ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN POWER PLANTS
Frans van AartEnergy Efficiency in IPPC installations
October 21, Vienna
CONTENT
1. Introduction
2. Demand Side Management
3. Energy Efficiency in Power Generation
4. LCP and other directives
5. Conclusions
1 Introduction
high efficiency is good for economy and the environment
high efficiency is in line with core business electricity
industry
Annual average electrical efficiency
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
1980 1990 2000 2001 2002
jaar
elec
tric
eff
icie
ncy
(%
)
1 INTRODUCTION
high efficiency is good for economy and the environment
high efficiency is in line with core business electricity industry– reducing emissions (protection environment)– conservation fuels (preservation of resources)– reducing dependence on fuel import outside EC
too high efficiencies are expensive and thus uneconomic:– market advantage to less efficient (=cheaper) plants– thus not beneficiary for the environment
Energy Efficiency of power plant
scope of definition (gross, net)
combustion technology (installation, fuel)
type of cooling
ambient conditions vs. ISO conditions
temperature cooling water / air
Efficiency loss vs. cooling temperature
-2.5%
-2.0%
-1.5%
-1.0%
-0.5%
0.0%
0 2.5 5 7.5 10
Temperature rise cooling water [K]
Eff
icie
ncy
lo
ss
[%]
Super critical boiler
Gas turbine topping
Combined cycle
Energy Efficiency of power plant
scope of definition (gross, net)
combustion technology (installation, fuel)
type of cooling
ambient conditions vs. ISO conditions
temperature cooling water / air
operating load
annual average vs. guaranteed performance
no fixed figures that can be compared right away
2 DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
reducing energy demand good principle
not the task of power industry, but of spatial planners,
architects etcetera
not in scope BREF Energy Efficiency but in scope Directive
“Energy end-use efficiency and energy services”
“framework conditions and not an over-detailed set of rules
that could interfere with the development of the electricity
market”
3 EFFICIENCY IN POWER GENERATION Efficiency figure depends on
– type of generation
Efficiency in Electricity Generation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Hydro
pow
er p
lant
Tidal p
ower
plan
t
Larg
e ga
s fire
d CCGT p
ower
plan
t
Melt
ed ca
rbon
ates
fuel
cell (
MCFC)
Pulver
ised
coal
boile
rs w
ith u
ltra-
critic
al ste
am p
aram
eter
s
Solid
oxide
fuel
cell (
SOFC)
Coal fi
red
IGCC
Atmos
pher
ic Circ
ulatin
g Flui
dised
Bed
Com
busti
on (C
FBC)
Press
urise
d Flui
dised
Bed
Com
busti
on (P
FBC)
Larg
e ga
s tur
bine
(MW
rang
e)
Steam
turb
ine co
al-fir
ed p
ower
plan
t
Steam
turb
ine fu
el-oil
pow
er p
lant
Wind
turb
ine
Nuclea
r pow
er p
lant
Biomas
s and
biog
as
Was
te-to
-elec
tricit
y pow
er p
lant
Diesel
engin
e as
dec
entra
lised
CHP u
nit (e
lectri
cal s
hare
)
Small
and
micr
o tu
rbine
s (up
to 1
00 kW
)
Photo
volta
ic ce
lls
Geoth
erm
al po
wer p
lant
Solar p
ower
tower
Eff
icie
ncy
(%
)
3 EFFICIENCY IN POWER GENERATION Efficiency figure depends on
– type of generation
– condition of power plant (operation, maintenance)
– ambient conditions
– design of power plant
ultra super critical steam boilers
Improved boiler materials → improved steam parameters
3 EFFICIENCY IN POWER GENERATION Efficiency figure depends on
– type of generation
– condition of power plant (operation, maintenance)
– ambient conditions
– design of power plant
ultra super critical steam boilers
gas turbine based power plant
– higher firing temperature
– supercritical steam parameters HRSG
BAT and BAT levels (coal / lignite)
Fuel Technique Electrical efficiency (net) (%)
New plants Existing plants
Coal PC (DBB and
WBB)
43 – 47 The achievable improvement of thermal efficiency
depends on the specific plant, but as an indication,
a level of 30 – 40 % or
an incremental improvement of more than 3 % points
can be seen as associated with the use of BAT
FBC >41
Lignite PC (DBB) 39 – 45
FBC >40
BAT and BAT levels (biomass / peat)
Fuel Technique Electrical efficiency (net)(%)
Biomass Grate-firing Around 20
Spreader-stoker >23
FBC (CFBC) >28 – 30
Peat FBC (BFBC and CFBC)
>28 – 30
BAT and BAT levels (gaseous fuels)
Plant type Electrical efficiency (%)
New plants Existing plants
Gas turbine
Gas turbine 36 – 40 25 – 40
Gas-fired boiler
Gas-fired boiler 40 – 42 35 – 40
CCGT
Combined cycle with or without supplementary
firing (HRSG) for electricity generation only
54 – 58 40 – 54
4 LCP AND OTHER DIRECTIVES
Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration
– powerful instrument to improve fuel utilisation
Fuel utilisation instead of efficiency
thermal efficiency and electrical efficiency are apples and
oranges
cogeneration efficiency → fuel utilisation
BAT and BAT levels (Cogeneration)
Plant type Fuel utilisation(%)
New and existing plants
Coal
75 – 85
Depending on the specific plant application and the heat and electricity demand
Lignite
Biomass
Peat
Gas-fired boiler
Combined cycle with or without supplementary
firing
LCP and other directives
Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration
– powerful instrument to improve fuel utilisation
– fuel utilisation dependent on long term heat
demand (district heating or process heat)
– in case heat delivery feasible:
cogeneration can be considered as BAT
LCP and other directives
Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration
Directive 2003/87/EC
Greenhouse gas emission allowance trading
Emission Trading Directive
Market mechanism will result in
– lower emissions
– higher efficiency
No definition of BAT or BAT levels for energy efficiency
of LCP in BREF Energy Efficiency (Article 26)
Article 26 Emission Trading Directive
“…the permit shall not include an emission limit value for
direct emissions of that gas unless,...”
“…Member States may choose not to impose requirements
relating to energy efficiency in respect of combustion
units or other units emitting carbon dioxide on the site.”
OPTIONS FOR EXTRA REGULATIONS
Goal should be:
public demonstration that optimal efficiency is applied
Practical options:
Drafting Energy Plans to optimize economically feasible
options
Benchmarking against "World Class Plants"
6 CONCLUSIONS
The efficiency of Power Plants has been improved and will be improved continuously
To be demonstrated by:
– Energy plans
– Benchmarking
No BAT or BAT levels for LCP in BREF Energy Efficiency
(not in line with a liberalized market)
Framework conditions and not an over-detailed set of rules
real assistance licensing authorities for permitting an installation