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Energy Policy and Smart Growth
American Planning Association
2003 Legislative and Policy Conference
May 11-13, 2003
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Speakers Megan Lewis, AICP, Senior
Research Associate, APA Naomi Friedman, Director of
Sustainable Markets, Center for the New American Dream
Alexandra Tietz, Counsel to the House Governmental Reform Committee
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Session Summary Linkage between energy policy and
planning. Connection of energy issues to
smart growth and sustainability issues.
Research opportunities to promote energy conservation and efficiency.
Status of current federal energy legislation.
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Land-Use Planning and Energy APA last visited this topic
in depth in the mid-1970s. Emphasis was on energy
conservation and preventing another crisis.
Solar power, heating, and cooling was the renewable technology.
Few communities made modifications to the built environment to address energy issues.
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Village Homes, Davis, Calif. Pioneering solar-
oriented subdivision Street and path
orientation to allow natural heating and cooling
Bike and pedestrian-oriented streets, and narrow streets.
Natural stormwater drainage system
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Energy Today Alternative energy sources now: solar,
wind, hydrogen, landfill gas, biomass, and cogeneration.
Connected to broader issues to reduce dependence on foreign oil sources.
Connected to other issues of smart growth, sustainability, equity, and environmental quality.
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Energy Statistics – Consumption
Residential19%
Industrial37%
Commercial16%
Transportation 28%
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Energy Statistics – Spending
Residential24%
Industrial21%
Commercial18%
Transportation37%
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Energy Statistics – Sources
Natural Gas23%
Coal21%
Renewables8%Nuclear
Power8%
Petroleum40%
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Energy Statistics – Renewables
Biomass48%
Hydroelectric46%
Geothermal4%
Solar1% Wind
1%
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Energy Statistics – Additional Data
U.S. produces only 38 percent of the oil it consumes.
World fossil fuel reserves, particularly petroleum, are expected at current consumption levels to peak by 2010 and be depleted by 2050.
Drilling in the ANWR will yield only 2 percent of U.S. consumption demand at its production peak.
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General Conclusions Issues of supply, cost, and energy
sources suggest a need for a policy shift that: Encourages adoption of renewable
energy sources in all sectors Promotes energy efficiency in
systems that use non-renewable sources
Supports such efforts on the local level, where land-use and transportation decisions are made.
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Why planners?
Global issue
COMMUNITY ISSUE
Individual issue
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APA Policy Guidance on Energy APA addresses energy policy in its
policy guides on: Smart Growth (2002) Sustainability (2000)
APA is also developing a stand-alone energy policy.
Energy conservation and efficiency is an APA legislative priority for 2003.
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APA Policy Guide on Smart Growth (2002) “Energy conservation is a major
benefit and result of Smart Growth, helping to create more sustainable development and allow people to meet current needs without compromising the needs of future generations.”
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Smart Growth and Energy Development patterns that minimize
vehicular miles traveled. Transportation policy and funding that
supports different transportation modes. Regulations and financial programs that
support the use of alternative energy sources and “green” building approaches.
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APA Policy Guideon Sustainability (2000)
Local and regional development patterns that expand choice and opportunities
Resilient, diverse, and self-sufficient local economies
Communities with a healthy economy, environment, and social climate
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Sustainability and Energy Policy
Land use Transportation Housing and
building Economic
development
Open space and recreation
Infrastructure Resource
conservation
Reduce dependence upon fossil fuels, extracted underground metals, and minerals, in the areas of:
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Land-Use Actions Compact development Mixed uses Pedestrian-friendly
development Transit-oriented
development Home-based occupations
and work Local food production and
agriculture
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Transportation Actions Reduce vehicle trips Use alternative modes
of transportation Development and use
of alternative fuel vehicles
Provide affordable, efficient transportation alternatives
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Transportation Actions Street design that:
Encourages pedestrian and bike use and discourages high speed traffic
Supports/enhances neighborhood connection to other neighborhoods and commercial developments
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Housing and Building Actions Solar-orientation Regenerative energy
for heating and cooling Housing near
employment centers Building materials with
low “embodied energy” Housing that shares
resources and living spaces (cohousing)
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Economic Development Actions Reduce employee and
product transport vehicle trips (Transportation)
Use regenerative energy alternatives (Housing and Building)
Are locally based or have home-based work opportunities (Land Use)
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Open Space/Recreation Actions Provide facilities within
walking and biking distance Use local materials and
native plants in construction Design to reduce
dependence on landscaping and maintenance resources
Preserve green spaces in urban areas for cooling benefits
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Infrastructure Actions Promote facilities that
use renewable energy sources
Support design approaches that focus on pollution prevention, re-use, and recycling
Direct development to areas with existing transportation systems
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Resource Conservation Actions Minimize energy use Encourage develop-
ment of renewable energy sources (Infrastructure)
Promote recycling of waste materials
Develop community gardens (Land Use)
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APA Working Paper on Energy
Energy Conservation Energy and Weatherization
Assistance Facility Siting Transportation Alternative Energy Sources Building Design
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Barriers to Achieving Energy Goals
FINANCIAL
PERCEPTIVE
REGULATORY
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Overcoming Financial Barriers Incentive programs:grants,
rebates, and loans Examples on Database of State
Incentives for Renewable Energy (DSIRE) website.
Relief programs: Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program (LIHEAP), Weatherization Assistance for Low Income Persons (Wx)
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Overcoming Regulatory Barriers Adopt regulations that promote and
encourage smart growth Site plan standards that allow for
cluster, solar orientation, narrow streets, etc.
Building codes that capture efficiencies and promote use of approaches like BIPV.
Adopt energy facility siting regulations for alternative energy facilities
Examples of rules, regulations, and policies in the DSIRE database.
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Overcoming Perception Barriers Compact land patterns
encourage creation of community
Financial freedom to pursue jobs and housing that may be currently out of reach
Air quality improvements and improved public health
Energy sources will change – a matter of when and how
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In the Future…
Different, Yet the Same
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Selected Resources
APA Policy Guides: www.planning.org/policyguides Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy
(DSIRE): www.dsireusa.com U.S. Department of Energy National Renewable
Energy Lab: www.nrel.gov U.S. Department of Energy, Smart Communities
Network: www.sustainable.doe.gov Rocky Mountain Institute: www.rmi.org
Email address: [email protected]