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ENHANCED NEMO PROTOCOL TO ACHIEVE
SEAMLESS HANDOFF
BY
SHAYLA ISLAM
A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the
requirement for the degree of Master of Science
(Computer and Information Engineering)
Kulliyyah of Engineering
International Islamic University Malaysia
JUNE 2012
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ABSTRACT
In order to support mobile network, a management mechanism of Network Mobility
Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BSP) has been standardized by Information
Engineering Task Force (IETF). NEMO BSP is an extension of Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6)
and inherits all the shortcomings like higher handoff latency, packet loss etc. As
Network Mobility (NEMO) is engagedto manage the movement of Mobile Router
(MR) and it’s Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs) during handoff, it is very important to
improve the performance of mobility management protocol to achieve seamless
handoff with lower delay and packet loss in NEMO environment.The diversity of
location of different nodes and complexity of NEMO route optimization procedure
result in several rounds of signaling messages. Also longer time is required to
complete handoff process which may cause performance degradation of the
applications running on Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs). Additionally, when a
change in point of attachment of the mobile network is accompanied by a sudden burst
of signaling messages, "Signaling Storm" occurs and it ultimately results in temporary
congestion, handoffdelays, or even packet loss. This effect is especially noteworthy
for wireless environment where bandwidth is relatively limited. Therefore providing
uninterrupted Internet connection, applying route optimization and multihoming
technique in NEMOare becoming most significant areas for current researchers. In
case of Mobile IPv6 network, Fast Handover Scheme for Hierarchical Mobile IPv6
(FHMIPv6) works successfully as a host mobility solution. However,in NEMO
environment applying FHMIPv6 mechanism is a challenging task asboth MR and its
MNNs need to be considered. The aim of this research is to enhance mobility
management mechanisms in NEMO environment with the intention of establishing
uninterrupted Internet connectionduring handoff. It proposes a Macro Mobility
Scheme (MM-NEMO)in NEMO networkin order to achieve the seamless handoff.
This is achieved by integrating improved FHMIPv6 scheme with NEMO networks.
Theperformance of the proposed scheme is evaluated using both analyticaland
simulation approaches. The proposed scheme is benchmarked with the standard
NEMO BSP. The performance metrics used for analytical evaluation are location
update cost, packet delivery cost and cell residence time respectively. The analytical
result shows that the total handoff cost for the proposed scheme is lower than that of
NEMO-BSP. The simulation is done using Network Simulator (NS-2). The simulation
result shows that the proposed scheme outperforms the standard NEMO BSP in terms
of packet loss (less than 6%) and handoff latency(reduced to 42%).
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NEMO BSPMIPV6
NEMO BSPMIPV6FHMIPv6
NEMO BSPFHMIPv6
NS2
NEMO BSP
NEMO BSP6
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APPROVAL PAGE
I certify that I have supervised and read this study and that in my opinion; it
conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate,
in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Computer
and Information Engineering.
……………………………………………
Aisha Hassan Abdallah
Supervisor
……………………………………………
Rashid A. Saeed
Co-Supervisor
I certify that I have read this study and that in my opinion; it conforms to
acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and
quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Computer and
Information Engineering.
……………………………………………
Omer Mahmoud
Examiner (Internal)
……………………………………………
Azween Abdullah
Examiner (External)
This thesis was submitted to the Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering and is accepted as a fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
Master of Science in Computer and Information Engineering.
………………………………………………
Othman O. Khalifa
Head, Department of Electrical, and
Computer Engineering
This thesis was submitted to the Kulliyyah of Engineering and is accepted as a
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science in Computer
and Information Engineering.
……………………………………………
Amir Akramin Shafie
Dean, Kulliyyah of Engineering
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own investigation, except
where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or
concurrently submitted as a whole for any other degree at IIUM or other
institutions.
SHAYLA ISLAM
Signature: Date:
vi
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
DECLARATION OF COPYRIGHT AND
AFFIRMATION OF FAIR USE OF UNPUBLISHED
RESEARCH
Copyright © 2012 by International Islamic University Malaysia. All rights reserved
ENHANCED NEMO PROTOCOL TO ACHIEVE SEAMLESS
HANDOFF
I hereby affirmed that The International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) holds
all right in the copyright of this work and henceforth any reproduction or use in
any form or by means of whatsoever is prohibited without the written consent of
IIUM. No part of the unpublished research may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior written permission of the
copyright holder.
Affirmed by Shayla Islam
…………………………… …………………………
Signature Date
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I praise Almighty Allah for His guard and guidance on me throughout this
research work.
I would like to express my profound gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc. Prof.
Dr. Aisha-Hassan A.Hashim for her continuous supervision, support, and
encouragement for conducting my research work. I am especially grateful to my co-
supervisor, Dr. RashidA. Saeed, whose valuable suggestions and feedback on
numerous aspects of my research work have indeed enabled me to complete this
dissertation successfully.
I would like to express my appreciation to Prof. Dr. Farhat Anwar and Dr.
Omer Mahmoud for their insightful advice and comments on my research work. I
would like to extent my appreciation, respect and thanks to all of my lecturers in
Kulliyyah of Engineering.
This dissertation work has been supported by grants from RMC. I appreciate
the Research Management Centre (RMC) of International Islamic University
Malaysia.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract .......................................................................................................................... ii
Abstract in Arabic .......................................................................................................... iii
Approval Page ................................................................................................................ iv
Declaration Page ............................................................................................................ v
Copyright Page ............................................................................................................... vi
Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ vii
List of Tables ................................................................................................................. xi
List of Figures ................................................................................................................ xii
List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................... xiv
List of Symbols .............................................................................................................. xvi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1
1.1 Overview ...................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem Statement and its Significance ........................................................ 3
1.3 Research Objectives ..................................................................................... 4
1.4 Research Methodology ................................................................................ 4
1.5 Research Scope ............................................................................................ 6
1.6 Dissertation Organization ............................................................................ 6
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................... 8
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 8
2.2 IP Mobility .................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Host Mobility .......................................................................................... 9
2.2.1.1 Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 ............................................................. 11
2.2.1.2 Fast handoff for Mobile IPv6 ....................................................... 13
2.2.1.3 Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 with Fast handoff ................................ 15
2.2.1.4 Improved Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 with Fast handoff ............... 17
2.2.2 Network Mobility .................................................................................... 18
2.2.2.1 NEMO Basic Support Protocol ..................................................... 19
2.2.2.2 Handoff Analysis in NEMO BSP ................................................. 21
2.3 Related Work in NEMO ............................................................................... 22
2.4 Issues in NEMOEnvironment ...................................................................... 41
2.4.1 Sub Optimal Routing ............................................................................. 41
2.4.2 Extra Signaling Overhead ...................................................................... 41
2.4.3 Seamless Mobility and Transparency .................................................... 42
2.4.4 Multi-homed Network ........................................................................... 42
2.5 Summary ...................................................................................................... 42
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CHAPTER3: DESIGN OF THE PROPOSED MACRO MOBILITY
SCHEME FOR NEMO ENVIRONMENT ................................... …44
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... …44
3.2 Limitations of NEMO BSP Handoff Mechanism .......................................... …45
3.3 Overview the Proposed MM-NEMO Scheme ............................................... …48
3.4 Operation of MM-NEMO Scheme ................................................................ …51
3.4.1Expanded Message for Proposed Scheme ................................................ …57
3.4.2 The Serving Mobile Router (SMR) Operation ........................................ …59
3.4.3 Map Operations ....................................................................................... …60
3.4.4 Home Agent (HA) Operations ................................................................. …61
3.4.5 Correspondent Node (CN) Operations ..................................................... …61
3.5 Design Consideration ...................................................................................... …62
3.6 Summary ......................................................................................................... …63
CHAPTER4: PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE PROPOSED
MACRO MOBILITY SCHEME ..................................................... …64
4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................. …64
4.2 Analytical Evaluation ................................................................................... ....64
4.2.1 Performance Metrics .......................................................................... …64
4.2.1.1 Delay during Handoff ............................................................... …65
4.2.1.2 Location Update Cost ................................................................ …65
4.2.1.3 Packet Delivery Cost ................................................................. …65
4.2.2 Notations of MM-NEMO Scheme ..................................................... …66
4.2.3 Total Handoff Cost in MM-NEMO Scheme ...................................... ....66
4.2.3.1 Location Update Cost ................................................................ …67
4.2.3.2 Packet Delivery Cost ................................................................. …70
4.2.3.3 Total Handoff Cost .................................................................... …72
4.2.4 Discussion of Results ......................................................................... …72
4.2.4.1 Location Update Cost ............................................................... …74
4.2.4.2 Total Packet Delivery Cost for Different SMR ....................... …75
4.2.4.3 Total Handoff Cost for different SMR .................................... …76
4.2.4.4 Total Handoff Cost for different Cell Residence Time ........... …78
4.2.4.5 Total Packet Delivery Cost ....................................................... …79
4.2.4.6 Ratio of Total Handoff Cost for different SMR ...................... …81
4.2.4.7 Ratio of total handoff cost ........................................................ …82
4.3 Simulation Evaluation .................................................................................. …83
4.3.1 Simulation Environment ......................................................................... …85
4.3.2 Performance Metrics ............................................................................... …86
4.3.2.1 Delay during Handoff .................................................................... …86
4.3.2.2 Packet Loss .................................................................................... …87
4.3.3 Result Analysis ........................................................................................ …87
4.3.3.1 Handoff Latency ............................................................................. …87
4.3.3.2 Packet Loss ..................................................................................... …88
4.4. Summary ...................................................................................................... …89
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................ …90
5.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................... …90
5.2 Recommendations ......................................................................................... …92
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BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................ …94
PUBLICATIONS ......................................................................................................... …99
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................... …101
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Page No.
2.1 Summary of the related handoff schemes 38
3.1 Inner and Outer IP header of MM-NEMO and NEMO BSP 56
4.1 Notations of MM-NEMO scheme 66
4.2 System parameters that used for numerical analysis 73
4.3 System parameters that used for simulation 86
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Page No.
1.1 Flowchart of the research flow diagram 5
1.2 Flowchart of the research scope 6
2.1 Difference between host mobility and network mobility 9
2.2 Handoff procedure of mobile IPv6 11
2.3 Handoff scenario of hierarchical mobile IPv6 13
2.4 Basic operation of fast handoff for host mobility 15
2.5 FHMIPv6 handoff operation in host mobility 17
2.6 Improved FHMIPv6 handoff operation in host mobility 18
2.7 Basic components of NEMO BSP 21
2.8 The layer 3 handoff procedure in NEMO BSP 22
2.9 Mobility management in nested mobile network 24
2.10 Pre registration concept flow 26
2.11 Seamless handoff concept flow 26
2.12 Packet loss ratio of multi-hommed based scheme 29
2.13 Service disruption time of multi-hommed based scheme 29
2.14 Handoff latency vs. number of hops in CSHS 30
2.15 Packet loss vs. number of hops in CSHS 30
2.16 Packet loss ratio vs. moving speed 32
2.17 Fast handoff failure scenario in NEMO and MIPv6 33
3.1 Handoff components in NEMO environment 46
3.2 Home registration procedure of MR in NEMO BSP 47
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3.3 Handoff delay of NEMO BSP 48
3.4 Different applications scenario in NEMO environment 49
3.5 Flowchart of the proposed architecture 51
3.6 Proposed macro mobility architecture in NEMO Network 53
3.7 Handoff procedure of the proposed MM-NEMO scheme 55
3.8 Proposed micro mobility architecture in NEMO environment 57
3.9 Router solicitation proxy message with FBU Option 58
3.10 Mobile network prefix option format in NEMO 59
4.1 Architecture of the proposed macro mobility scheme in NEMO 67
4.2 Timing diagram of the proposed macro mobility scheme 70
4.3 Location update cost vs. number of the SMR 74
4.4 Location update cost vs. number of the SMR with cell residence time 75
4.5 Total packet delivery cost vs. number of SMR 76
4.6 Comparison of total handoff cost with different SMR 77
4.7 Comparison of total handoff cost with cell residence time and SMR 78
4.8 Comparison of total handoff cost with different cell residence time 79
4.9 Total packet delivery cost vs. packet arrival rate 80
4.10 Total packet delivery cost vs. packet arrival rate with different SMR 81
4.11 Cost ratio of total handoff cost for different number of SMR 82
4.12 Cost ratio of total handoff cost for different cell residence time 83
4.13 Basic topology of a mobile network in NS2 85
4.14 Simulation network topology in proposed scheme 85
4.15 Handoff latency for different velocity 88
4.16 Packet loss of the proposed scheme 89
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACK Acknowledgement Message
AP Access Point
AR Access Router
BS Base Station
BAck Binding Acknowledgement
BU Binding Update
CoA Care of Address
CN Correspondence Node
CMAP Current Mobile Anchor Point
NMAP New Mobile Anchor Point
DAD Duplicate Address Detection
FLBAck Fast Local Binding Acknowledgement
FLBU Fast Local Binding Update
FNA Fast Neighbour Advertisement
FMIPv6 Fast Mobile IPv6
HMIPv6 Hierarchical Mobile IPv6
FHMIPv6 Fast Hierarchical Mobile IPv6
IFHMIPv6 Improved Fast Hierarchical Mobile IPv6
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
NEMO BSP Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol
SIP Session Initiation Protocol
IP Internet Protocol
IRtSolPr Improved Router Solicitation Proxy
HAMR Home Agent of Mobile Router
Hack Handover Acknowledgement
HI Handover Initiation
HA Home Agent
LFNs Local Fixed Nodes
L2 Layer Two
LMN Local Mobile Node
LCoA Local Care of Address
LFN Local Fixed Node
PAN Personal Area Network
NEMO Network Mobility
MR Mobile Router
MIT Map Information Table
MD Movement Detection
MAP Mobility Anchor Point
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MIPv6 Mobile IPv6
TCL Tool Command Language
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
RR Return Route Ability
RA Router Advertisement
RtSolPr Router Solicitation Proxy message
RCoA Regional Care of Address
RE Registration
VMN Visiting Mobile Node
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LIST OF SYMBOLS
Number of the Serving Mobile Router
Number of Correspondents node
Number of MAP
Signaling message for micro mobility
Signaling message for macro mobility
Total number of subnets
Session arrival rate
File size which is transferred at per session
P The maximum transmission unit of the path between CN and
MR. Each location database look up cost
Processing cost at MAP and Home agent of the SMR
Signaling cost of each message via wireless link
Signaling cost of each message via wired link
The Probability of the SMR to perform the macro mobility
location updates The cell residence time of the SMR
Packet arrival rate per second
X The number message via wireless in macro mobility
environment Y The number message via wired in macro mobility environment
x The number message via wireless in micro mobility environment
y The number message via wired in micro mobility environment
1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW
Presently the mobility support of entire network is one of the principal research issues
for current IP (Internet Protocol) backbone. This is because the existing technology is
not designed to handle mobility due to IP’s location-based addressing method where
IP addresses are joined to geographical areas (Perera E., Sivaraman V., and
Seneviratne A., 2004). The host moving among networks in different geographical
areas intends to achieve a new IP address and for that reason, communication may
become ineffective while maintaining reachability and session continuity. Therefore,
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has designed solutions to overcome the
inefficiency of current IP addressing to support host based mobility (Johnson D.,
Perkins C., and Arkko J., 2004). However, Mobile IPv6 is not able to handle the
mobility of an entire network properly, since mobile network introduces much more
complex mobility scenarios than host mobility. Hence, the NEMO Basic Support
Protocol (NEMO BSP) has been proposed by the Network Mobility (NEMO) working
group (Devarapalli V., Wakikawa R., et al., 2005). Simplicity is the most important
feature of this protocol since it is a logical extension of the MIPv6 operation. The
main purpose of NEMO BSP is to provide seamless connectivity of the whole mobile
network (Ernst T., 2007). There are mainly two major entities in NEMO which are -
Mobile Routers (MRs) and Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs) (Ernst T., Lach H.,
2007).
2
In NEMO network, handoff is the process in which MR needs to change its
point of attachment to the network when it moves from one network to another new
network. Usually during handoff, firstly the MR needs to be disconnected from the old
network and then it gets connected to a new network. Thus, there is a possibility to
lose the connectivity from the Internet as well as its Home Agent (HA) and
Correspondent Nodes (CNs) (Yoo S., Choi S., and Su D., 2009). During this time, it
becomes difficult to send or receive any data packets which results in packet loss and
delay. Accordingly, for real time applications (e.g. VoIP and audio/video streaming)
that depend on timely packet delivery within certain acceptable thresholds will be
sensitive to the length of time a MR loses connectivity while performing handoff. In
case of this type of applications seamless handoff is generally expected which
includes both features i.e. smooth (no or very little packet loss) as well as fast (low
delay) handoff. But in accordance with NEMO Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BSP),
only one primary Care of Address (CoA) of Mobile Router (MR) can be registered
with HA, which affects the handoff performance resulting packet loss and delay (Chen
X., Zhang H., et al., 2010). Moreover, there are some other mobility issues which
include sub optimal routing, multihomed mobile networks, route optimization as well
as security issues (Ernst T., 2007).
In host based mobility (mainly MIPv6 and its enhancements), Layer 3 handoff
becomes active when the mobile host changes its point of attachment from one
domain to another domain. Different enhancements of mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6,
FMIPv6, FHMIPv6) have already been standardized to reduce handoff delay (Jung H.,
et al., 2005). The main purpose of Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) is to decrease
the frequency and latency of location updates caused by Mobile Node (MN) mobility
(Soliman H., Castelluccia C., et al., 2005) where as the Fast MIPv6 (FMIPv6) can
3
reduce the handoff latency and packet loss during handoff of Mobile Node (MN)
through providing all the necessary information of next Access Router (AR) for layer
3 handoff before going to the part of it’s subnet (Koodli R., et al., 2005). In order to
further reduce signaling overhead and packet loss, HMIPv6 and FMIPv6 jointly works
as Fast Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (FHMIPv6) (Jung H., et al., 2005), (Chen-wen W.,
Ping W., 2009). However, in NEMO environment if these mechanisms are integrated
then MN and MRs perform different IP layer handoff. Therefore, it is necessary to
apply some mechanisms that can adapt HMIPv6 and FMIPv6 jointly in order to
achieve seamless handoff for MRs with its attached nodes in NEMO network.
The following sections describe the problem statement induced by mobility,
objectives, methodology and the scope of the dissertation.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
With current NEMO Basic Support protocol, all communications to/from the mobile
network must go through the tunnel between Mobile Router (MR) and it’s Home
Agent (HA). This results in extra overhead and high delays. Moreover, with nested
mobile networks, the problem increases with each nested level. Outbound packets
must go through the Home Agents (HAs) of all MRs of higher levels before reaching
their destination. NEMO BSP is an upgraded addition to Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). As
MIPv6 possesses some limitations like higher handoff latency, packet loss, NEMO
BSP also faces all these shortcomings by inheritance. As Network Mobility (NEMO)
is involved to handle the movement of Mobile Router (MR) and it’s Mobile Network
Nodes (MNNs) during handoff, hence it is essential to upgrade the performance of
mobility management protocol to obtain seamless handoff with lower delay and
packet loss in NEMO environment. The diversity of location of various nodes and
4
complexity of NEMO route optimization procedure causes several rounds of signaling
messages. In addition to that the completion of handoff process usually takes longer
period that may cause performance degradation of the applications running on Mobile
Network Nodes. Moreover, when a change in point of attachment of the mobile
network is accompanied by a sudden burst of signaling messages, "Signaling Storm"
occurs which eventually results in temporary congestion, packet delays or even packet
loss. This effect is particularly significant for wireless environment where bandwidth
is relatively limited. Hence connecting continuous Internet connection without any
interruption, employing route optimization mechanism and multihoming technique in
NEMO are becoming the centre of attention to the current researchers.
1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The main aim of this dissertation is to enhance NEMO based protocol to achieve
seamless handoff. The detailed objectives are to:
I. Develop a scheme to address NEMO protocols limitations in order to
achieve seamless handoff. Special focus is given to Macro Mobility
environment.
II. Evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme and Benchmark it with
the standard NEMO BSP
1.4 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In order to achieve the above-stated objectives, the following approach is to be
followed:
a) Review of relevant literature on Network Mobility Management Protocol
b) Investigate the design issues of NEMO based protocol from literature
review in order to have a good understanding of the relative advantages
and shortcomings of these networks, algorithms and protocols.
5
c) Design and implementation of the propose protocol by proposing an
enhanced protocol in order to come out with an extension to the current
protocol that ensure seamless mobility.
d) Identification and selection of the most suitable Network Simulator (NS-
2).
e) Evaluation of the proposed protocol and selection of the performance
metrics
f) Documentation and report preparation
g) Publication of the research findings.
The Figure 1.1 summarizes the research steps are:
Figure 1.1: Flowchart of the research flow diagram
6
1.5 RESEARCH SCOPE
The focus of this research is to develop a mobility management protocol to achieve
seamless mobility. It is assumed that the network support HMIPV6. The flow on the
study begins with Mobility and includes the standard extensions that aim to address
the limitations of mobility management protocol as shown in Figure 1.2. Special
attention is given to macro mobility in NEMO environment.
Figure 1.2: Flowchart of the research scope
1.6 DISSERTATION ORGANIZATION
This dissertation is organized as follows:
Chapter one consists of brief idea on host mobility and network mobility. Then it
wrapped up the problem statement induced by mobility, objectives, research approach
and scope. Chapter two presents an overview of the IP mobility with the advantages
7
and limitations. It continues the discussion and analysis of current handoff related
works in NEMO environment as well as FHMIPv6 framework. Chapter three
discusses the proposed macro mobility scheme in details to overcome the handoff
related problems. It highlights the limitations of the NEMO BSP handoff mechanism.
Then overview of the proposed macro mobility scheme in NEMO environment (MM-
NEMO) is presented. The detailed operation of MM-NEMO is discussed and ends
with highlighting some design consideration followed by the chapter summary.
Chapter four highlights the results analysis. Sums up the dissertation with a
conclusion as well as some recommendation for future work in chapter five.
8
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
With the aim of providing seamless handoff in NEMO network, this chapter presents
the literature review based on the current state of technology. Firstly, the existing
Mobile IP (Johnson D., Perkins C., et al., 2004) with its enhancements are briefly
introduced. Subsequently, the drawbacks of Mobile IP (MIP) for NEMO network are
highlighted and the details of a probable solution i.e., Network Mobility Basic Support
Protocol (NEMO BSP) (Devarapalli V., Wakikawa R., et al., 2005) is presented.
Moreover the related works on NEMO BSP handoff process are discussed in depth.
Lastly, this chapter present important issues that involved in supporting seamless
Internet connectivity in NEMO network followed by the summary.
2.2 IP MOBILITY
The IP mobility mechanisms are classified into two categories mainly host mobility
(i.e., MIPV6 with its enhancements are mainly HMIPv6, FMIPv6, FHMIPv6) as well
as the network mobility (i.e., NEMO BSP) (Perera E., Sivaraman V., and Seneviratne
A., 2004). In host mobility, MIPv6 allows Mobile Node (MN) to facilitate transparent
movement during handoff from one network to another. In mobile networks, NEMO
has been developed to provide an uninterrupted access to the internet when the Mobile
Router (MR) or Mobile Node (MN) change it’s point of attachment (Devarapalli V.,
Wakikawa R., et al., 2005). The comparison between host mobility and network
mobility are shown in Figure 2.1.