
Syngas for iron-making
(Direct reduction)
GasifierGasifierCoalCoalCoalSyngas
Syngas to liquids
(Gasoline, diesel)
Syngas to liquids
(Gasoline, diesel)
Syngas to chemicals
(Methanol, ammonia, etc.)
Syngas to chemicals
(Methanol, ammonia, etc.)
Syngas to power
(IGCC/polygeneration)
Syngas to power
(IGCC/polygeneration)
Syngas for iron-making
(Direct reduction)
Syngas for iron-making
(Direct reduction)
Advanced combustion
USC/SC + CCS
+CCS
+CCS
Gasification
+CCS
+CCS
GasifierCoalSyngas
Syngas to liquids
(Gasoline, diesel)
Syngas to chemicals
(Methanol, ammonia, etc.)
Syngas to power
(IGCC/polygeneration)
Syngas for iron-making
(Direct reduction)
GasifierGasifierCoalCoalCoalSyngas
Syngas to liquids
(Gasoline, diesel)
Syngas to liquids
(Gasoline, diesel)
Syngas to chemicals
(Methanol, ammonia, etc.)
Syngas to chemicals
(Methanol, ammonia, etc.)
Syngas to power
(IGCC/polygeneration)
Syngas to power
(IGCC/polygeneration)
Syngas for iron-making
(Direct reduction)
Syngas for iron-making
(Direct reduction)
Advanced combustion
USC/SC + CCS
+CCS
+CCS
GasificationGasifierCoalSyngas
Syngas to liquids
(Gasoline, diesel)
Syngas to chemicals
(Methanol, ammonia, etc.)
Syngas to power
(IGCC/polygeneration)
Syngas for iron-making
(Direct reduction)
GasifierGasifierCoalCoalCoalSyngas
Syngas to liquids
(Gasoline, diesel)
Syngas to liquids
(Gasoline, diesel)
Syngas to chemicals
(Methanol, ammonia, etc.)
Syngas to chemicals
(Methanol, ammonia, etc.)
Syngas to power
(IGCC/polygeneration)
Syngas to power
(IGCC/polygeneration)
Syngas for iron-making
(Direct reduction)
Syngas for iron-making
(Direct reduction)
Advanced combustion
USC/SC + CCS
+CCS
+CCS
Gasification
Energy & water efficient approaches to a cleaner coal: advanced combustion &
gasification
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Who owns our low-carbon future?
Source: Bernice Lee, Ilian Iliev and Felix Preston. Chatham House Report 2009
Geographical location of the parent companies of patent owners
International cooperation is critical for CCS diffusion
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Accelerating technology diffusion and drive down the cost of CCS through a U.S.-China
partnership• US has a more advanced S&T innovative system and has a well
established regime for bringing technologies to market.
• China has vibrant market, and the ability to commercialize new technologies more quickly and cheaply.
Total : 3303. 7 Mtoe
Chi na43%
USA17%
I ndi a7%
Other33%
Coal Consumption by Country (2008)
Chi na22%
ROW59%
USA19%
CO2 emission: China+USA=41%
Total : 3303. 7 Mtoe
Chi na43%
USA17%
I ndi a7%
Other33%
Coal Consumption by Country (2008)
Chi na22%
ROW59%
USA19%
CO2 emission: China+USA=41%
Data source: IEA&NBS
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Conclusions
• A twin-pronged strategy for CCS and its enabling technologies should be developed.
• Coal gasification & advanced combustion are energy & water efficient ways to a cleaner coal, and they should be given top priority to enable CCS development in China.
• A U.S.-China partnership has the potential to accelerate technology diffusion and drive down the cost of CCS.