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English 306A; Harris
/t/
[t][t˘][/][tH]
/f nAl dZi/√ √
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English 306A; Harris
/water/
[water][steam][ice]
![Page 3: English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] / f nAl dZi / √√](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649da15503460f94a8db26/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
/water/
[water][steam][ice]
Prototype
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English 306A; Harris
/t/
[t][t˘][/][tH]
/t/ & [t]phones, phonemes, allophones
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English 306A; Harris
Phonemic - phonetic
[pH√k|]/p√k/
![Page 6: English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] / f nAl dZi / √√](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649da15503460f94a8db26/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
/t/[t]
[t˘][t|]
[tH]
Phone, phoneme, allophone
[/]
[R]=
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English 306A; Harris
Phone, phoneme, allophone
Phone: a speech sound
[tH]/t/
Phoneme: set of related speech soundsAllophone: a member of a set of related speech sounds (i.e., an allophone is a member of a phoneme)
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English 306A; Harris
Phone, phoneme, allophone
PhonemeRepresented by one of the allophones (the least predictable, most basic one), but not pronounceableA critical diagnostic: the minimal pair
pill till kill bill dill gill fill sill shill hill chill Jill will mill rill Lil nil
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English 306A; Harris
English
Phone, phoneme, allophone
Allophone[tH] is not “an allophone”, it is “an
allophone of /t/ (in English)”
[tH]/t/
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English 306A; Harris
Phone, phoneme, allophone
AllophoneA phone can be an allophone of more
than one phoneme (in a given language).
[R]/t/ /d/
English
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English 306A; Harris
Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear
[R], [d], [D]
SpanishEnglish
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English 306A; Harris
Phoneme*: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear
[R], [d], [D]
* Phonemicdistinctions
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English 306A; Harris
Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone*: hard to hear
* Allophonesof the samephoneme
[R], [d], [D]
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English 306A; Harris
Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear
English Spanishsoda [soR´] toro [toRo]
dough [do] donde [dAnde]
though [Do] todos [toDos]
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English 306A; Harris
Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear
English Spanisheasy hard easy hard
[d] vs [D]
[d] vs [R]
[d] vs [R]
[d] vs [D]
[R] vs [D]
[D] vs [R]
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English 306A; Harris
English Spanish
Phoneme: easy to hearAllophone: hard to hear
/D/ [D]
[R] [d]/d/ [D] [d]/d/
[R] [r]/r/
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English 306A; Harris
Phone, phoneme, allophone
AllophoneA critical diagnostic: complementary distributionPhonetic similarity + mutually exclusive neighborhoods
[pHIl] [spIl] [lIp|]
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English 306A; Harris
Phonological processes
Allophonic patternsThe same alternations with classes of related sounds
Phonological rulesExpressions in a formal notation for describing (‘predicting’) such alterations
[pHIl] [tHIl] [kHIl
X Y ⁄ W Z
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English 306A; Harris
Phonological processes
Allophonic patternsThe same alternations with classes of related sounds
[tHIl] [stIl] [lIt|][pHIl] [spIl]
[lIp|]
[kHIl] [skIl] [lIk|]
![Page 20: English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] / f nAl dZi / √√](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649da15503460f94a8db26/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Phonological processes
PhonesVoiceless stops
[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]
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English 306A; Harris
Phonological processes
PhonesVoiceless stops
PhonemesVoiceless stops
[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]
/p/ /t/ /k/
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English 306A; Harris
Phonological processes
Allophones
PhonemesVoiceless stops
[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]
/p/ /t/ /k/
and phonesand voiceless stops
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English 306A; Harris
Phonological processes
Phonological rules
X Y ⁄ W Z
Express allophonic regularities
Have the form:
![Page 24: English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] / f nAl dZi / √√](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649da15503460f94a8db26/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]
/p/ /t/ /k/ Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in English
+stop-voice
+syllabic+stress +aspirated /
![Page 25: English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] / f nAl dZi / √√](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649da15503460f94a8db26/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]
/p/ /t/ /k/ Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in English
+stop-voice -release ⁄ #
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English 306A; Harris
??? ???? ⁄ ??? ???
[pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]
/p/ /t/ /k/ Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in English
NO rule
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English 306A; Harris
Phonological processes
Some English rules
Voiceless stops are aspirated at the beginnings of stressed syllables
Stops (voiced and voiceless) are unreleased at the ends of words
[+stop] [-released] ⁄ #
-voice+stop [+aspirated] / +syllabic
+stress
This rule applies to ALL English stops, not just the voiceless one
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English 306A; Harris
Vowel nasalization: English
[bQt|] (bat) [bQ‚n] (ban)[gAt|] (got) [gA‚n] (gon)[bEt|] (bet) [bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|] (lock) [lA‚N] (long) [rIp|] (rip) [rI‚m] (rim)
Complementary distribution
![Page 29: English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] / f nAl dZi / √√](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649da15503460f94a8db26/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Vowel nasalization: English
What’s the rule?
[bQt|] (bat) [bQ‚n] (ban)[gAt|] (got) [gA‚n] (gon)[bEt|] (bet) [bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|] (lock) [lA‚N] (long) [rIp|] (rip) [rI‚m] (rim)
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English 306A; Harris
Vowel nasalization: English
What’s the rule?
[bQt|] (bat) [bQ‚n] (ban)[gAt|] (got) [gA‚n] (gone)[bEt|] (bet) [bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|] (lock) [lA‚N] (long) [rIp|] (rip) [rI‚m] (rim)
[+syllabic]
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English 306A; Harris
Vowel nasalization: English
What’s the rule?
[bQt|] (bat) [bQ‚n] (ban)[gAt|] (got) [gA‚n] (gone)[bEt|] (bet) [bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|] (lock) [lA‚N] (long) [rIp|] (rip) [rI‚m] (rim)
[+nasal]
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English 306A; Harris
Vowel nasalization: English
What’s the rule?
[bQt|] (bat) [bQ‚n] (ban)[gAt|] (got) [gA‚n] (gone)[bEt|] (bet) [bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|] (lock) [lA‚N] (long) [rIp|] (rip) [rI‚m] (rim)
⁄ [+nasal]
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English 306A; Harris
Vowel nasalization: English
What’s the rule?
[bQt|] (bat) [bQ‚n] (ban)[gAt|] (got) [gA‚n] (gone)[bEt|] (bet) [bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|] (lock) [lA‚N] (long) [rIp|] (rip) [rI‚m] (rim)
[+syllabic] [+nasal] ⁄ [+nasal]
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English 306A; Harris
Vowel length: English
[bQt|] (bat) [bQ˘d|] (bad)[gAt|] (got) [gA˘d|] (god, God)[bEt|] (bet) [bE˘d|] (bed) [m√k|] (muck) [m√˘g|] (mug) [lAk|] (lock) [lA˘g|] (log) [rIp|] (rip) [rI˘b|] (rib)
Complementary distribution
![Page 35: English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] / f nAl dZi / √√](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649da15503460f94a8db26/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Vowel length: English
What’s the rule?
[bQt|] (bat) [bQ˘d|] (bad)[gAt|] (got) [gA˘d|] (god, God)[bEt|] (bet) [bE˘d|] (bed) [m√k|] (muck) [m√˘g|] (mug) [lAk|] (lock) [lA˘g|] (log) [rIp|] (rip) [rI˘b|] (rib)
![Page 36: English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] / f nAl dZi / √√](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649da15503460f94a8db26/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Vowel length: English
What’s the rule?
[+syllabic] [+long] ⁄ [+voice]
[bQt|] (bat) [bQ˘d|] (bad)[gAt|] (got) [gA˘d|] (god, God)[bEt|] (bet) [bE˘d|] (bed) [m√k|] (muck) [m√˘g|] (mug) [lAk|] (lock) [lA˘g|] (log) [rIp|] (rip) [rI˘b|] (rib)
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English 306A; Harris
[Q], [Q˘], [Q‚][A], [A˘], [A‚][E], [E˘], [E‚]
[√], [√], [√][I], [I˘], [I‚]etc.
English vowel allophones
˘ ˜
![Page 38: English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] / f nAl dZi / √√](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649da15503460f94a8db26/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
[Q], [Q˘], [Q‚][A], [A˘], [A‚][E], [E˘], [E‚]
[√], [√], [√][I], [I˘], [I‚]etc.
/V/ [V:] / [+voice]
[V] / [+nasal]
[V] / elsewhere
˜
English vowel allophones
˘ ˜
˜i.e., V, V:, V
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English 306A; Harris
/V/ [V:] / [+voice][V] / [+nasal]
[V] / elsewhere
˜
English vowel allophones
[+syllabic] [+nasal] ⁄ [+nasal]
[+syllabic] [+long] ⁄ [+voice]
![Page 40: English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] / f nAl dZi / √√](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649da15503460f94a8db26/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Nasalization: Scots Gaelic
[mo)˘r] (big) [mu)] (about)[ni)] (cattle) [ne)˘l] (cloud)[fuar ] (cold) [¬iuF]
(wet)
Complementary distribution
![Page 41: English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] / f nAl dZi / √√](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649da15503460f94a8db26/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
[bQ‚˘n] (ban) [mu)] (about)[gA‚˘n] (gone) [ne)˘l] (cloud)
Nasalization
English Scots GaelicRegressive
Progressive
A S S I M I L A T I O N
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English 306A; Harris
Nasalization: Scots Gaelic
[+syllabic] [+nasal] ⁄ [+nasal]
What’s the rrrrrrrule?
[mo)˘r] (big) [mu)] (about)[ni)] (cattle) [ne)˘l] (cloud)[fuar ] (cold) [¬iuF]
(wet)
![Page 43: English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] / f nAl dZi / √√](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649da15503460f94a8db26/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific)
[TIs] (to topple) [TI˘s] (a post)[pul] (to gather) [pu˘l] (moon)[/er] (near you) [/e˘r] (lagoon part)
![Page 44: English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] / f nAl dZi / √√](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649da15503460f94a8db26/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific)
Minimal pairs
[TIs] (to topple) [TI˘s] (a post)[pul] (to gather) [pu˘l] (moon)[/er] (near you) [/e˘r] (lagoon part)
![Page 45: English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] / f nAl dZi / √√](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649da15503460f94a8db26/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific)
i.e., V, V:/V/, /V:/
[TIs] (to topple) [TI˘s] (a post)[pul] (to gather) [pu˘l] (moon)[/er] (near you) [/e˘r] (lagoon part)
![Page 46: English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] / f nAl dZi / √√](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649da15503460f94a8db26/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific)
i.e., V, V:/V/, /V:/
What’s the rule?
[TIs] (to topple) [TI˘s] (a post)[pul] (to gather) [pu˘l] (moon)[/er] (near you) [/e˘r] (lagoon part)
![Page 47: English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] / f nAl dZi / √√](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649da15503460f94a8db26/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific)
None!There is no allophonic
variation in the data.
What’s the rule?
[TIs] (to topple) [TI˘s] (a post)[pul] (to gather) [pu˘l] (moon)[/er] (near you) [/e˘r] (lagoon part)
![Page 48: English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] / f nAl dZi / √√](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649da15503460f94a8db26/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Aspiration: Khmer
[pç˘N] (to wish) [pHç˘N] (also)[tçp] (to support) [tHçp] (be suffocated)[kat] (to cut) [kHat] (to polish)
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English 306A; Harris
Aspiration: Khmer
Minimal pairs
[pç˘N] (to wish) [pHç˘N] (also)[tçp] (to support) [tHçp] (be suffocated)[kat] (to cut) [kHat] (to polish)
![Page 50: English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] / f nAl dZi / √√](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649da15503460f94a8db26/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Aspiration: Khmer
Minimal pairs
/p/, /pH//t/, /tH//k/, /kH/
[pç˘N] (to wish) [pHç˘N] (also)[tçp] (to support) [tHçp] (be suffocated)[kat] (to cut) [kHat] (to polish)
![Page 51: English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] / f nAl dZi / √√](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081506/56649da15503460f94a8db26/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
(Phones), Allophones, PhonemesMinimal pairsComplementary distributionPhonological processes/rules
/f nAl dZi/√ √