Download - Energy Systems for Fitness
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Fitness for sport
Trevor Dunne
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Coaching responsibility Help your athletes to achieve the levels of
energy fitness and muscular fitness demanded by their sport.
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Stages of training – being examined1. Warm up2. Energy fitness3. Muscular fitness4. Cool down
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1. Warm Up Begin each session with a warm up
designed for your sport. Low energy – high skill sports – include
stretching and skill rehearsal. High energy – raise HR, stretch and
rehearse technique. Adequate warm up prevents injury and
helps prepare athletes psychologically for the event.
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Warm Up Stretches should be to the point of
discomfort and then hold for 5-10 seconds. Stretch the muscles required for the
activity, stretch the ones that are more easily injured and those that you have had difficulties with in the past.
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2. Energy fitness This is the bodies ability to store and use
fuels efficiently to power particular muscle contractions.
Coaches must match the energy demands of the sport in training.
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Energy Pathways The energy that muscles use to contract
comes from two systems: Aerobic – with oxygen Anaerobic – without oxygen The system used will depend on the
availability of oxygen and on the intensity and duration of the activity.
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Anaerobic 2 parts to this system Creatine Phosphate (10-15 seconds) The lactate energy system (30-40 seconds
seconds) The anaerobic system is used at the
beginning of exercise before respiration and circulation adjust to the effort and begin to supply oxygen. It is also used when the energy demands exceed the bodies ability to produce aerobic energy.
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Anaerobic contd. In the short term anaerobic phase (CP),
energy comes from limited energy supplies in the muscles.
In the lactate system energy comes from stored muscle glycogen.
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Aerobic Aerobic energy sources are used during
longer steady paced activities such as running.
Aerobic energy comes from the burning (oxidisation) of fat and carbohydrates.
If the activity is so demanding and exceeds the bodies ability to provide oxygen – additional energy comes from the non-oxidative breakdown of muscle glycogen – and produces lactic acid.
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Contd. Fuelling muscles anaerobically is far less
efficient that fuelling it aerobically. When muscle glycogen is burned
aerobically it produces 38 units of energy – used anaerobically it only produces 2 units.
The anaerobic pathway produces more lactic acid and this interferes with the muscles ability to contract and hinders energy production – causing fatigue and poor performance.
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Oxygen consumption during Aerobic exercise
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Oxygen consumption during Anaerobic exercise
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Oxygen Deficit At the start of exercise – where needs are
immediate – oxygen consumption takes several minutes to meet required levels.
OD is anaerobic work at the start where CP stores are used (all or some).
Steady state – when oxygen demands meets supply
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Oxygen debt A temporary elevated level of oxygen
consumption on finishing exercising. Pays back the oxygen deficit. Replenishes stores of phosphagens,
removes lactic acid and restores balance.
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Energy Training MAXIMUM HR
Aerobic foundation 70-85%
Anaerobic threshold 85-90%
Anaerobic training 90-95%
Speed 95-100%
Peak
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Aerobic Foundation Training for aerobic fitness helps to
toughen ligaments, tendons and connective and reduces the risk of injury.
It also lays the foundation upon which all future practices and performances are built.
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Aerobic contd. Good aerobic training includes three
components: Low intensity, long duration activity. Medium distances with occasional periods
of increased activity. Resistance effort – such as hill work for
runners.
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Anaerobic Threshold This marks the point at which the athlete
begins to produce excess lactic acid. This is the upper limit of efficient aerobic energy production.
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Contd. The threshold can be measured in
laboratory treadmill tests – but with practice an athlete can learn what it feels like. When breathing becomes difficult and sustained effort is doubtful – it is an indicator that the threshold is near.
This type of training done twice weekly can increase threshold – as it help the muscles fibres to work better aerobically (pace training, fartlek)
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Anaerobic Training This is achieved by progressively
increasing speed while decreasing distance or duration of effort.
Interval training – exercise interval followed by active rest.
The rest is vital as it maintains circulation and uses muscle contractions at low intensity to remove waste products and promote recovery.
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Contd. Athletes HR should be below 125 before
starting a second interval Stop intervals if the athlete cannot
maintain good form. No more than 2 sessions per week No more than 4-6 weeks of this training –
then taper off before competition.
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Speed When athletes are new to a sport they should follow the training pyramid – experienced athletes
can do speed work throughout the season. Speed is partially inherited and partially
acquired. Speed can be acquired as athletes learn to
relax and become more efficient – more comes when speed drills are supplemented with weight training.
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Samples of speed work Acceleration sprints – start easy and speed
up (safest) Hollow sprints – start and end fast and go
easy in the middle. Starts – if required for swimming ,
sprinting of football.
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Peaking If you skip stages in the pyramid – training will be
less successful and may lead to injury. As the season progresses – so too should training. Use early competitions to build training, sharpen
skills and improve speed. By mid season – be at the competitive level that
can be maintained for the rest of the season. If athletes peak too soon – they may slump before
the season ends.
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Tapering This is a period of reduced training before
an important competition. It allows for optimal stores of energy to be
available, and provides time to heal minor injuries.
Taper for days (teams or sprinters) or a week or more (long distance events).
A longer taper is required in sports that involve a greater volume of training.
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3. Muscular Fitness This includes strength, endurance, power,
speed and flexibility. Experienced athletes often do strength
training in the off season to build muscle size and force and then proceed to add endurance and power during the season.
Each component of muscular fitness can be enhanced by resistance training.
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Contd. High resistance with few reps builds
strength. Low resistance with many reps builds
endurance. Resistance can be applied with free
weights, machine weights, body weight, air and hydraulics.
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Strength How much strength is required for your
sport? Determine this and then decide what the
athlete requires. Do athletes need more strength? Experience shows that the strength of a
muscle group should be 2.5 times the resistance encountered.
More strength will not improve performance but less may hinder it.
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Contd.To help improve strength: Set the weight so the max number of reps
is 8-10 Do three sets for each muscle group Increase the resistance when the athlete
can do ten reps. Lift every second day – 3 times per week. Can improve at a rate of 1-3% per week. Ensure proper warm up and adequate
supervision.
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Muscular endurance Should be specific to how the muscles are
used in the sport. Endurance is very trainable and dramatic
improvements in endurance are associated with improved performance and success in sport.
Can work on short term (3 sets@ 15-25 reps), Intermediate (2 sets @30-50 reps) and long term (1 set @ 100+ reps) – all done three times weekly.
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Power Power is the rate of doing work. It involves both
strength (force) and speed (distance divided by time)
This is essential training for many sports. Use a weight at 30-60% of the athletes 1RM. Get them to lift the weight as fast as possible. Do three sets of 15-25 reps three times per week. Increase resistance when the athlete can perform
25 reps.
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Plyometrics Exercises used to develop power. These explosive movements build strength
and the elastic recoil that provides more power for jumping and other activities.
Start this gradually and stop if legs become sore.
Work on a soft surface (grass or dirt) Work up to three sets and then increase
resistance (work uphill or wear a weighted vest)
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Contd. This will increase strength by about 8-10%
and improve elastic recoil and will help athletes to learn how to use force more effectively.
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Speed Reaction time (how long it takes you to
initiate a movement) and movement time (the time it takes you to get from the start to the end of the movement).
Class exercise: Examine ways to improve these.
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4. Cool Down Important to prevent pooling of blood. Plan a cool down for each session. After easy jogging or easy aerobic
movements, do stretching exercises to reduce the chance of delayed, muscles soreness.
End of section on fitness