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EnergyEnergyResourcesResources
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EnergyEnergy What is Energy ?What is Energy ?
Many of us would answer….Many of us would answer….
electricityelectricity oror gasolinegasoline
or maybeor maybe nuclear powernuclear power
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EnergyEnergy What is Energy ?What is Energy ?
For many people in LDCsFor many people in LDCs
energy is…energy is… fuel woodfuel wood
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EnergyEnergy fuel woodfuel wood
• In LDCs used for In LDCs used for cooking and heatingcooking and heating
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EnergyEnergy fuel woodfuel wood
• The “other” energy crisisThe “other” energy crisis
• A major problem in LDCsA major problem in LDCs
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fuel woodfuel wood The “other” energy crisisThe “other” energy crisis
• As population growsAs population grows
the need for fuel the need for fuel wood energy growswood energy grows
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fuel woodfuel wood The “other”The “other” energy crisisenergy crisis
treestrees
shrubs & bushesshrubs & bushes
grassesgrasses
crop residuescrop residues
dried dungdried dung
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treestrees
shrubs & bushesshrubs & bushes
grassesgrasses
crop residuescrop residues
dried dungdried dung
The demand for The demand for fuel wood is fuel wood is resulting inresulting in
soil erosion,soil erosion,
soil nutrient soil nutrient depletion, anddepletion, and
landland degradationdegradation
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EnergyEnergy fuel woodfuel wood
• The “other” energy crisisThe “other” energy crisis
• A major problem in LDCsA major problem in LDCs
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In MDCs, abundant In MDCs, abundant energy is vital to societyenergy is vital to society
EnergyEnergy
Modern industrial Modern industrial culture is energy intensiveculture is energy intensive
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Human cultural evolutionHuman cultural evolution
has been accompanied byhas been accompanied by
Energy & CultureEnergy & Culture
• Increasingly powerful energy sourcesIncreasingly powerful energy sources
• Increased per capita energy utilizationIncreased per capita energy utilization
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Hunter-gatherer societyHunter-gatherer society
Energy & CultureEnergy & Culture
• human muscle power & firehuman muscle power & fire
Agricultural societyAgricultural society• domesticated draft animalsdomesticated draft animals• wind & water powerwind & water power
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Energy & CultureEnergy & Culture Early industrial societyEarly industrial society
• coal energy – fossil fuelcoal energy – fossil fuel
• steam enginessteam engines
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Energy & CultureEnergy & Culture Modern industrial societyModern industrial society• oil & natural gas energy – fossil fuelsoil & natural gas energy – fossil fuels
• internal combustion enginesinternal combustion engines
• electrical energyelectrical energy
• nuclear energynuclear energy
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Time Time PeriodPeriod
U.S. Energy SourcesU.S. Energy SourcesPrimary Energy Primary Energy
SourceSource
Pre - 1850Pre - 1850 Fuel WoodFuel Wood
From 1850 to 1900 the use of fire wood From 1850 to 1900 the use of fire wood decreased as the use of coal increaseddecreased as the use of coal increased
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Time Time PeriodPeriod
U.S. Energy SourcesU.S. Energy Sources
Primary Energy Primary Energy SourceSource
1900 - 19501900 - 1950 CoalCoal
The use of oil grew during the The use of oil grew during the first half of the 20first half of the 20thth century century
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Time Time PeriodPeriod
U.S. Energy SourcesU.S. Energy SourcesPrimary Energy Primary Energy
SourceSource
1950 - present1950 - present OilOil
During the second half of the 20During the second half of the 20 thth century, oil use surpassed coal usecentury, oil use surpassed coal use
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The United States has The United States has about 6% of world populationabout 6% of world population
U.S. Energy UseU.S. Energy Use
but we use about one-third but we use about one-third of the world’s energyof the world’s energy
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High energy use does contribute High energy use does contribute to a high standard of livingto a high standard of living
U.S. Energy UseU.S. Energy Use
but much of our energy is but much of our energy is used wastefullyused wastefully
The U.S. is an energy The U.S. is an energy GLUTTONGLUTTON
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We can maintain our We can maintain our standard of livingstandard of living
U.S. Energy UseU.S. Energy Use
but reduce our energy use throughbut reduce our energy use through
efficiency & conservationefficiency & conservation
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Energy efficiency Energy efficiency & conservation& conservation
Doing the same work, Doing the same work, but using less energybut using less energy
Our best energy “source”Our best energy “source”
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Reduces use of fossil fuelsReduces use of fossil fuels
Energy efficiency Energy efficiency & conservation& conservation
Reduces pollutionReduces pollution
Reduces release of Reduces release of greenhouse gasesgreenhouse gases
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Prolongs supplies of fossil fuelsProlongs supplies of fossil fuels
Reduces need for new Reduces need for new energy plantsenergy plants
Energy efficiency Energy efficiency & conservation& conservation
Allows more time for Allows more time for development of alternative energiesdevelopment of alternative energies
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Energy efficiency Energy efficiency & conservation& conservation
Saves moneySaves money
Improves our balance of tradeImproves our balance of trade
Reduces reliance on Reduces reliance on imported oilimported oil
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1973 OPEC Oil Embargo1973 OPEC Oil Embargo
U. S. Reliance On U. S. Reliance On Imported OilImported Oil
OOPPEECC
rganization ofrganization ofetroleumetroleumxportingxportingountriesountries
Reduced Reduced availability availability of crude oilof crude oil
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Sharp increase in crude oil pricesSharp increase in crude oil prices
U. S. Reliance On U. S. Reliance On Imported OilImported Oil
1973 OPEC Oil Embargo1973 OPEC Oil Embargo
gasoline,gasoline,
home heating oilhome heating oildiesel, anddiesel, and Prices forPrices for
sharply increasedsharply increased
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Rapid increases in costs of Rapid increases in costs of consumer productsconsumer products
1973 OPEC Oil Embargo1973 OPEC Oil Embargo
Rapid increase in overall Rapid increase in overall cost of livingcost of living
Period of double-digit inflationPeriod of double-digit inflation
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Gasoline shortagesGasoline shortages
1973 OPEC Oil Embargo1973 OPEC Oil Embargo
Long lines at gasoline stationsLong lines at gasoline stations
Growing popularity of Growing popularity of smaller, fuel-efficient autossmaller, fuel-efficient autos
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National concern for energy National concern for energy conservation and energy conservation and energy
independenceindependence
1973 OPEC Oil Embargo1973 OPEC Oil Embargo
President Carter called President Carter called
the the energy crisisenergy crisis “the “the moral equivalent of war”moral equivalent of war”
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The Carter administration The Carter administration increased federal support for increased federal support for alternative energy research alternative energy research
and developmentand development
1973 OPEC Oil Embargo1973 OPEC Oil Embargo
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Unfortunately, federal support for Unfortunately, federal support for alternative energy research and development alternative energy research and development
declined after the Carter administrationdeclined after the Carter administration
U. S. Reliance On U. S. Reliance On Imported OilImported Oil
The U.S. is now more dependent on The U.S. is now more dependent on imported oil than it was in 1973imported oil than it was in 1973
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EnergyEnergyUse of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
CoalCoal
PetroleumPetroleum
Natural GasNatural Gas
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Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
EnergyEnergy
Currently, our largest Currently, our largest energy sourceenergy source
Large-scale use for only Large-scale use for only about 200 yearsabout 200 years
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Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
EnergyEnergy
Large-scale use will Large-scale use will decline in the futuredecline in the future
• Decreasing suppliesDecreasing supplies
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Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
EnergyEnergy
Large-scale use will Large-scale use will decline in the futuredecline in the future
• Increasing costsIncreasing costs
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Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
EnergyEnergy
Large-scale use will Large-scale use will decline in the futuredecline in the future
• Adverse environmental Adverse environmental impactsimpacts
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““From the perspective of a From the perspective of a 10,000 year time span, human 10,000 year time span, human utilization of fossil fuels will utilization of fossil fuels will seem like a brief, toxic fire seem like a brief, toxic fire
aboard a spaceship”aboard a spaceship”
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
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TimeTime
PresentPresent- 5000- 5000 yearsyears
+ 5000+ 5000 yearsyears
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
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““From the perspective of a From the perspective of a 10,000 year time span, human 10,000 year time span, human utilization of fossil fuels will utilization of fossil fuels will seem like a brief, toxic fire seem like a brief, toxic fire
aboard a spaceship”aboard a spaceship”
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
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Fossil fuels are a Fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resourcenonrenewable resource
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
Nonrenewable – no more of Nonrenewable – no more of the resource can be obtained the resource can be obtained within a useful time framewithin a useful time frame
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Fossil fuels are a Fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resourcenonrenewable resource
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
Geologic formation occurred Geologic formation occurred over millions of yearsover millions of years
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Reliance on fossil fuels Reliance on fossil fuels is non-sustainableis non-sustainable
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
Nonrenewable, finite supplyNonrenewable, finite supply
Exhaustion of supply willExhaustion of supply will deprive future generationsdeprive future generations
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Reliance on fossil fuels Reliance on fossil fuels is non-sustainableis non-sustainable
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
Exhaustion of supply willExhaustion of supply will deprive future generationsdeprive future generations
• Energy resourceEnergy resource
• Synthetic baseSynthetic base • LubricantsLubricants
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Reliance on fossil fuels Reliance on fossil fuels is non-sustainableis non-sustainable
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
Pollution from use mayPollution from use may affect future generationsaffect future generations
• Global Climate ChangeGlobal Climate Change
• Acid PrecipitationAcid Precipitation • Chemical PollutionChemical Pollution
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Reliance on fossil fuels Reliance on fossil fuels is non-sustainableis non-sustainable
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
To work toward a sustainable To work toward a sustainable society, we must make the transition society, we must make the transition
to renewable energy sourcesto renewable energy sources
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United States Energy SourcesUnited States Energy Sources
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
The U.S. is heavily dependent The U.S. is heavily dependent on fossil fuelson fossil fuels
Approximately 85% of U.S. energyApproximately 85% of U.S. energy
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United States Energy SourcesUnited States Energy Sources
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
Petroleum or oil is the largest Petroleum or oil is the largest single source of U.S. energysingle source of U.S. energy
Approximately 40% of U.S. energyApproximately 40% of U.S. energy
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United States Energy SourcesUnited States Energy Sources
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
- - Approximately 20% Approximately 20% of U.S. energyof U.S. energy
- - Approximately 25% Approximately 25% of U.S. energyof U.S. energy
Natural GasNatural Gas
CoalCoal
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United States Energy SourcesUnited States Energy Sources
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
Approximately 15% of U.S. Approximately 15% of U.S. energy comes from all other sourcesenergy comes from all other sources
• nuclearnuclear • hydrohydro • solarsolar
• windwind • geothermalgeothermal • otherother
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United States Energy SourcesUnited States Energy Sources
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
Oil 40%Oil 40%
Natural Natural Gas 25%Gas 25%
Coal 20%Coal 20%
Non Fossil Non Fossil Fuel 15%Fuel 15%
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Total Reserves – the amount left to Total Reserves – the amount left to be recoveredbe recovered
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
Known Reserves Known Reserves – have already – have already been found and quantity estimatedbeen found and quantity estimated
Suspected Reserves Suspected Reserves – thought to exist, – thought to exist, but not yet found, quantity uncertainbut not yet found, quantity uncertain
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Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels Suspected Reserves Suspected Reserves – thought to exist, – thought to exist,
but not yet found, quantity uncertainbut not yet found, quantity uncertain
All the “easy” reserves have been foundAll the “easy” reserves have been found
Suspected reserves will be in remote Suspected reserves will be in remote locations and will be difficult and locations and will be difficult and
expensive to recoverexpensive to recover
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How long will fossil How long will fossil fuel reserves last ?fuel reserves last ?
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
Uncertainties in estimates due toUncertainties in estimates due to
• unknown quantities of suspected reservesunknown quantities of suspected reserves
• will rate of use increase or decreasewill rate of use increase or decrease
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How long will fossil How long will fossil fuel reserves last ?fuel reserves last ?
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
Petroleum – the smallest reservesPetroleum – the smallest reserves
• at current rate of use, reserves may lastat current rate of use, reserves may last
40 – 50 years40 – 50 years
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How long will fossil How long will fossil fuel reserves last ?fuel reserves last ?
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
Petroleum – the smallest reservesPetroleum – the smallest reserves
• yet the one we use the mostyet the one we use the most
• most urgent need to find a replacementmost urgent need to find a replacement
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How long will fossil How long will fossil fuel reserves last ?fuel reserves last ?
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
Natural Gas – Natural Gas – larger reserves than oillarger reserves than oil
• at current rate of use, reserves may lastat current rate of use, reserves may last
60 – 80 years60 – 80 years
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How long will fossil How long will fossil fuel reserves last ?fuel reserves last ?
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
Natural Gas – Natural Gas – larger reserves than oillarger reserves than oil
• the “cleanest” fossil fuelthe “cleanest” fossil fuel
• likely that rate of use will increaselikely that rate of use will increase
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How long will fossil How long will fossil fuel reserves last ?fuel reserves last ?
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
Coal – Coal – the largest reservesthe largest reserves
• at current rate of use, reserves may lastat current rate of use, reserves may last
200 – 300 years200 – 300 years
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How long will fossil How long will fossil fuel reserves last ?fuel reserves last ?
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
Coal – Coal – the largest reservesthe largest reserves
• the “dirtiest” of the fossil fuelsthe “dirtiest” of the fossil fuels
• undesirable to burn it allundesirable to burn it all
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Reserves are limitedReserves are limited
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
• particularly petroleumparticularly petroleum
Use has adverse effectsUse has adverse effects• on humanson humans• on environmenton environment
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What are the “costs”What are the “costs”
of fossil fuel use ?of fossil fuel use ?
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
Costs in a broad senseCosts in a broad sense• includes more than just dollarsincludes more than just dollars
• includes negative effects on includes negative effects on humans and environmenthumans and environment
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What are the “costs”What are the “costs”
of fossil fuel use ?of fossil fuel use ?
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
Human costs may include Human costs may include death and illnessdeath and illness
• difficult to assign a dollar valuedifficult to assign a dollar value
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What are the “costs”What are the “costs”
of fossil fuel use ?of fossil fuel use ?
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
Environmental costs may include Environmental costs may include ecosystem alteration and degradationecosystem alteration and degradation
• difficult to assign a dollar valuedifficult to assign a dollar value
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What are the “costs”What are the “costs”
of fossil fuel use ?of fossil fuel use ?
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
Externalization of CostsExternalization of Costs• someone other than direct producer someone other than direct producer
or direct consumer bears the costsor direct consumer bears the costs
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What are the “costs”What are the “costs”
of fossil fuel use ?of fossil fuel use ?
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
Externalization of CostsExternalization of Costs• the “costs” of fossil fuel use are the “costs” of fossil fuel use are often borne by society as a wholeoften borne by society as a whole
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Stages of ExploitationStages of Exploitation
Use of Fossil FuelsUse of Fossil Fuels
• ExplorationExploration• ExtractionExtraction• ProcessingProcessing
• TransportationTransportation
• End UseEnd Use
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End UseEnd Use
Costs of Fossil FuelsCosts of Fossil Fuels
the most significant the most significant human impactshuman impacts
the most significant the most significant environmental impactsenvironmental impacts
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Costs of Fossil FuelsCosts of Fossil FuelsEnd UseEnd Use
Global Climate ChangeGlobal Climate Change• fossil fuel combustion releases fossil fuel combustion releases
COCO22 into the atmosphere into the atmosphere
• atmospheric COatmospheric CO22 traps heat in the traps heat in the
atmosphere – global warmingatmosphere – global warming
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Costs of Fossil FuelsCosts of Fossil FuelsEnd UseEnd Use
Global Climate ChangeGlobal Climate Change• the most serious and important threat the most serious and important threat
from our reliance on fossil fuelsfrom our reliance on fossil fuels
• potential major impacts on life on Earthpotential major impacts on life on Earth
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Costs of Fossil FuelsCosts of Fossil FuelsEnd UseEnd Use
Global Climate ChangeGlobal Climate Change
• We will consider this We will consider this important topic in greater detail important topic in greater detail
later in the semesterlater in the semester
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Costs of Fossil FuelsCosts of Fossil FuelsEnd UseEnd Use
Acid PrecipitationAcid Precipitation• Combustion reactions Combustion reactions
release nitrogen oxides (NOx)release nitrogen oxides (NOx)
• Combustion of high sulfur fuels Combustion of high sulfur fuels releases sulfur oxides (SOx)releases sulfur oxides (SOx)
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Costs of Fossil FuelsCosts of Fossil FuelsEnd UseEnd Use
Acid PrecipitationAcid Precipitation• NOx react with atmospheric HNOx react with atmospheric H22O O
to form HNOto form HNO33 – nitric acid – nitric acid
• SOx react with atmospheric HSOx react with atmospheric H22O O
to form Hto form H22SOSO44 – sulfuric acid – sulfuric acid
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Costs of Fossil FuelsCosts of Fossil FuelsEnd UseEnd Use
Acid PrecipitationAcid Precipitation• Adverse effects on forests, Adverse effects on forests,
aquatic ecosystems, structures, aquatic ecosystems, structures, human healthhuman health
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Costs of Fossil FuelsCosts of Fossil FuelsEnd UseEnd Use
Acid PrecipitationAcid Precipitation
• We will consider this topic in We will consider this topic in greater detail later in the semestergreater detail later in the semester
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Costs of Fossil FuelsCosts of Fossil FuelsEnd UseEnd Use
Chemical PollutionChemical Pollution• Combustion of fossil Combustion of fossil fuels results in a variety fuels results in a variety of chemical pollutantsof chemical pollutants
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Costs of Fossil FuelsCosts of Fossil FuelsEnd UseEnd Use
Chemical PollutionChemical Pollution• carbon monoxide (CO)carbon monoxide (CO)
• heavy metalsheavy metals
• radionuclidesradionuclides
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Costs of Fossil FuelsCosts of Fossil FuelsEnd UseEnd Use
Chemical PollutionChemical Pollution• hydrocarbonshydrocarbons
• particulatesparticulates
• ozoneozone
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Costs of Fossil FuelsCosts of Fossil FuelsEnd UseEnd Use
Chemical PollutionChemical Pollution• polycyclic aromatic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)hydrocarbons (PAHs)
• peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs)peroxyacyl nitrates (PANs)
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Costs of Fossil FuelsCosts of Fossil FuelsEnd UseEnd Use
Chemical PollutionChemical Pollution• pollutant release has pollutant release has
adverse effects on human adverse effects on human and environmental healthand environmental health
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Costs of Fossil FuelsCosts of Fossil FuelsEnd UseEnd Use
Chemical PollutionChemical Pollution
• We will consider this topic in We will consider this topic in greater detail later in the semestergreater detail later in the semester
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Costs of Fossil FuelsCosts of Fossil Fuels
There are enormous human There are enormous human and environmental “costs” and environmental “costs”
associated with continued use associated with continued use of fossil fuelsof fossil fuels
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What alternatives are What alternatives are there to the fossil fuels ?there to the fossil fuels ?
Energy AlternativesEnergy Alternatives
• Nuclear PowerNuclear Power
• Renewable EnergiesRenewable Energies
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Nuclear Nuclear FissionFission
Nuclear PowerNuclear Power
Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion
• currently workingcurrently working
• still experimentalstill experimental
• energy from chain reaction of a heavy, energy from chain reaction of a heavy, radioactive elementradioactive element
• energy from combining light energy from combining light elements to form a heavier elementelements to form a heavier element
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Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission Heat is Heat is
released from the released from the chain reaction of a chain reaction of a
fissionable fissionable radioactive radioactive
isotopeisotope UU235235 is is typical fueltypical fuel
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Heat produces steam to spin a turbine Heat produces steam to spin a turbine and generator to produce electricityand generator to produce electricity
Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission
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The radioactive The radioactive fuel is contained in fuel is contained in
the reactor corethe reactor core
Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission
Control rods Control rods regulate the rate of regulate the rate of the chain reactionthe chain reaction
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Control rods absorb neutrons to Control rods absorb neutrons to regulate the chain reactionregulate the chain reaction
Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission
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Chernobyl – workers improperly Chernobyl – workers improperly withdrew the control rods leading to withdrew the control rods leading to
a run away chain reactiona run away chain reaction
Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission
Chernobyl – the run away chain Chernobyl – the run away chain reaction lead to core meltdown and a reaction lead to core meltdown and a
steam explosionsteam explosion
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U.S. reactors are housed in U.S. reactors are housed in containment structurescontainment structures
Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission
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Chernobyl – the reactor did not Chernobyl – the reactor did not have a containment structurehave a containment structure
Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission
Chernobyl – doubtful that a Chernobyl – doubtful that a containment structure could have containment structure could have
withstood the steam explosionwithstood the steam explosion
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What are the What are the pros and cons of pros and cons of nuclear fission ?nuclear fission ?
Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission
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Nuclear Nuclear power has power has
some some advantages advantages over fossil over fossil
fuelsfuels
Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission
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PROS PROS relative to fossil fuelsrelative to fossil fuels
Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission
• No greenhouse gas emissionsNo greenhouse gas emissions
• No acid rain emissionsNo acid rain emissions
• No chemical pollution emissionsNo chemical pollution emissions
• No strip miningNo strip mining
• No acid mine drainageNo acid mine drainage
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Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission additionaladditional PROS PROS
• A currently working technologyA currently working technology
• Very high energy densityVery high energy density
• Overall good safety recordOverall good safety record
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What are some of the What are some of the CONS or negative CONS or negative aspects of nuclear aspects of nuclear
fission ?fission ?
Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission
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CONSCONS• Risk of accidents -- ChernobylRisk of accidents -- Chernobyl
Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission
• Nonrenewable energy sourceNonrenewable energy source
• Limited amount of fissionable Limited amount of fissionable isotopesisotopes
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Not all radioactive isotopes are Not all radioactive isotopes are fissionable – will undergo chain reactionfissionable – will undergo chain reaction
Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission
UU238238 – the abundant isotope of uranium – the abundant isotope of uranium is not fissionableis not fissionable
UU235235 – is fissionable, but is a relatively – is fissionable, but is a relatively rare isotope of uraniumrare isotope of uranium
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Breeder Reactors could expand Breeder Reactors could expand supply of fissionable materialsupply of fissionable material
Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission
Breeder Reactors convert UBreeder Reactors convert U238238 to Pu to Pu239239
The U.S. closed its experimental The U.S. closed its experimental breeder reactor at Clinch River, TNbreeder reactor at Clinch River, TN
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CONSCONS
Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission
• Potential proliferation of nuclear weaponsPotential proliferation of nuclear weapons
• Concern over possible sabotageConcern over possible sabotage
• Decommissioning old nuclear plantsDecommissioning old nuclear plants
• Disposal of high-level nuclear wastesDisposal of high-level nuclear wastes
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Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission What to do with high-level What to do with high-level
nuclear wastes ?nuclear wastes ?
Some isotopes will remain Some isotopes will remain dangerously radioactive for dangerously radioactive for
thousands of yearsthousands of years
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The U.S. repository for high-level The U.S. repository for high-level nuclear wastes is under construction at nuclear wastes is under construction at
Yucca Mountain, NVYucca Mountain, NV
Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission
The wastes will be buried deep The wastes will be buried deep undergroundunderground
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The Yucca Mountain project The Yucca Mountain project is controversialis controversial
Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission
Until Yucca Mountain is Until Yucca Mountain is ready, nuclear plants are storing ready, nuclear plants are storing
their wastes on sitetheir wastes on site
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CONSCONS Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission
High construction costs and long High construction costs and long construction timeconstruction time
Low public acceptance & Low public acceptance & supportsupport
Lack of private insuranceLack of private insurance
Health effects on uranium minersHealth effects on uranium miners
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Point to PonderPoint to Ponder
Nuclear FissionNuclear Fission
How do you personally feel about How do you personally feel about nuclear power in the U.S. ?nuclear power in the U.S. ?
• increase a lotincrease a lot
• increase a littleincrease a little
• stay about the samestay about the same
• decrease a littledecrease a little
• decrease a lotdecrease a lot
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Energy from combining light Energy from combining light elements to form a heavier elementelements to form a heavier element
• Still an experimental technologyStill an experimental technology
• Energy of sun and starsEnergy of sun and stars
• Much more energy than nuclear fissionMuch more energy than nuclear fission
Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion
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Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion Energy of the solar furnaceEnergy of the solar furnace
• The sun can fuse hydrogen The sun can fuse hydrogen atoms together to form ironatoms together to form iron
• Goal of fusion energy on Earth is to Goal of fusion energy on Earth is to fuse hydrogen atoms together to form fuse hydrogen atoms together to form
helium or lithiumhelium or lithium
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Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion
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Challenges to DevelopmentChallenges to Development
Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion
• High ignition temperatureHigh ignition temperature
• Confining the reactionConfining the reaction
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Challenges to DevelopmentChallenges to Development
Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion
• High ignition temperatureHigh ignition temperature
Multiple powerful lasers focused on a Multiple powerful lasers focused on a single point in space bring frozen single point in space bring frozen
deuterium pellet to ignition temperaturedeuterium pellet to ignition temperature
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Challenges to DevelopmentChallenges to Development
Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion
• Confining the reactionConfining the reaction
““magnetic bottle”magnetic bottle”
powerful electromagnets confine powerful electromagnets confine reaction in a magnetic fieldreaction in a magnetic field
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Still an experimental technologyStill an experimental technology
Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion
Controlled fusion reactions Controlled fusion reactions have been achievedhave been achieved
However, the “break-even” However, the “break-even” point has not yet been reachedpoint has not yet been reached
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the “break-even” pointthe “break-even” point
Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion
• Energy output equals Energy output equals energy inputenergy input
• Energy input – ignition and Energy input – ignition and confinement of reactionconfinement of reaction
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the “break-even” pointthe “break-even” point
Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion
Energy outputEnergy output ____________________________Energy inputEnergy input == 1.001.00
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Potential ProsPotential Pros
Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion
• Enormous amounts of energyEnormous amounts of energy
• Deuterium isotope of hydrogen Deuterium isotope of hydrogen is abundant in seawateris abundant in seawater
• No radioactive wastesNo radioactive wastes
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ConsCons
Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion
• Not a currently working Not a currently working technologytechnology
• Timetable for commercial Timetable for commercial development remains uncertaindevelopment remains uncertain
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RenewableRenewableEnergyEnergySourcesSources
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No single renewable energy No single renewable energy source will satisfy all energy needssource will satisfy all energy needs
Renewable Energy SourcesRenewable Energy Sources
However, combinations of different However, combinations of different renewable energies can meet most, if renewable energies can meet most, if
not all, of our energy needsnot all, of our energy needs
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The exact combination of The exact combination of renewable energies will depend renewable energies will depend upon geographic location and upon geographic location and
the energy applicationthe energy application
Renewable Energy SourcesRenewable Energy Sources
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Most renewable energy Most renewable energy technologies are sufficiently technologies are sufficiently
developed for large scale applicationdeveloped for large scale application
Renewable Energy SourcesRenewable Energy Sources
TODAYTODAY We need to hasten the transition We need to hasten the transition away from fossil fuels and toward away from fossil fuels and toward
renewable energyrenewable energy
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Many Pros in commonMany Pros in common
Renewable Energy SourcesRenewable Energy Sources
• Renewable – supply will not run outRenewable – supply will not run out
• Low pollution – including COLow pollution – including CO22
• Prolong supply of fossil fuelsProlong supply of fossil fuels
• Compatible with a sustainable societyCompatible with a sustainable society
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There are many choices There are many choices available on the renewable energy available on the renewable energy
“menu”“menu”
Renewable Energy SourcesRenewable Energy Sources
There are so many choices available that some less promising
technologies will not be widely used for lack of need
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Renewable Energy SourcesRenewable Energy Sources Direct SolarDirect Solar
• Passive solarPassive solar• Active solarActive solar• PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics• Artificial Artificial PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
HydrogenHydrogen
Indirect SolarIndirect Solar• WindWind• HydropowerHydropower• BiomassBiomass• OTECOTEC
TidalTidal GeothermalGeothermal
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Renewable Energy SourcesRenewable Energy Sources
Solar EnergySolar Energy• Primary energy source for essentially Primary energy source for essentially
all natural ecosystems on earthall natural ecosystems on earth
• Why not the primary energy Why not the primary energy source for human societies ?source for human societies ?
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Renewable Energy SourcesRenewable Energy Sources
Solar EnergySolar Energy• Direct Solar – directly uses Direct Solar – directly uses
electromagnetic energy of sunlightelectromagnetic energy of sunlight
• Indirect Solar – uses the stored Indirect Solar – uses the stored thermal, kinetic, or chemical thermal, kinetic, or chemical
energy from sunlightenergy from sunlight
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Direct SolarDirect Solar
Solar EnergySolar Energy
• Passive solarPassive solar• Active solarActive solar• PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics
• Artificial PhotosynthesisArtificial Photosynthesis
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Solar EnergySolar Energy Passive solarPassive solar
• Nothing moves – no pumps or Nothing moves – no pumps or working fluidworking fluid
• Relies primarily on architectural Relies primarily on architectural design and constructiondesign and construction
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Solar EnergySolar Energy Passive solarPassive solar
• Archeological evidence suggest Archeological evidence suggest use in ancient buildingsuse in ancient buildings
• Primary value is in lighting and space Primary value is in lighting and space heating and cooling of buildingsheating and cooling of buildings
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Solar EnergySolar Energy Passive solarPassive solar
• Tremendous energy expenditures in Tremendous energy expenditures in lighting and space heating and cooling lighting and space heating and cooling
of buildingsof buildings
can be reduced through can be reduced through passive solar designspassive solar designs
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Simple architectural design, such asSimple architectural design, such as
Passive solarPassive solar
• placement of windowsplacement of windows
• placement of overhangsplacement of overhangs
and and
can reduce energy required for can reduce energy required for heating and cooling buildingsheating and cooling buildings
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Passive solarPassive solar
winter sunwinter sun summer sunsummer sun
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Passive solarPassive solar Simple architectural design, such asSimple architectural design, such as
• Greenhouse Greenhouse or thermal or thermal storage by storage by water or water or masonrymasonry
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Direct SolarDirect Solar
Solar EnergySolar Energy
• Passive solarPassive solar
• Active solarActive solar• PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics
• Artificial PhotosynthesisArtificial Photosynthesis
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Solar EnergySolar Energy Active SolarActive Solar
• A working fluid, usually water, A working fluid, usually water, absorbs heat from sunlight and is absorbs heat from sunlight and is
moved by pumpsmoved by pumps
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Solar EnergySolar Energy Active SolarActive Solar
• Multiple ApplicationsMultiple Applications
Domestic – water and space heatingDomestic – water and space heating
Commercial & Industrial – Commercial & Industrial – production of steam and electricityproduction of steam and electricity
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Domestic Domestic
Active SolarActive Solar
• Water is Water is heated by heated by sunlight in sunlight in
roof top solar roof top solar collectorscollectors
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Domestic Domestic
Active SolarActive Solar
• Solar heated Solar heated water is water is used used in home water in home water heater and can heater and can
be used for be used for space heatingspace heating
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Can also be used for Can also be used for production ofproduction of
Active SolarActive Solar
• Commercial & Industrial – Commercial & Industrial – production of steam and production of steam and
electricityelectricity
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Active SolarActive Solar
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Direct SolarDirect Solar
Solar EnergySolar Energy
• Passive solarPassive solar• Active solarActive solar• PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics
• Artificial PhotosynthesisArtificial Photosynthesis
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Solar EnergySolar Energy PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics• aka – solar cellsaka – solar cells
• originally developed as exotic power originally developed as exotic power source for satellitessource for satellites
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Sunlight energy (photons) Sunlight energy (photons) causes the movement of causes the movement of
electrons (current) between electrons (current) between layers of silicon to produce layers of silicon to produce
directly produce electricity from directly produce electricity from sulightsulight
PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics
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• now routine in calculators, outdoor now routine in calculators, outdoor lighting, and other applicationslighting, and other applications
• tremendous increase in efficiencytremendous increase in efficiency
• tremendous decrease in costtremendous decrease in cost
PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics
• exciting developments in design exciting developments in design and applicationand application
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Direct SolarDirect Solar
Solar EnergySolar Energy
• Passive solarPassive solar• Active solarActive solar• PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics
• Artificial PhotosynthesisArtificial Photosynthesis
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Solar EnergySolar Energy Artificial PhotosynthesisArtificial Photosynthesis
• An early reaction in natural An early reaction in natural photosynthesis uses sunlight photosynthesis uses sunlight
energy to split water into oxygen energy to split water into oxygen and hydrogenand hydrogen
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Solar EnergySolar Energy Artificial PhotosynthesisArtificial Photosynthesis
2H2H22O + sunlight O + sunlight 2H 2H22 + O + O22
• research is in progress to develop an research is in progress to develop an economical way to do this economical way to do this in vitroin vitro
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Solar EnergySolar Energy Artificial PhotosynthesisArtificial Photosynthesis
2H2H22O + sunlight O + sunlight 2H 2H22 + O + O22
• this process would produce this process would produce hydrogen gashydrogen gas
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Often called “the fuel of Often called “the fuel of the future”the future”
HydrogenHydrogen
Nearly an ideal fuelNearly an ideal fuel
Could be a replacement for Could be a replacement for current transportation fuelscurrent transportation fuels
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The primary problem is that there is The primary problem is that there is almost no free hydrogen (Halmost no free hydrogen (H22) on earth) on earth
HydrogenHydrogen
The hydrogen is bound in The hydrogen is bound in molecules, such as water (Hmolecules, such as water (H22O)O)
Free hydrogen (HFree hydrogen (H22) must be ) must be
produced by splitting moleculesproduced by splitting molecules
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HydrogenHydrogen Production of free hydrogen (HProduction of free hydrogen (H22) by ) by
splitting molecules requires a primary splitting molecules requires a primary energy sourceenergy source
Currently HCurrently H22 is produced by is produced by
electrolysis of waterelectrolysis of water
Electrolysis of water to produce HElectrolysis of water to produce H22
requires substantial electricityrequires substantial electricity
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HydrogenHydrogen Hydrogen energy would be Hydrogen energy would be
more practical withmore practical with
• direct solar production of Hdirect solar production of H22
• fusion production of electricityfusion production of electricity
• solar production of electricitysolar production of electricity
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Hydrogen can be used in Hydrogen can be used in combustion engines or in fuel cellscombustion engines or in fuel cells
HydrogenHydrogen
In either application, hydrogen In either application, hydrogen fuel produces little-to-no pollutionfuel produces little-to-no pollution
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HydrogenHydrogen
2 H2 H22 + O + O22 2 H 2 H22O + heat energyO + heat energy
Burning hydrogen fuel in a Burning hydrogen fuel in a combustion engine produces combustion engine produces
water as the end productwater as the end product
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Hydrogen Hydrogen can also be can also be used in fuel used in fuel
cells for cells for production of production of
electricityelectricity
Water is Water is again the again the byproductbyproduct
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Hydrogen Hydrogen fuel cells fuel cells can also can also
run run electric electric motorsmotors
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Renewable Energy SourcesRenewable Energy Sources Direct SolarDirect Solar
• Passive solarPassive solar• Active solarActive solar• PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics• Artificial Artificial PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
HydrogenHydrogen
Indirect SolarIndirect Solar• WindWind• HydropowerHydropower• BiomassBiomass• OTECOTEC
TidalTidal GeothermalGeothermal
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Solar EnergySolar Energy
• WindWind• HydropowerHydropower
• BiomassBiomass• OTECOTEC
Indirect SolarIndirect Solar
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• Atmospheric movement, wind, is Atmospheric movement, wind, is due to differential heating of the due to differential heating of the
atmosphere by the sunatmosphere by the sun
Wind EnergyWind Energy How indirect solar ?How indirect solar ?
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Has been used for centuriesHas been used for centuries
Wind EnergyWind Energy
Currently a well Currently a well developed technology for developed technology for production of electricityproduction of electricity
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Most of current U.S. production Most of current U.S. production capacity located in Californiacapacity located in California
Wind EnergyWind Energy
Large new facilities under Large new facilities under construction in Texasconstruction in Texas
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Wind turbines are increasing Wind turbines are increasing in size and efficiencyin size and efficiency
Wind EnergyWind Energy
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Potential for substantial Potential for substantial contribution to U.S. energy needscontribution to U.S. energy needs
Wind EnergyWind Energy Many good wind energy Many good wind energy
sites located across the countrysites located across the country
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The biggest problem is the The biggest problem is the variable nature of windsvariable nature of winds
Wind EnergyWind Energy
• no wind -- no electricityno wind -- no electricity
There are some negatives or There are some negatives or cons with wind energycons with wind energy
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Wind EnergyWind Energy Problem eased by widely Problem eased by widely
geographically located geographically located facilities connected to the facilities connected to the
national power gridnational power grid
• the wind is always blowing the wind is always blowing somewheresomewhere
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Unfortunately, the rotors of Unfortunately, the rotors of wind turbines can also kill and wind turbines can also kill and
injure birdsinjure birds
Wind EnergyWind Energy
• ways to minimize impacts on birds ways to minimize impacts on birds are under studyare under study
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Solar EnergySolar Energy
• WindWind• HydropowerHydropower
• BiomassBiomass• OTECOTEC
Indirect SolarIndirect Solar
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How indirect solar ?How indirect solar ?
HydropowerHydropower
• sunlight energy evaporates sunlight energy evaporates water, lifting it into the water, lifting it into the
atmosphereatmosphere
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HydropowerHydropower• precipitation precipitation
from the from the atmosphere atmosphere
runs downhill runs downhill by gravityby gravity
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• Energy is Energy is extracted extracted from the from the
water as it water as it runs runs
downhilldownhill
HydropowerHydropower
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HydropowerHydropower Has been used for centuriesHas been used for centuries
Currently a well Currently a well developed technology for developed technology for production of electricityproduction of electricity
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In the U.S., most of the good In the U.S., most of the good locations for big hydropower dams locations for big hydropower dams
have been exploitedhave been exploited
HydropowerHydropower
Around the world, many good Around the world, many good locations for big hydropower dams locations for big hydropower dams
have not been exploitedhave not been exploited
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Small scale hydropower Small scale hydropower could further contribute to could further contribute to
energy needs in rural areas of energy needs in rural areas of less developed countriesless developed countries
HydropowerHydropower
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Big hydropower dams Big hydropower dams have multiple pros and conshave multiple pros and cons
HydropowerHydropower
Dam opponents are calling for Dam opponents are calling for removal of some damsremoval of some dams
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HydropowerHydropower Big hydropower dams -- prosBig hydropower dams -- pros
• electricity generationelectricity generation
• water reservoirwater reservoir
• flood controlflood control
• creates recreational areacreates recreational area
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HydropowerHydropower Big hydropower dams -- consBig hydropower dams -- cons
• obstacle to fish migrationobstacle to fish migration
• floods landfloods land
• disrupts natural water cycledisrupts natural water cycle
• destroys recreational areadestroys recreational area
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Solar EnergySolar Energy
• WindWind• HydropowerHydropower
• BiomassBiomass• OTECOTEC
Indirect SolarIndirect Solar
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Biomass EnergyBiomass Energy How indirect solar ?How indirect solar ?
• Energy of sunlight used in Energy of sunlight used in photosynthesis to form photosynthesis to form
complex organic compoundscomplex organic compounds
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Multiple formsMultiple forms
Biomass EnergyBiomass Energy
• direct combustiondirect combustion• waste to energywaste to energy
• conversion to methaneconversion to methane
• conversion to alcoholconversion to alcohol
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Biomass EnergyBiomass Energy
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A concern common to all A concern common to all forms of biomass energy is the forms of biomass energy is the
potential for land degradation and potential for land degradation and soil depletionsoil depletion
Biomass EnergyBiomass Energy
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Solar EnergySolar Energy
• WindWind• HydropowerHydropower
• BiomassBiomass
• OTECOTEC
Indirect SolarIndirect Solar
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OOcean cean TThermal hermal EEnergy nergy
CConversiononversion
OTECOTECWhat is it ?What is it ?
An acronym forAn acronym for
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OTECOTEC How indirect solar ?How indirect solar ?
• Utilizes the thermal gradient Utilizes the thermal gradient formed in bodies of water due to formed in bodies of water due to
warming of surface water by warming of surface water by sunlight energysunlight energy
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First proposed more First proposed more than a century agothan a century ago
OTECOTEC
Currently an Currently an experimental technologyexperimental technology
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A fluid with a low boiling A fluid with a low boiling point is circulated in pipes point is circulated in pipes
between warm surface water between warm surface water and cold deep waterand cold deep water
OTECOTEC
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The fluid turns to steam at the temperature of surface
water and the steam spins a turbo generator to produce
electricity
OTECOTEC
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The steam recondenses to The steam recondenses to fluid as it passes into the cold fluid as it passes into the cold
temperature of deep watertemperature of deep water
OTECOTEC
The fluid is then pumped The fluid is then pumped back to the surface to repeat back to the surface to repeat
the cyclethe cycle
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Has potential to benefit Has potential to benefit coastal and island areascoastal and island areas
OTECOTEC
However, OTEC technology However, OTEC technology does not seem to be progressing does not seem to be progressing
and there is no clear timetable for and there is no clear timetable for commercial applicationcommercial application
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Renewable Energy SourcesRenewable Energy Sources Direct SolarDirect Solar
• Passive solarPassive solar• Active solarActive solar• PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics• Artificial Artificial PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
HydrogenHydrogen
Indirect SolarIndirect Solar• WindWind• HydropowerHydropower• BiomassBiomass• OTECOTEC
TidalTidal GeothermalGeothermal
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Ocean tides are due to Ocean tides are due to gravitational attraction of the gravitational attraction of the
moon – lunar energymoon – lunar energy
Tidal PowerTidal Power
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Water Water flowing in flowing in or out with or out with
the tide the tide spins turbo spins turbo generators generators to produce to produce electricityelectricity
Tidal PowerTidal Power
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Extremely high tides Extremely high tides requiredrequired
Tidal PowerTidal Power
Relatively few good sites Relatively few good sites in the worldin the world
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Required tidal dams disrupt Required tidal dams disrupt intertidal biological communitiesintertidal biological communities
Tidal PowerTidal Power
Seems destined for failureSeems destined for failure
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Renewable Energy SourcesRenewable Energy Sources Direct SolarDirect Solar
• Passive solarPassive solar• Active solarActive solar• PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics• Artificial Artificial PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
HydrogenHydrogen
Indirect SolarIndirect Solar• WindWind• HydropowerHydropower• BiomassBiomass• OTECOTEC
TidalTidal GeothermalGeothermal
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Not a truly renewable Not a truly renewable energy sourceenergy source
Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy
Thought to have a long period Thought to have a long period of use and often classified with of use and often classified with
renewable energiesrenewable energies
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Heat from the Earth’s Heat from the Earth’s interior provides the energyinterior provides the energy
Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy
Theoretically available Theoretically available anywhere on Earthanywhere on Earth – if go – if go
deep enoughdeep enough
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Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy
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Good geothermal sites are Good geothermal sites are where “hot rock” is located close where “hot rock” is located close
to the surfaceto the surface
Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy
Hot rock heats water to Hot rock heats water to steam to spin a turbo generator steam to spin a turbo generator
to produce electricityto produce electricity
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Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy
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Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy Currently a well Currently a well
developed technology for developed technology for production of electricityproduction of electricity
Many good geothermal sites Many good geothermal sites located across the countrylocated across the country
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Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy
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Renewable Energy SourcesRenewable Energy Sources Direct SolarDirect Solar
• Passive solarPassive solar• Active solarActive solar• PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics• Artificial Artificial PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
HydrogenHydrogen
Indirect SolarIndirect Solar• WindWind• HydropowerHydropower• BiomassBiomass• OTECOTEC
TidalTidal GeothermalGeothermal
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Renewable energies Renewable energies are available today !are available today !
There are enormous human There are enormous human and environmental “costs” and environmental “costs”
associated with continued use of associated with continued use of fossil fuelsfossil fuels
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