Download - Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
1/33
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
2/33
ELECTRICAL ENERGYISCUMMULATIVEOFPOWER CONSUMED
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
3/33
following criteria:
Primary and Secondaryenergy Commercial and Non - commercialenergy
Renewable and Non - Renewableenergy
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
4/33
stored in nature.
Common primary energy sourcesare :* Coal,* Oil,
* Natural gas,* Biomass (such as Wood).
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
5/33
SECONDARY ENERGY
Primary energy sources aremostly converted in industrialutilities into secondary energysources;Examples- steam ,Heat
and electricity etc (coal, oilor gas converted into secondary
energy)
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
6/33
The energy sources that areavailable in the market for a
definite price are known ascommercial energy.
Examples: Electricity, Lignite,Coal, Oil,
Natural gas etc.
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
7/33
ava a e n e commerc a mar e or aprice are classified asnon - commercial energy.Examples:* Firewood, Agro waste in rural areas;* Solar energy for Water heating, Electricity
generation,For drying grain, Fish and Fruits;
* Animal power for transport, threshing, lifting
water forirrigation, crushing sugarcane;* Wind energy for lifting water and electricitygeneration.
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
8/33
.Examples :* Solar energy* Wind energy* Bio energy* Hydro energy* Geothermal energy* Wave and tidal energy
-- The most important feature of renewable energy is thatit
can be harnessed without the release of harmfulpollutants.
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
9/33
Non - renewable energy is the
conventional fossil fuels :
Such as coal, oil and gas, whicharelikely to deplete with time.
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
10/33
Global Primary Energy Reserves
Coal- The USA had the largest share of the globalreserve (25.4%) followed by Russia (15.9%), China(11.6%). India is 4th in the list with 8.6%.
Oil-Saudi Arabia had the largest share of thereserve with almost 23%.
Gas- Russian Federation had the largest share of thereserve with almost 27%.
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
11/33
The all India installed capacity of electric powergenerating stations - 1,12,581 MW as on 31st May2004 & it will be
215,804 MW as on 2012.
As on 31 st May 2004Consisting of 28,860 MW- hydro,
77,931 MW thermal2,720 MW- nuclear and1,869 MW- wind
-(Ministry of Power)
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
12/33
Consumption in India
The major commercial energy consuming sectorsin thecountry are classified below :
* Industry - 49%* Transport - 22%* Residential- 10%* Agriculture - 5%* Others - 14%
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
13/33
GENERATED
ENERGY (KWh) Saving benfits:
*Electricity Bill Reduction*Reduced KW and KVA Demand*Lower Transformer/cable loading*Extended life*Lower maintenance Cost and time*Less Heating*Higher level of Comfort
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
14/33
Iron & Steel - 10%Sugar - 20%
Fertilizer - 15%Petrochemical - 15%Textile - 25%Glass & Ceramics - 20%
Cement - 15%Refineries - 10%Paper - 25%Pump sets - 30%Aluminum - 10%Lighting - 76%
Energy saving potential in some identified industries is
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
15/33
Electrical System
*Losses of around 10 15% are associated withthe transmission and distribution of electricity inthe electrical grid.*The power plants typically produce 50
cycle/second(Hertz), alternating-current (AC) electricity withvoltages
between 6.6 kV and 33 kV.
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
16/33
like; 220 kV & 400 kV. Where transmission is over1000 kM, high voltage direct current transmissionisalso favoured to minimize the losses.
*Sub-transmission network at 132 kV, 110 kV, 66
kVor 33 kV constitutes the next link towards the enduser.
*Distribution at 11 kV / 6.6 kV / 3.3 kVconstitutes thelast link to the consumer.
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
17/33
Generation Efficiency 1 -> Step-up Station2
> EHV Transmission & Station 3 >HVTransmission & Station 4 -> Sub-transmission 5
> Distribution Station 6 -> PrimaryDistribution 7 -> End user Premises.
Cascade efficiency from Generation to enduser= 1 x 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 x 6 x 7 = 87 %
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
18/33
Rescheduling of LoadsRescheduling of large electric
loads and equipment operations, indifferent shifts can be planned andimplemented to minimize thesimultaneous maximum demand.
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
19/33
Location of Transformer
Location of the transformer isvery important as far asdistribution loss is concerned. Itis to be placed near load centre.
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
20/33
various options available include:
Relocating transformers and sub-stationsnear to load centers. Re-routing and re-conductoring suchfeeders and lines where the losses / voltagedrops are higher. Power factor improvement by
incorporating capacitors at load end. Optimum loading of transformers in thesystem.
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
21/33
Opting for lower resistance All AluminumAlloy Conductors (AAAC) in place of
conventional Aluminum Cored SteelReinforced (ACSR) lines
Minimizing losses due to weak links indistribution network such as jumpers, loosecontacts, old brittle conductors.
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
22/33
For selecting high efficiency motors, the following can
be done:
a) When purchasing large number of small motors or alarge motor, ask for a detailed test certificate.
b) See that efficiency values are specified without anytolerance.c) Check the actual input current and kW, if replacement is done.d) For new motors, keep a record of no load inputpower and current.e) Use values of efficiency for comparison and for
confirming.
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
23/33
Energy-efficient motors (EEM) are the ones
in which, design improvements are incorporatedspecifically to increase operating efficiency overmotors of standard design. Design improvementsfocus on reducing intrinsic motor losses.
Improvements include the use of lower-losssilicon steel, a longer core (to increase activematerial), thicker wires (to reduce resistance),
thinner laminations, smaller air gap betweenstator and rotor, copper instead of aluminiumbars in the rotor, superior bearings and a smallerfan, etc.
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
24/33
Monitoring, Maintenance
& Replacement of motorto be taken care of forefficient operation of
Motors
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
25/33
Systems
*The location of air compressors and the quality of airdrawn by the compressors will have a significantinfluence on the amount of energy consumed.*Every 4C rise in inlet air temperature results in a
higher energy consumption by 1 % to achieveequivalent output.*Dust Free Air Intake *Dry Air Intake
*Pressure Settings - Compressor operates betweenpressure ranges called as loading (cut-in) andunloading (cut-out)pressures. (6 7 kg/cm2)
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
26/33
*Reducing Delivery Pressure : - A reduction in thedelivery pressure by 1 bar in a compressor would reduce the power consumption by 6 10 %.
*Elevation - The altitude of a place has a directimpact on the volumetric efficiency of thecompressor.
It is evident that compressors located at higheraltitudes consume more power to achieve aparticular delivery pressure than those at sealevel, as the compression ratio is higher.
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
27/33
LIGHTING SYSTEM
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
28/33
Lighting
*Installation of energy efficient fluorescentlamps in place of "Conventional"fluorescent lamps.* Installation of Compact Fluorescent Lamps(CFL's) in place of incandescent lamps.* Installation of metal halide lamps in placeof mercury / sodium vapour lamps.* Installation of LED panel indicator lamps inplace of filament lamps.
Electricity Billing
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
29/33
Electricity BillingThe tariff structure generally includes thefollowing components:
*Maximum demand Charges*Energy Charges*Power factor penalty or bonus rates, as levied
by most utilities*Electricity duty charges levied w.r.t units
consumed.*Meter rentals*Penalty for exceeding contract demand *Time Of Day (TOD) rates like peak and non-peak
hours ( of some utilities)
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
30/33
The following benefits were achievedfromthyristorisation of a rolling stand:
* Power saving of 20-25%
* Increase in productivity by 5%. * In case of MG set one has to maintain threerotating
machines. This causes reduced efficiency of thetotalsystem.
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
31/33
PLANT
Around 480 KWhr of electrical
energy is consumed forproducing one ton of finished steel product .
Average electrical load of a 4
MT
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
32/33
SCOPE FOR ENERGY
SAVING1 .BY SWITCH ING OFF AC, FAN &
LIGHT WHEN NOT IN USE 2 .BY SWITCH ING OFF 1/3 RD STREET LIGHTS IN NIGHT 3.BY SWITCHING OFF THETRANSFORMERS WHICH ARE KEPT ASSTANDBY TO SAVE NO-LOAD LOSS.
4.BY USING REDUCING VOLTAGE
TRASNFORMER
-
8/2/2019 Energy Conserv in Rsp_scr
33/33