![Page 1: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Intro.pps/pdf
![Page 2: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Language properties
ParityUniversalityMutabilityTacitnessDisplacementDualityProductivity (creativity)
![Page 3: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Parity
All languages are equal.
![Page 4: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Universality
All grammars share some basic properties.
•Words• Nouns• Verbs
•Sentences • Assertions• Questions
•Semantic roles• Agents• Patients• Locations
![Page 5: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Mutability
Languages change.
cool neat groovy far-out radical cool
![Page 6: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Tacitness
A great deal of grammatical knowledge is tacit knowledge.
[p] vs [ph] vs [p¬]
![Page 7: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Charles Hockett’s ‘Design Features’
There is...a sense in which [productivity], displacement, and duality...can be regarded as the crucial, or nuclear, or central properties of human language.
![Page 8: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Displacement
Messages can refer to things remote in time and space, or both, from the site of the communication.
![Page 9: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Duality of patterning
At every level: elements and combinatorics
• Sounds combine into syllables and morphemes
• Morphemes combine into words• Words combine into phrases and sentences• Sentences combine into
turns or paragraphs• Turns combine into
conversations• Paragraphs combine into
texts
![Page 10: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Elements + combinatorics =
Language
![Page 11: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Language properties
ParityUniversalityMutabilityTacitnessDisplacementDualityProductivity (creativity)
![Page 12: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Signs
Meaning conveyances
• Symbolic
• Iconic
• Indexical
![Page 13: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Signs
Meaning conveyances
• Symbolic
• Iconic
• Indexical
![Page 14: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Signs
Meaning conveyances
• Symbolic
• Iconic
• Indexical
![Page 15: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Signs
Meaning conveyances
• Symbolic
• Iconic
• Indexical
![Page 16: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Mutability
Historical linguistics
ChangesLinguistic study
• Reconstruction• Language families
Origins
![Page 17: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
History of English
greaser far outdude outasitekeen rilly
You are here
Homo Heidelbergensis
1
![Page 18: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
History of English
greaser far outdude outasitekeen rilly
Aetalects!
You are here
Homo Heidelbergensis
1
![Page 19: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
History of English
night coughknight nameknee mayhaps
![Page 20: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Early modern EnglishI am no orator, as Brutus is;But, as you know me all, a plain blunt man,That love my friend; and that they know full wellThat gave me public leave to speak of him:For I have neither wit, nor words, nor worth,Action, nor utterance, nor the power of speech,To stir men's blood
Julius Caesar, c1599
You are here
Homo Heidelbergensis
1
![Page 21: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Middle English (London)Whan that Aprill, with his shoures sooteThe droghte of March hath perced to the rooteAnd bathed every veyne in swich licour,Of which vertu engendred is the flour;
...Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages
The Canterbury Tales, c1380
You are here
Homo Heidelbergensis
1
![Page 22: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Middle English (Northumberland)
Si†en †e sege and †e assaut watz sesed at Troye,†e bor° brittened and brent to bronde and askez,†e tulk †at †e trammes of tresoun †er wro°tWatz tried for his tricherie, †e trewest on erthe
The Green Knight, c1380
You are here
Homo Heidelbergensis
1
![Page 23: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Si†en †e sege and †e assaut watz sesed at Troye,†e bor° brittened and brent to bronde and askez,†e tulk †at †e trammes of tresoun †er wro°tWatz tried for his tricherie, †e trewest on erthe
The Green Knight, c1380
Middle English (Northumberland)
Regiolects!
You are here
Homo Heidelbergensis
1
![Page 24: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Si†en †e sege and †e assaut watz sesed at Troye,†e bor° brittened and brent to bronde and askez,†e tulk †at †e trammes of tresoun †er wro°tWatz tried for his tricherie, †e trewest on erthe
The Green Knight, c1380
Middle English (Northumberland)
Regiolects!
Sociolects!
You are here
Homo Heidelbergensis
1
![Page 25: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Si†en †e sege and †e assaut watz sesed at Troye,†e bor° brittened and brent to bronde and askez,†e tulk †at †e trammes of tresoun †er wro°tWatz tried for his tricherie, †e trewest on erthe
The Green Knight, c1380
Middle English (Northumberland)
Sociolects!
Ethnolects!
Regiolects!
You are here
Homo Heidelbergensis
1
![Page 26: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Language variation
Idiolects!
![Page 27: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Language variation
Hey, who you callin’ an idiolect, dorkosaurus?
![Page 28: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Language variation
Different persons growing up in the same language are like different bushes trimmed and trained to take the shape of identical elephants. The anatomical details of twigs and branches will fulfill the elephantine form differently from bush to bush, but the overall outward results are alike.
![Page 29: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Language variation
Different persons growing up in the same language are like different bushes trimmed and trained to take the shape of identical elephants. The anatomical details of twigs and branches will fulfill the elephantine form differently from bush to bush, but the overall outward results are alike.
W.V.O. Quine
![Page 30: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Old English (aka Anglo-Saxon)
Nu sculon herigean heofonrices weard, meotodes meahte, and his modge†anc, weorc wuldorfæder, swa he wundra gehwæs, ece drihten, or onstealde.
Caedmon’s hymn, c670
You are here
Homo Heidelbergensis
1
![Page 31: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
1066
![Page 32: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
1066
Substratum (under-level)Germanic (Angles, Saxons
etc.)king, law, deer, cow, cock, piss, …
Superstratum (over-level)Latinate (Norman French)
monarch, justice, venison, beef, penis, urinate, …
![Page 33: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
1066
Substratum (under-level)Germanic (Angles, Saxons
etc.)king, law, deer, cow, cock, piss, …
Superstratum (over-level)Latinate (Norman French)
monarch, justice, venison, beef, penis, urinate, …
![Page 34: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Mutability
Language change
Internal(isolation,
fashion, prestige, …)
External(trade, war,
imperialism, …)
![Page 35: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Internal(isolation,
fashion, prestige, …)
External(trade, war,
imperialism, …)
PhonologicalMorphologicalLexicalSyntacticSemantic
Mutability
Language change
![Page 36: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
What changes
Modern English
dog
Middle English
hound
![Page 37: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
What changes: radial networks
![Page 38: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Radial networks
A network with a defining centre (usually called “the prototype” of the network)
![Page 39: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Changes in a semantic radial network
hyponym / hypernym shiftsModern English
dog
… poodle hound spaniel …
Toy, French, … Grey, Blood, … Springer, Cocker, …
Middle English
hound
… dog poodle spaniel …
Mastiff, Basset, … Toy, French, … Springer, Cocker, …
![Page 40: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Middle English
hound
… dog poodle spaniel …
Mastiff, Basset, … Toy, French, … Springer, Cocker, …
hyponym and hypernym
hyponym
hypernym hyponym
hypernym
![Page 41: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Modern English
dog
… poodle hound spaniel …
Toy, French, … Grey, Blood, … Springer, Cocker, …hyponym
hypernymhyponym
hypernym
hyponym and hypernym
![Page 42: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Modern English
dog
… poodle hound spaniel …
Toy, French, … Grey, Blood, … Springer, Cocker, …
Middle English
hound
… dog poodle spaniel …
Mastiff, Basset, … Toy, French, … Springer, Cocker, …
Changes in a semantic radial network
hyponym / hypernym shifts
![Page 43: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Modern English
dog
… poodle hound spaniel …
Toy, French, … Grey, Blood, … Springer, Cocker, …
Middle English
hound
… dog poodle spaniel …
Mastiff, Basset, … Toy, French, … Springer, Cocker, …
Changes in a semantic radial network
hyponym / hypernym shifts
![Page 44: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Modern English
dog
… poodle hound spaniel …
Toy, French, … Grey, Blood, … Springer, Cocker, …
Middle English
hound
… dog poodle spaniel …
Mastiff, Basset, … Toy, French, … Springer, Cocker, …
Changes in a semantic radial network
hyponym / hypernym shifts
![Page 45: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Shrinkage of a semantic radial network
polysemy —> monosemy
Mete1. a. Any comestible.
b. Solid comestibles.2. Edible portions of
fruits, nuts, eggs, ….
3. Animal flesh for food.
4. A meal.
Meat
![Page 46: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Mete1. a. Any comestible.
b. Solid comestibles.2. Edible portions of
fruits, nuts, eggs, ….
3. Animal flesh for food.
4. A meal.
Meat‘many-meaning’ —> ‘single-meaning’
Shrinkage of a semantic radial network
polysemy —> monosemy
![Page 47: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Mutability
Subtotal
History of English• Periods• Events
Pressures to change• Internal/external• Aeta-, regio-, socio-, ethno-
lects
Objects of change• Individual elements• Radial networks
![Page 48: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Objects of change• Individual elements• Radial networks
Language families• Indo-European• Pre-Indo-European
Origins• Lexical theories• Language theories
Writing systems• Concept-to-sound migration
Origins and varieties of languages
![Page 49: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Philology
• Looking at texts for noteworthy signifier/signified linkages
• Contrast and compare
![Page 50: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Philology
Language families
Englishfathermotherbrothersisterkingmilk meat
GermanVaterMutterBruder
SchwesterKönigMilch
Fleisch
![Page 51: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Language families
English German Latin SanskritModern Old
father faeder Vater pater pitarmother modor Mutter mater matar
fish fisc Fisch pisces patan
You are here
Homo Heidelbergensis
1
![Page 52: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Grimm’s law
English German Latin SanskritModern Old
father faeder Vater pater pitarmother modor Mutter mater matar
fish fisc Fisch pisces patan
Proto-Germanic
You are here
Homo Heidelbergensis
1
![Page 53: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Grimm’s law
English German Latin SanskritModern Old
father faeder Vater pater pitarmother modor Mutter mater matar
fish fisc Fisch pisces patan
Proto-Germanic
You are here
Homo Heidelbergensis
1
hypothetical, reconstructedlanguage
![Page 54: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Grimm’s law
English German Latin SanskritModern Old
father faeder Vater pater pitarmother modor Mutter mater matar
fish fisc Fisch pisces patan
Germanic family
You are here
Homo Heidelbergensis
1
![Page 55: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Language families
English German Latin SanskritModern Old
father faeder Vater pater pitarmother modor Mutter mater matar
fish fisc Fisch pisces patan
Germanic IndicItalicFamilies
Philo-logicalevidence
You are here
Homo Heidelbergensis
1
![Page 56: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Proto-Indo-European (*PIE)
English German Latin SanskritModern Old
father faeder Vater pater pitarmother modor Mutter mater matar
fish fisc Fisch pisces patan
Germanic IndicItalicFamilies
Philo-logicalevidence
You are here
Homo Heidelbergensis
1
![Page 57: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Indo-European
English German Latin SanskritModern Old
father faeder Vater pater pitarmother modor Mutter mater matar
fish fisc Fisch pisces patan
Germanic IndicItalicFamilies
Philo-logicalevidence
You are here
Homo Heidelbergensis
1
![Page 58: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Indo-European family
![Page 59: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Indo-European family
![Page 60: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Bow-wow theory
Language arose from onomatopoeia
Making noises to represent elements in the environment: animals, rain, expulsive gas, …
You are here
Homo Heidelbergensis
1
![Page 61: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Pooh-pooh theory(AKA the ouch theory)
Language arose from spontaneous emotional noises
Sighs, moans, cries, ejections of surprise, fear, delight, …
You are here
Homo Heidelbergensis
1
![Page 62: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Yo-he-ho theory
Language arose in muscular and rhythmic efforts accompanying group work
Gathering, distributing, distance-pursuit of prey, …
You are here
Homo Heidelbergensis
1
![Page 63: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Bow-wow-pooh-pooh-yo-he-ho theories
• Lexical theories• Index-to-icon-to-
symbol theories• Not mutually
exclusive(Only Yo-he-ho includes rhythm, sequence, structure)
![Page 64: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Bow-wow-pooh-pooh-yo-he-ho theories
Onomasiological migration theories
Index-to-icon-to-symbol
![Page 65: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Neuron-packing “theory”
• Neural-density, big-bang theory• Non-lexical• Non-social
![Page 66: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Throwing madonna theory
• Nursing (left-side)• Motor/linguistic
sequencing• Structural• Non-lexical• Piggy-backing theory
You are here
Homo Heidelbergensis
1
![Page 67: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Yadda-yadda-yadda theory
Language is verbal grooming
human tribes too big, social bonds too intricate, to manage them physically
Social theory, non-lexical
You are here
Homo Heidelbergensis
1
![Page 68: English 306A; Harris Intro.pps/pdf. English 306A; Harris Language properties Parity Universality Mutability Tacitness Displacement Duality Productivity](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062304/56649daa5503460f94a97934/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
English 306A; Harris
Historical linguisticsLanguages change over time
• external (war, imperialism, trade, …)• internal (fashion, prestige, isolation, …)
Categorical changes• radial networks (phonological, lexical, …)
Genealogical relationships• language families• reconstructed proto-languages
Language origins• lots of guesses, no clear solutions• Lexical and non-lexical variants