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Energy-Aware Data-Centric Routing in Microsensor Networks
Azzedine BoukercheSITE, University of Ottawa, Canada
Xiuzhen Cheng, Joseph LinusDept. of Computer Science, George Washington University,
USA
ACM MSWiM’03Speaker: Hsu-Ruey Chang
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Outline
Introduction Energy-Aware Data-Centric Routing
Protocol (EAD) Simulation experiments Conclusion
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Introduction
Large-scale wireless sensors are expected to play an increasingly important role in future civilian and military settings where collaborative microsensors could be very effective in monitoring their operations
Low power and in-network data processing make data-centric routing in wireless sensor networks a challenging problem
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Introduction
Therefore the only way to save energy is to completely turn off the radio
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Introduction
Data-centric routing Data is routed along a reversed multicast
tree with the sink as the root Data aggregation happens at each non-
leaf node Summarizes the outputs based on the
aggregation function from all sensors in the subtree rooted at itself and transmits the aggregated data to its parent
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Introduction
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Introduction
The reversed multicast tree construction for data-centric routing is determined by the following application scenarios Periodic
Synchronized (when to turn on their radios) Event-driven
The number of relay sensors needs to be minimized to decrease the total power consumption
Query-based
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Introduction
How many sensors need to be on? Too many
Unnecessary energy expenditure Higher interference
Too few Network partition Packet loss
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Introduction
We propose to Assist energy-aware data-centric routing
Construct a virtual backbone which contains all active sensors
All sensors not in the virtual backbone turn off their radios
An algorithm to compute a broadcast tree rooted at the gateway Spanning tree with maximum number of
leaves (minimum connected dominating set)
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Introduction
We consider wireless microsensor networks for monitoring abnormal events Habitat monitoring Contamination transport monitoring Forest fire prewarning
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Environment
The network contains Hundreds or thousands of smart sensors
deployed randomly in the target area Data source or event source
One gateway Connects the microsensor network to the outside
distributed system such as Internet Is located at the boundary of the monitored area,
where it is reachable by at least some sensors Data sink or event sink
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EAD
A round Three phases
Pre-process phase
Initialization phase Data-transmission phase
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EAD
Pre-process the network topology Determine which sensor should be active
Position-based approach With location information
Topology-based approach Without location information
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Position-based approach
[21] R. Wattenhofer, L. Li, P. Bahl, and Y.-M. Wang, Distributed topology control for power efficient operation in multihop wireless ad hoc networks. INFOCOM 2002, Vol. 3, pp. 1388-1397, 2001. Proved that if every node u has at least one
active neighbor in each direction α, where α ≤ 120◦, then the topology is connected.
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Position-based approach
All sensors Are initially in sleep mode Wake up randomly and broadcast a hello
message containing its own position Active sensor replies with a message containing
its position and an INVI No active neighbor in the direction
INVI = 1 Otherwise
INVI = 0
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Topology-based approach
Assume each sensor has k directions. Note that if α = 120◦, then k = 3. Let n be the number of active neighbors. Suppose that ni neighbors are in direction i.
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Topology-based approach
The probability P that at least one neighbor appears in each direction is
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Topology-based approach
All sensors Are initially in sleep mode Wake up randomly and broadcast a hello
message Active sensor checks its neighbors and replies
with a message with a binary INVI bit Less than 4 active neighbors
INVI = 1 Otherwise
INVI = 0
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EAD
The control message contains 4 fields: Type
0 - undefined 1 - leaf node 2 - non-leaf node
Level Parent Power
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EAD
State diagram for the proposed heuristic run by any node v other than sink
0 - undefined1 - leaf node2 - non-leaf node
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EAD
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EAD
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EAD
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EAD
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Simulation experiments
Simulator: NS-2
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Simulation experiments
The metrics Total number of active nodes
Indicates the node failures due to low energy with passing time
Throughput Shows the volume of data transmitted to the sink
Energy expended Measures of the total energy expended by the network
as a whole up to that point in time during simulation
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Simulation experiments
X: time (seconds)
Y: total node alive
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Simulation experiments
X: time (seconds)
Y: total energy (J)
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Simulation experiments
X: time (seconds)
Y: throughput
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Conclusion
In this paper we have proposed an efficient Energy-Aware Data-centric routing heuristic Build a broadcast tree rooted at gateway
to facilitate data-centric routing in dense wireless microsensor networks
With the transceivers of all leaf nodes being turned off, the network lifetime can be greatly extended