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English graphophonemics
orhow to pronounce what you see(focusing on stressed vowels)
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How do you pronounce these words :
VALP
PEFFY
PLOMP
SKULCH
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How do you pronounce these words :
BARVY
ZOR
SHURPITUDE
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How do you pronounce these words :
SLABE
PEME
VIMY
PUNOR
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How do you pronounce these words :
PLARE
KIRE
KLURE
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How do you pronounce these words :
BARVY → BAVY
VIMY → VIMMY
SLABE → SLAB
KLURE → KLURT
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In each of these lists of real words, which ones have an apparently illogical pronunciation ?
alive, dive, drive, five, give, hive
cave, Dave, gave, have, pave, rave, save, wave
bone, code, coke, come, cone, cope, joke, move, pope, role, some, woke, zone
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Make sure you remember how to classify vowels:
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/!\ Mistake on your printed guide /!\
→ please replace monophthongal with monographic
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Two (orthographical) checked contexts with no <r>:
(FR: contexte entravé)
VALP
PEFFY
ZIV
PLOMP
SKULCH
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Five (orthographical) free contexts with no <r>:
(FR: contexte libre)
SLABE
PEME
VIMY
PUNOR
Special case with stressed <a#> → /ɑː/ (not /eɪ/): fa, ta, bra...
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One (orthographical) checked contexts modified by <r>:
(FR: contexte entravé coloré par <r>)
BARVY
ZOR
SHURPITUDE
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Two (orthographical) free contexts modified by <r>
(FR: contexte libre coloré par <r>)
PLARE
KIRE
KLURE
Careful with <o> + <r>, no difference between checked and free contexts: nor, more = /ɔː/
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BE CAREFUL :
1) <-VrC> = long vowel, but short vowel if <-Vrr> ˈcarry /æ/ vs ˈcaring /eə/ ; ˈmarry /æ/ vs ˈMary /eə/
Except if meaning intervenes: carry vs tarry
- carry does not derive from car, therefore <rr> makes the stressed vowel short
- tarry has two meanings:
→ 'to stay longer than expected' /ˈtæri/→ 'covered in tar' /ˈtɑːri/
but if written tary: /ˈteəri/
2) have, give, river, put, done, come, gone …= old words, old rules, old pronunciations
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How do you pronounce these words :
VALPVALPITYVARPITYVALPION
VALPUOUS
SLABESLABITYSLABION
SLABUOUS
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How do you pronounce these words :
volˈcano → volˈcanicinˈsane → inˈsanity
exˈtreme → exˈtremitymode → ˈmodifygrade → ˈgradualpage → ˈpaginate
(but oˈbese → oˈbesity … duhhh ...)
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WHATEVER THE ENDING:
→ always a short vowel if <-VCC>
synˈtactic /æ/, inˈtensify /e/, ˈintegrate /ɪ/, ˈdoctorate /ɒ/, eˈmulsify /ʌ/, ˈnullity /ʌ/...
→ always a long vowel with <-VrC>
leˈthargic /ɑː/, ˈcertify /ɜː/, conˈformity /ɔː/...
→ always a tense (alphabetical) vowel if <-VV>
arˈchaic /eɪ/, heˈroic /əʊ/, ˌspontaˈneity /iː/...
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Otherwise, if the stressed <V> is followed by a single <C>
+ any of these stress-imposing endings :
SLABE SLABITY SLABIC SLABIFY SLABUOUS
SLUBE SLUBITY SLUBIC SLUBIFY SLUBUOUS
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Otherwise, if the stressed <V> is followed by a single <C>
+ the stress-imposing endings e+V or i+V:
SLABE SLABION SLABIAL SLABEOUS SLABEON
SLIBE SLIBION SLIBIAL SLIBEOUS SLIBEON
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BE CAREFUL :
1) - i+V makes the stressed vowel tense
- -ate makes the stressed vowel short
→ what about irˈradiate ?
Apply the i+V rule : /eɪ/ (not /æ/)
2) There are common exceptions to these rules:→ Iˈtalian /æ/, comˈpanion /æ/, ˈspecial /e/, ˈonion /ʌ/ ...→ ˈbasic /eɪ/, oˈbesity /iː/, ˈisolate /aɪ/, ˈcodify /əʊ/ ...
ˈ
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compare:
millennium/e/
selenium/iː/
ingenuous/e/
ingenious/iː/
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Your printed guide contain 'minor' rules which affect many words and contradict the general rules that we have just seen.
eg.:
ask = /ɑː/, not /æ/ (despite <-VCC>)salt = /ɔː/, not /æ/ (despite <-VCC>)sold = /əʊ/, not /ɒ/ (despite <-VCC>)
work = /ɜː/, not /ɔː/ (although it is <o>, not <e>)
Most of them are simple and do not need explaining in class.Please just read them and make sure you know them.
(I forgot 3 of them, they will be available online)
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How do you pronounce these words :
WAX, QUACK, WAGGON, SWANK/æ/
WHAT, WAS, WASH, WANTQUALITY, SQUADRON, SQUALID
/ɒ/
WAR, WARN/ɔː/
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THE SWAN RULE
When a stressed <a> follows /w/ (not just <w> !), it can be pronounced either as an <a> or as an <o>.
● It is pronounced as an <a>:
→ in free contexts, when followed by <-aCV(C)>
-wage, ˈwafer, aˈwake(n)... → /eɪ/
-aˈware, square... → /eə/
(exception: ˈwater /ˈwɔːtə/)
→ when followed by velar consonants /k, ɡ, ŋ/
wax, ˈwacko, quack... ˈwaggon, swag, wag... swank, twang, ˈquango... → /æ/
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THE SWAN RULE
When a stressed <a> follows /w/ (not just <w> !), it can be pronounced either as an <a> or as an <o>.
● In other contexts, it is pronounced as an <o>:
→ what, want, wash, wasp, was, swan, ˈwapiti, ˈwaddle, ˈquality, ˈsquadron, ˈsqualid... → /ɒ/
→ war, warn, Schwartz... → /ɔː/
(for waste, wall, walk … see the other minor rules)
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FINAL WARNINGS !
● All these rules apply to words which follow the contemporary logic of English. Many exceptions remain, because they are the fossilized pronunciation of older words.
● Words which are borrowed from foreign modern languages usually obey other rules.
ˌukuˈlele /eɪ/, moˈsquito /iː/, marˈtini /iː/, saˈlami /ɑː/, baˈnana /ɑː/(cf. toˈmato: RP /təˈmɑːtəʊ/ vs GA /təˈmeɪttoʊ/)
● More generally, English comes from many original languages, and with many influences (Celtic, Germanic, Latin, ancient Greek, old French, English derivatives, etc.). As a result, most graphophonemic rules will not be 100% regular.
→ by the way: phoˈnetic /e/ vs phoˈnemic /iː/